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Page 2
From: The digital revolution and digitalized network society
Key energy source
Initial breakthrough
Physical technologies
Social technologies
Networks
First (1771)
Water-powered industry
Arkwright's water-frame
Iron, raw cotton, coal, machine tools
Factory system, entrepreneurs, interchangeable parts
Canals, roads, sailing ships
Second (1829)
Steam-powered industry
Manchester Liverpool railway, Brunel’s steamship
Iron, coal, railways, steamships
Joint stock companies, standard parts
Railways, steamships, telegraph
Third (1875)
Electrification of industry
The Carnegie Bessemer steel plant, Edison’s electric power
Steel, copper, metal alloys, internal combustion engine, electricity
Professional management, R&D laboratory, product standardization
Transport and telephone network
Fourth (1908)
Fossil fuel driven industry
Ford moving assembly line; Burton oil cracking process