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Page 2

From: The digital revolution and digitalized network society

  Key energy source Initial breakthrough Physical technologies Social technologies Networks
First (1771) Water-powered industry Arkwright's water-frame Iron, raw cotton, coal, machine tools Factory system, entrepreneurs, interchangeable parts Canals, roads, sailing ships
Second (1829) Steam-powered industry Manchester Liverpool railway, Brunel’s steamship Iron, coal, railways, steamships Joint stock companies, standard parts Railways, steamships, telegraph
Third (1875) Electrification of industry The Carnegie Bessemer steel plant, Edison’s electric power Steel, copper, metal alloys, internal combustion engine, electricity Professional management, R&D laboratory, product standardization Transport and telephone network
Fourth (1908) Fossil fuel driven industry Ford moving assembly line; Burton oil cracking process Oil, gas, synthetic materials, automobiles, aerospace Mass production, production networks, managerial hierarchies Radio, television, motorways, airports
Fifth (1971) Digitalization of energy systems Intel microprocessor Integrated circuits, computers, software, e-services, satellites Global innovation networks, lean production Internet, mobile telephone

  1. Source: Own summary based on Freeman and Perez (1988), Freeman and Louçã (2001) and Perez (2002)