Name three important differences between the terrestrial planets and the jovian planets.

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune collectively make up the group known as the jovian planets. The general structures of the jovian planets are opposite those of the terrestrial planets. Rather than having thin atmospheres around relatively large rocky bodies, the jovian planets have relatively small, dense cores surrounded by massive layers of gas. Made almost entirely of hydrogen and helium, these planets do not have solid surfaces.

(click to enlarge)

(click to enlarge)

Unlike the spherical shapes of terrestrial planets, the jovian planets are all slightly oblong. The jovian planets rotate much faster than any of the terrestrial worlds. Gravity by itself would make a planet spherical, but their rapid rotation flattens out their spherical shapes by flinging material near the equator outward.

JOVIAN "DAYS"

• Jupiter : 10 hours
• Saturn : 10 hours
• Uranus : 16-17 hours
• Neptune : 16-17 hours

After size, perhaps the most noticeable difference between the jovian and terrestrial planets involves moons and rings. The terrestrial planets are nearly isolated worlds, with only Earth (1 moon) and Mars (2 moons) orbited by any moons at all. In contrast, many moons and rings orbit each of the jovian planets.

All four jovian planets have rings, although only Saturn's rings are easily visible from Earth. Rings are composed of countless small pieces of rock and ice, each orbiting its planet like a tiny moon. The rings look flat because the particles all orbit in essentially the same plane. The rings are located closer to the planets than any of their moderately sized or large moons, but the inner edge of the rings is still well above the planet's cloud tops.

Jupiter with its moons Europa (closest in) and Callisto aligned with the planet's center.
(click to enlarge)

Saturn's rings with moons Janus (topmost) and Pandora.
(click to enlarge)

Why are the jovian planets so different from the terrestrial planets? We can trace almost all the differences to the formation of the solar system. The frost line marked an important dividing point in the solar nebula. Within the frost line, temperatures were too high for hydrogen ices to form. The only solid particles were made of metal and rock. Beyond the frost line, where hydrogen compounds could condense, the solid particles included ices as well as metal and rock.

While terrestrial planets accreted from planetesimals made of rocks and metals, they ended up too small to capture significant amounts of the abundant hydrogen and helium gas in the solar nebula. The jovian planets, however, formed farther from the Sun where ices and rocks were plentiful. The cores accreted rapidly into large clumps of ice and rock. Eventually, they got so large, they captured a large amount of hydrogen and other gasses from the surrounding nebula with their enormous gravity.

The atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn are made almost entirely of hydrogen and helium, although there is some evidence they contain hydrogen compounds. Uranus and Neptune are made primarily of hydrogen compounds, with smaller traces of hydrogen, helium, metal and rock. The most common hydrogen compounds are methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), and water (H2O).

The farther away a planet is from the Sun, the cooler its atmosphere will be. This means that the same gases will condense to form clouds at different altitudes on different planets because the condensation of a gas requires a specific amount of pressure and temperature. Ammonia, ammonium hydrosulfide and water make up the 3 cloud layers of Jupiter and Saturn. You can see from the graph to the right that these condense at lower altitudes in Saturn's atmosphere than they do in Jupiter's atmosphere.

The cores of all four jovian planets are made of some combination of rock, metal and hydrogen compounds. Jupiter and Saturn have similar interiors, with layers extending outward of metallic hydrogen, liquid hydrogen, gaseous hydrogen, and topped with a layer of visible clouds. Unlike Jupiter and Saturn, Uranus and Neptune have cores of rock and metal, but also water, methane and ammonia. The layer surrounding the core is made of gaseous hydrogen, covered with a layer of visible clouds similar to Jupiter's and Saturn's.

(click to enlarge)

Just like the terrestrial planets, the deeper you go, the hotter and denser it gets. An increase in temperature and density means an increase in pressure.

The nine eight planets solar system tour

*This post may contain affiliate links. This means we may make a commission if you purchase an item using one of our links*

The terrestrial planets in our solar system are Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The jovian planets are Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune. There are also dwarf planets (e.g. Pluto) which fall into a separate category of their own. Terrestrial and jovian planets differ in key characteristics including size, distance from the sun and physical composition. 

The International Astronomical Union defines a planet as a celestial body that orbits the Sun, has a close to round shape, and has cleared most debris from its orbital neighborhood.

Our solar system contains two distinct types of planet which meet this definition, terrestrial and jovian. This article tells you more about the main differences between terrestrial and jovian planets.

What Is Terrestrial Planet?

Terrestrial planets are those like Earth which are characterized by solid surfaces, compact size and closer proximity to the Sun. Three of the four terrestrial planets in our solar system have significant atmosphere (Venus, Earth, Mars), while one (Mercury) does not, due to temperature and high solar winds.

The word “terrestrial” is derived from Latin and means relating to the land or Earth-like. This root can help in remembering which planets belong in the same category as Earth.

What Is A Jovian Planet?

Jovian planets are those like Jupiter, characterized by gaseous composition, immense size and much greater distance from the Sun.

The word “jovian” is also derived from Latin, with ‘Jove’ being an older name for Jupiter, the chief god of the Romans, for whom the largest gas-giant in our solar system is named. You can remember jovian planets by thinking of those which share characteristics with Jupiter.

Differences Between Terrestrial And Jovian Planets

The main differences between the terrestrial and jovian planets fall into the categories below:

Size

The terrestrial planets are all significantly smaller than the jovian planets. Mercury is the smallest terrestrial planet with a radius of 1516 miles / 2440 km, followed by Mars (2106 miles / 3390 km), Venus (3769 miles / 6052 km) and Earth (3959 miles / 6371 km).

Jovian planets are on a much larger scale. The biggest jovian planet is Jupiter, with a radius approximately 11 times the size of Earth’s (43,441 miles / 69,911 km).  Saturn is the second largest (36,184 miles / 58,232 km), with Uranus (15,759 miles / 25,362 km) and Neptune (15,299 miles / 24,622 km) both four times as large as Earth.

Distance from the Sun

Terrestrial planets lie closer to the Sun than jovian planets. The closest terrestrial planet to the Sun is Mercury, lying 0.39 astronomic units (AU) or 57.9 million km from our star. The furthest terrestrial planet is Mars which lies 1.52 AU (227.9 million km) from the Sun.

The jovian planets all lie beyond our solar system’s “frost line”, a point around 5 AU from the Sun beyond which surface water would generally remain solid ice even when in direct sunlight. The closest jovian planet to the Sun is Jupiter (5.2 AU / 778.6 million km) and the furthest is Neptune (30.06 AU / 4.5 billion km).

Composition and density

Jovian planets have a mainly gaseous composition made up mostly of hydrogen, with small amounts of helium, and some traces of methane, ammonia, water vapor and ices.

In contrast to surface gas layers, the cores of all four jovian planets are dense solids, combining rock, metal and hydrogen compounds.

Jupiter and Saturn have similar internal structures to one another, with successive layers of metallic hydrogen, liquid hydrogen and gaseous hydrogen extending from inside to outside, covered with layers of visible cloud containing ammonia, ammonium hydrosulfide and water vapor.

The cores of Uranus and Neptune are composed of rock and metal, combined with water, methane and ammonia. A layer of gaseous hydrogen surrounds this core, with an outer layer of visible cloud.

Terrestrial planets have iron-based molten metal cores which are less dense than the solid cores of the jovian planets. These are surrounded by a silicate rock mantle layer and a rocky surface which can include canyons, craters, mountains, volcanoes etc.. depending on the role water and tectonic activity may have played in the planet’s history.

Atmosphere

The atmospheres of jovian planets are primary atmospheres, captured directly when the planets in our solar system were formed from the original solar nebula.

Secondary atmospheres are characteristic of terrestrial planet composition (although temperature and solar wind mean that Mercury lacks such an atmosphere).

Secondary planet atmospheres result from volcanic activity or comet impacts and may differ markedly from the original primary atmosphere. Planets which support life (i.e. Earth) may develop further towards a ‘tertiary atmosphere’ through the impact of biological processes.

Rings and satellites

The much larger size of jovian planets gives them a far stronger gravitational pull than terrestrial planets, allowing them to draw and maintain a higher number of celestial bodies (e.g. moons) in their orbits.

While terrestrial planets are large enough to have their own moons, the jovian planets have a higher number of satellites. Jupiter and Saturn also have rings of dust and debris in orbit around them, possibly formed from comets, asteroids or disintegrated ancient satellites, torn apart by the planets’ strong gravitational forces.

Spin

Terrestrial planets spin more slowly than jovian planets giving them a more rounded shape. The faster spin of the jovian planets flattens their shape at the poles.

Similarities Between Terrestrial And Jovian Planets

There are also similarities between terrestrial and jovian planets, for example:

Age

All planets, both terrestrial and jovian, were formed at around the same time 4.6 billion years ago.

Shape

While jovian planets are slightly more flat at the poles, all planets are still roughly spherical.

Solar orbit

Both terrestrial and jovian planets have elliptical orbits around the Sun. Given their greater distance from the sun Jovian orbits are larger and terrestrial orbits are smaller.

Magnetic fields

It is possible for either terrestrial or jovian planets to have a magnetic field. All of the jovian planets have a very strong magnetic field, while Earth has a moderate magnetic field. Mercury has a very weak magnetic field and neither Mars nor Venus has any magnetic field.

Weather

Both terrestrial and jovian planets can give rise to weather systems including those that result in powerful storms which are visible from space.

Summary

There are two types of planet in our solar system: terrestrial and jovian.

Terrestrial planets are smaller, closer to the Sun and formed from rock around a molten metal core. They have secondary atmospheres, fewer moons, and a slower spin. Jovian planets are larger, further from the Sun and formed from gases around a solid metal and hydrogen core. They have primary atmospheres, many moons and a faster spin. 

References

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/basics/chapter1-2/

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/686/solar-system-sizes/

https://lasp.colorado.edu/outerplanets/giantplanets_whatandwhere.php

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/pdfs/scaless_reference.pdf

https://www.space.com/17028-terrestrial-planets.html

https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~ejchaisson/cosmic_evolution/docs/fr_1/fr_1_plan4.html