NHS Digital. NHS Workforce Statistics, February 2021 England and Organisation. 2021 [Available from: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/nhs-workforce-statistics/february-2021. Accessed 16 July 2021
Google Scholar
The Health Foundation & The Nuffield Trust. Quality watch. 2017.
Google Scholar
NHS Digital. NHS sickness absence rates April 2009-March 2019 Annual Tables 2019. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20210111183058/https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/nhs-sickness-absence-rates/january-2019-to-march-2019-and-annual-summary-2010-11-to-2018-19. Accessed 14 July 2021
Google Scholar
NHS England. NHS sickness absence rates October 2016 to December 2016. 2017. http://www.content.digital.nhs.uk/catalogue/PUB23900. Accessed 17 July 2018
Google Scholar
Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Annual Survey Report: Absence Management 2016. London; 2016. https://www.cipd.co.uk/Images/absence-management_2016_tcm18-16360.pdf. Accessed 17 July 2018
Aiken LH, Clarke SP, Sloane DM, Lake ET, Cheney T. Effects of hospital care environment on patient mortality and nurse outcomes. J Nurs Admin. 2008;38(5):223–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NNA.0000312773.42352.d7.
Article Google Scholar
Pilette PC. Presenteeism in nursing: a clear and present danger to productivity. J Nurs Admin. 2005;35(6):300–3. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005110-200506000-00006.
Article Google Scholar
Powell M, Dawson J, Topakas A, Durose J, Fewtrell C. Staff satisfaction and organisational performance: evidence from a longitudinal secondary analysis of the NHS staff survey and outcome data. Health Serv Deliv Res. 2014;2(50):1–306. https://doi.org/10.3310/hsdr02500.
Article Google Scholar
Taunton RL, Kleinbeck SV, Stafford R, Woods CQ, Bott MJ. Patient outcomes. Are they linked to registered nurse absenteeism, separation, or work load? J Nurs Admin. 1994;24(4):48–55.
CAS Google Scholar
The Work Foundation, Aston Business School and RAND Europe. Health and wellbeing of NHS staff – a benefit evaluation model. The Work Foundation, London: 2009.
Panagioti MGK, Johnson J, Zhou A, Panagopoulou E, Chew-Graham C, et al. Association between physician burnout and patient safety, professionalism, and patient satisfaction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(10):1317–30. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.3713.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Maben J. Patients’ experiences of care and the influence of staff motivation, affect and wellbeing. Final report NIHR Service Deliver and Organisation; 2012.
Google Scholar
Dawson J. Staff experience and patient outcomes: what do we know? Report for NHS Employers: NHS England; 2014.
Google Scholar
Dew K. Pressure to work through periods of short term sickness. BMJ. 2011;342:d3446. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d3446.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Goetzel RZ, Long SR, Ozminkowski RJ, Hawkins K, Wang S, Lynch W. Health, absence, disability, and presenteeism cost estimates of certain physical and mental health conditions affecting US employers. J Occup Environ Med. 2004;46(4):398–412. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000121151.40413.bd.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Rantanen I, Tuominen R. Relative magnitude of presenteeism and absenteeism and work-related factors affecting them among health care professionals. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2011;84(2):225–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-010-0604-5.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
NHS. Staff Survey 2019. https://www.nhsstaffsurveys.com/results/results-archive/. Accessed 18 July 2018
Google Scholar
NHS Digital. Sickness absence due to mental health reasons, 2010 and 2019 pq43100. 2020. https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/supplementary-information/2020/sickness-absence-due-to-mental-health-reasons-2010-and-2019_pq43100 Accessed 17 July 2021
Google Scholar
NHS Digital. NHS sickness absence by reason, 2020 https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/nhs-sickness-absence-rates/july-2020 Accessed 17 July 2021
Google Scholar
NHS Digital. Reasons for sickness absence by organisation type, April 2019 ah2935. 2019. https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/find-data-and-publications/supplementary-information/2019-supplementary-information-files/nhs-sickness-absence-rates-in-england-by-reason-and-organisation. Accessed 17 July 2021
Google Scholar
Lana AT, de León AC, García MM, Jaime AA. Smoking and sickness absence among public health workers. Public Health. 2005;119(2):144–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2004.06.010.
Article Google Scholar
Quist HG, Thomsen BL, Christensen U, Clausen T, Holtermann A, Bjorner JB, et al. Influence of lifestyle factors on long-term sickness absence among female healthcare workers: a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1084.
Article Google Scholar
Rasmussen CDN, Andersen LL, Clausen T, Strøyer J, Jørgensen MB, Holtermann A. Physical capacity and risk for long-term sickness absence: a prospective cohort study among 8664 female health care workers. J Occu Environ Med. 2015;57(5):526–30. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000395.
Article Google Scholar
Schultz AB, Edington DW. Employee health and presenteeism: a systematic review. J Occup Rehabil. 2007;17(3):547–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-007-9096-x.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Pit WS, Hansen V. The relationship between lifestyle, occupational health, and work-related factors with presenteeism amongst general practitioners. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2016;71(1):49–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2014.998329.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Bielecky A, Chen C, Ibrahim S, Beaton DE, Mustard CA, Smith PM. The impact of co-morbid mental and physical disorders on presenteeism. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2015;41(6):554–64. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3524.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Cancelliere C, Cassidy JD, Ammendolia C, Côté P. Are workplace health promotion programs effective at improving presenteeism in workers? A systematic review and best evidence synthesis of the literature. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-395.
Article Google Scholar
Christensen JR, Kongstad MB, Sjøgaard G, Søgaard K. Sickness presenteeism among health care workers and the effect of BMI, cardiorespiratory fitness, and muscle strength. J Occu Environ Med. 2015;57(12):e146–e52. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000576.
Article Google Scholar
Demou E, Smith S, Bhaskar A, Mackay DF, Brown J, Hunt K, et al. Evaluating sickness absence duration by musculoskeletal and mental health issues: a retrospective cohort study of Scottish healthcare workers. BMJ open. 2018;8(1):e018085. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018085.
Admasachew L, Dawson J. The association between presenteeism and engagement of National Health Service staff. J Health Serv Res Pol. 2011;16(1):29–33. https://doi.org/10.1258/jhsrp.2010.010085.
Article Google Scholar
NHS Digital. NHS sickness absence rates April 2020 – Feb 2021. https://digital.nhs.uk/search?query=NHS+Sickness+Absence+Rates Accessed 17 July 2021
Royal College of Physicians. Work and wellbeing in the NHS : why staff health matters to patient care. London: Royal College of Physicians; 2015.
Google Scholar
NHS England. Commissioning for Quality and Innovation (CQUIN). Guidance for 2016/17. 2017. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/cquin-guidance-16-17-v3.pdf Accessed 17 July 2018
Google Scholar
Public Health England. NHS Health Check programme standards. 2014 https://www.healthcheck.nhs.uk/latest-news/nhs-health-check-programme-standards-launched/. Accessed 18 July 2021
Google Scholar
NHS. £5million plan to improve the health of NHS staff 2015. https://www.england.nhs.uk/2015/09/improving-staff-health/. Accessed on 17 July 2018
Google Scholar
Blake H, Bennett E, Batt ME. Evaluation of occupational health checks for hospital employees. Int J Workplace Health Manag. 2014;7(4):247–66. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJWHM-07-2013-0027.
Article Google Scholar
Bolier L, Ketelaar SM, Nieuwenhuijsen K, Smeets O, Gärtner FR, Sluiter JK. Workplace mental health promotion online to enhance well-being of nurses and allied health professionals: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Internet Interv. 2014;1(4):196–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2014.10.002.
Article Google Scholar
Dugdill L, Brettle A, Hulme C, McCluskey S, Long A. Workplace physical activity interventions: a systematic review. Int J Workplace Health Manag. 2008;1:20–40. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538350810865578.
Article Google Scholar
Groeneveld IF, Proper KI, van der Beek AJ, Hildebrandt VH, van Mechelen W. Lifestyle-focused interventions at the workplace to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease-a systematic review. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2010;36(3):202–15. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.2891.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Pereira MJ, Coombes BK, Comans TA, Johnston V. The impact of onsite workplace health-enhancing physical activity interventions on worker productivity: a systematic review. Occup Environ Med. 2015;72(6):401–12. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2014-102678.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Arena R, Arnett DK, Terry PE, Li S, Isaac F, Mosca L, et al. The role of worksite health screening: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;130(8):719–34. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000079.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap) – a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott V, Fernandez M, O’Neal L, et al. REDCap Consortium, The REDCap Consortium: building an international community of software partners. J Biomed Inform. 2019;95:103208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103208.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kessler R PM, McInnes K. World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ). HPQ short form (absenteeism and presenteeism questions and scoring rules) Harvard Medical School. 2007. http://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/hpq/index.php. Accessed 17 July 2018
Google Scholar
Herdman M, Gudex C, Lloyd A, Janssen M, Kind P, Parkin D, et al. Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L). Qual Life Res. 2011;20(10):1727–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011-9903-x.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ahmad S, Harris T, Limb E, et al. Evaluation of reliability and validity of the General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPPAQ) in 60-74 year old primary care patients. BMC Fam Pract. 2015;16:113.
Article Google Scholar
Hill JC, Whitehurst DGT, Lewis M, Bryan S, Dunn KM, Foster NE, et al. Comparison of stratified primary care management for low back pain with current best practice (STarT Back): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9802):1560–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60937-9.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: assessment and management. NICE guideline [NG59]. NICE; 2020.
Dunn KM, Afolabi EK, Lewis M, van der Windt D, Hill JC, Mallen CD, et al. Can risk stratification be applied to common musculoskeletal conditions? Refinement and validation of the Keele STarT MSK tool. Paper presented at: SAPC ASM; Warwick, UK. 2017. https://sapc.ac.uk/conference/2017/abstract/can-risk-stratification-be-applied-common-musculoskeletal-conditions
Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Shoulder pain: NICE; 2017 https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/shoulder-pain/#!management. Accessed 17 July 2018
Google Scholar
Linton SJ, Boersma K. Early identification of patients at risk of developing a persistent back problem: the predictive validity of the Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire. Clin J Pain. 2003;19(2):80–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-200303000-00002.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Int Med. 2006;166(10):1092–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092.
Article Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Common mental health problems: identification and pathways to care. Clinical guideline [CG123]. NICE; 2011.
Google Scholar
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–13. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
NHS. Mindfulness 2018. https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/self-help/tips-and-support/mindfulness/. Accessed 17 July 2018
Google Scholar
NHS Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health. Birmingham Healthy Minds – a free IAPT service for depression and anxiety. https://www.bsmhft.nhs.uk/our-services/birmingham-healthy-minds/. Accessed 17 July 2018
Public Health England. Alcohol use disorders identification test consumption (AUDIT C). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/684826/Alcohol_use_disorders_identification_test_for_consumption__AUDIT_C_.pdf. Accesed 17 July 2018
Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Vinogradova Y, Robson J, Minhas R, Sheikh A, et al. Predicting cardiovascular risk in England and Wales: prospective derivation and validation of QRISK2. BMJ. 2008;336(7659):1475–82. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39609.449676.25.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Power BT, Kiezebrink K, Allan JL, Campbell MK. Effects of workplace-based dietary and/or physical activity interventions for weight management targeting healthcare professionals: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMC obesity. 2014;1(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40608-014-0023-3.
Article Google Scholar
Jordan RE, Adab P, Sitch A, Enocson A, Blissett D, Jowett S, et al. Targeted case finding for COPD versus routine practice in primary care (TargetCOPD): a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet Resp Med. 2016;4(9):720–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30149-7.
Article Google Scholar
Adab P, Fitzmaurice DA, Dickens AP, Ayres JG, Buni H, Cooper BG, et al. Cohort profile: the Birmingham chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(1):23. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyv350.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Blake H, Zhou D, Batt ME. Five-year workplace wellness intervention in the NHS. Perspect Public Health. 2013;133(5):262–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913913489611.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Gale NK, Heath G, Cameron E, Rashid S, Redwood S. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013;13(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-13-117.