As children get older, the way they interact with other people during play will change. These changes are called “stages of play”. There are 6 stages of play. They are: Each stage is normal. Your child is not different and there is no need to worry if they're not interacting with other children. This is when a baby moves for no reason, such as kicking their legs. This is the first sign of play. You can encourage unoccupied play by letting your child move around. It also helps not to wrap them up while they are awake. When children play alone, they will explore the world around them. They do this by touching and tasting things. They will also enjoy hearing their own voice. You can encourage your child to explore by giving them a variety of safe and age appropriate toys. This is when a child watches other children play, and doesn’t join in. This is the first step in learning to play with others. Onlooker play is a normal and a healthy part of development. Parallel play is when children play next to each other, but don’t interact. This is a normal part of the learning to play process. This usually happens between 2 and 3 years old. You should not force children to play together. This will come with time. AssociativeAssociative play is when children play together, but have different ideas and goals. For example - talking to each other and playing with the same toys, but doing different things. This usually happens between 3 and 5 years old. You can encourage associative play by taking your child to a playgroup. CooperativeCooperative play is when children start working together towards a common goal. For instance, building a block tower. This helps your child to develop social skills. This usually happens between 4 and 6 years old. Stages of play is a theory and classification of children's participation in play developed by Mildred Parten Newhall in her 1929 dissertation.[1] Parten observed American preschool age (ages 2 to 5) children at free play (defined as anything unrelated to survival, production or profit).
Parten recognized six different types of play:
According to Parten, as children became older, improving their communication skills, and as opportunities for peer interaction become more common, the nonsocial (solitary and parallel) types of play become less common, and the social (associative and cooperative) types of play become more common.[1][5] Modern scholars agree that Parten's theory has contributed substantially to our understanding of play, and while alternative classification schemes have been proposed, Parten's stages of play are still widely used.[1] However, there is disagreement on whether there is indeed a sequence of play stages that children go through – for example, whether toddlers are really unable to play cooperatively, and whether solitary play in older children is less common or a sign of immaturity.[1] Alternative explanations suggest that types of play may be influenced by other circumstances (such as how well the children know one another).[1]
There are 6 different types of play that children participate in over the course of their development. The stages of play were developed by Mildred Parten. She discovered that children of different ages actually played together differently and they were capable of different levels or categories of social play. Unoccupied Play – when the child is not playing, just observing. For example: A child may be standing in one spot or performing random movements.
Solitary Play – when the child is alone and maintains focus on its activity. For example: Such a child is uninterested in or is unaware of what others are doing. More common in younger children (age 2–3) as opposed to older ones. Onlooker Play – when the child watches others at play but does not engage in it. For example: The child may engage in forms of social interaction, such as a conversation about the play, without actually joining in the activity. This type of activity is also more common in younger children. Parallel Play– when the child plays separately from others but close to them and mimicking their actions. For example - This type of play is seen as a transitory stage from a socially immature solitary and onlooker type of play, to a more socially mature associative and cooperative type of play. Associative Play – when the child is interested in the people playing but not in coordinating their activities with those people, or when there is no organized activity at all. For example:There is a substantial amount of interaction involved, but the activities are not in sync. Cooperative Play – when a child is interested both in the people playing and in the activity they are doing. For example: In cooperative play, the activity is organized, and participants have assigned roles. There is also increased self-identification with a group, and a group identity may emerge e.g would be dramatic play activities with roles, like playing school, or a game with rules, such as freeze tag. As children become older and improve their verbal communication skills, there are more opportunities for children to interact with their peers and social play becomes apparent over non-social types of play. The categories of social play are a useful tool to help us focus on how social play changes and develops at different stages of children’s lives. Reference: |
What is the difference between parallel play and cooperative play? which comes first?
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