What kind of faces are attractive?

1. Buss D. M., Barnes M. 1986. Preferences in human mate selection. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 50, 559–570 10.1037/0022-3514.50.3.559 (doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.3.559) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

2. Langlois J. H., Kalakanis L., Rubenstein A. J., Larson A., Hallamm M., Smoot M. 2000. Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychol. Bull. 126, 390–423 10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.390 (doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.390) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

3. Andersson M. 1994. Sexual selection. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press [Google Scholar]

4. Møller A. P., Thornhill R. 1998. Bilateral symmetry and sexual selection: a meta-analysis. Am. Nat. 151, 174–192 10.1086/286110 (doi:10.1086/286110) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

5. Elder G. H. J. 1969. Appearance and education in marriage mobility. Am. Soc. Rev. 34, 519–533 10.2307/2091961 (doi:10.2307/2091961) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

6. Holmes S. J., Hatch C. E. 1938. Personal appearance as related to scholastic records and marriage selection in college women. Hum. Biol. 10, 65–76 [Google Scholar]

7. Riggio R., Woll S. 1984. The role of non-verbal and physical attractiveness in the selection of dating partners. J. Soc. Pers. Relat. 1, 347–357 10.1177/0265407584013007 (doi:10.1177/0265407584013007) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

8. Berscheid E., Dion K., Walster E., Walster G. W. 1971. Physical attractiveness and dating choice: a test of the matching hypothesis. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 7, 173–189 10.1016/0022-1031(71)90065-5 (doi:10.1016/0022-1031(71)90065-5) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

9. Walster E., Aronson V., Abrahams D., Rottman L. 1966. Importance of physical attractiveness in dating behaviour. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 4, 508–516 10.1037/h0021188 (doi:10.1037/h0021188) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

10. Dion K., Berscheid E., Walster E. 1972. What is beautiful is good. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 24, 285–290 10.1037/h0033731 (doi:10.1037/h0033731) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

11. Eagly A. H., Ashmore R. D., Makhijani M. G., Longo L. C. 1991. What is beautiful is good, but …: a meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype. Psychol. Bull. 110, 109–128 10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.109 (doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.109) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

12. Feingold A. 1992. Good-looking people are not what we think. Psychol. Bull. 111, 304–341 10.1037/0033-2909.111.2.304 (doi:10.1037/0033-2909.111.2.304) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

13. Cash T. F., Kilcullen R. N. 1985. The aye of the beholder: susceptibility to sexism and beautyism in the evaluation of managerial applicants. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 15, 591–605 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1985.tb00903.x (doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1985.tb00903.x) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

14. Sigall H., Ostrove N. 1975. Beautiful but dangerous: effects of offender attractiveness and nature of the crime on juridical judgement. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 31, 410–414 10.1037/h0076472 (doi:10.1037/h0076472) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

15. Downs A. C., Lyons P. M. 1991. Natural observations of the links between attractiveness and initial legal judgments. Pers. Soc. Psychol. B 17, 541–547 10.1177/0146167291175009 (doi:10.1177/0146167291175009) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

16. Chiu R. K., Babcock R. D. 2002. The relative importance of facial attractiveness and gender in Hong Kong selection decisions. Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manage. 13, 141–155 10.1080/09585190110092857 (doi:10.1080/09585190110092857) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

17. Marlowe C. M., Schneider S. L., Nelson C. E. 1996. Gender and attractiveness biases in hiring decisions: are more experienced managers less biased? J. Appl. Psychol. 81, 11–21 10.1037/0021-9010.81.1.11 (doi:10.1037/0021-9010.81.1.11) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

18. Wolf N. 1991. The beauty myth. New York, NY: Morrow [Google Scholar]

19. Hume D. 1757. Four dissertations. IV: Of the standard of taste. London, UK: Millar [Google Scholar]

20. Darwin C. 1871. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London, UK: John Murray [Google Scholar]

21. Berscheid E., Walster E. 1974. Physical attractiveness. In Advances in experimental social psychology (ed. Berkowitz L.), pp. 157–215 New York, NY: Academic Press [Google Scholar]

22. Ford C. S., Beach F. A. 1951. Patterns of sexual behaviour. New York, NY: Harper & Row [Google Scholar]

23. Cunningham M. R., Roberts A. R., Barbee A. P., Druen P. B. 1995. ‘Their ideas of beauty are, on the whole, the same as ours’: consistency and variability in the cross-cultural perception of female attractiveness. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 68, 261–279 10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.261 (doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.261) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

24. Zebrowitz-McArthur L., Baron R. M. 1983. Toward and ecological approach to social perception. Psychol. Rev. 90, 215–238 10.1037/0033-295X.90.3.215 (doi:10.1037/0033-295X.90.3.215) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

25. Thornhill R., Gangestad S. W. 1999. Facial attractiveness. Trends Cogn. Sci. 3, 452–460 10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01403-5 (doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01403-5) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

26. Rhodes G. 2006. The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 57, 199–226 10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190208 (doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190208) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

27. Gibson R. M. 1990. Relationships between blood parasites, mating success and phenotypic cues in male sage grouse. Am. Zool. 30, 271–278 [Google Scholar]

28. Moller A. P. 1997. Developmental stability and fitness: a review. Am. Nat. 149, 916–932 10.1086/286030 (doi:10.1086/286030) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

29. Møller A. P., Swaddle J. P. 1997. Asymmetry, developmental stability, and evolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press [Google Scholar]

30. Valen L. V. 1962. A study of fluctuating asymmetry. Evolution 16, 125–142 10.2307/2406192 (doi:10.2307/2406192) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

31. Dufour K. W., Weatherhead P. J. 1998. Bilateral symmetry and social dominance in captive male red-winged blackbirds. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 42, 71–76 10.1007/s002650050413 (doi:10.1007/s002650050413) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

32. Manning J. T., Scutt D., Lewis-Jones D. I. 1998. Developmental stability, ejaculate size, and sperm quality in men. Evol. Hum. Behav. 19, 273–282 10.1016/S1090-5138(98)00024-5 (doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(98)00024-5) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

33. Manning J. T., Scutt D., Whitehouse G. H., Leinster S. J. 1997. Breast asymmetry and phenotypic quality in women. Evol. Hum. Behav. 18, 223–236 10.1016/S0162-3095(97)00002-0 (doi:10.1016/S0162-3095(97)00002-0) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

34. Møller A. P., Soler M., Thornhill R. 1995. Breast asymmetry, sexual selection, and human reproductive success. Ethol. Sociobiol. 16, 207–219 [Google Scholar]

35. Thornhill R., Gangestad S. W. 2006. Facial sexual dimorphism, developmental stability, and susceptibility to disease in men and women. Evol. Hum. Behav. 27, 131–144 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.06.001 (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.06.001) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

36. Gangestad S. W., Thornhill R. 2003. Facial masculinity and fluctuating asymmetry. Evol. Hum. Behav. 24, 231–241 10.1016/S1090-5138(03)00017-5 (doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(03)00017-5) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

37. Little A. C., Jones B. C., Waitt C., Tiddeman B. P., Feinberg D. R., Perrett D. I., Apicella C. L., Marlowe F. W., Reimchen T. 2008. Symmetry is related to sexual dimorphism in faces: data across culture and species. PLoS ONE 3, e2106. 10.1371/journal.pone.0002106 (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002106) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

38. Møller A. P. 1997. Developmental stability and fitness: a review. Am. Nat. 149, 916–942 10.1086/286030 (doi:10.1086/286030) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

39. Thornhill R., Gangestad S. W. 1994. Human fluctuating asymmetry and sexual behaviour. Psychol. Sci. 5, 297–302 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00629.x (doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00629.x) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

40. Grammer K., Thornhill R. 1994. Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness and sexual selection: the role of symmetry and averageness. J. Comp. Psychol. 108, 233–242 10.1037/0735-7036.108.3.233 (doi:10.1037/0735-7036.108.3.233) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

41. Scheib J. E., Gangestad S. W., Thornhill R. 1999. Facial attractiveness, symmetry, and cues to good genes. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 266, 1913–1917 10.1098/rspb.1999.0866 (doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0866) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

42. Penton-Voak I. S., Jones B. C., Little A. C., Baker S., Tiddeman B., Burt D. M., Perrett D. I. 2001. Symmetry, sexual dimorphism in facial proportions, and male facial attractiveness. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 268, 1617–1623 10.1098/rspb.2001.1703 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1703) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

43. Jones B. C., Little A. C., Burt D. M., Perrett D. I. 2004. When facial attractiveness is only skin deep. Perception 33, 569–576 10.1068/p3463 (doi:10.1068/p3463) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

44. Jones B. C., Little A. C., Penton-Voak I. S., Tiddeman B. P., Burt D. M., Perrett D. I. 2001. Facial symmetry and judgements of apparent health: support for a ‘good genes’ explanation of the attractiveness–symmetry relationship. Evol. Hum. Behav. 22, 417–429 10.1016/S1090-5138(01)00083-6 (doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(01)00083-6) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

45. Mealey L., Bridgestock R., Townsend G. 1999. Symmetry and perceived facial attractiveness. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 76, 151–158 10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.151 (doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.151) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

46. Kowner R. 1996. Facial asymmetry and attractiveness judgment in developmental perspective. J. Exp. Psychol. Human 22, 662–675 10.1037/0096-1523.22.3.662 (doi:10.1037/0096-1523.22.3.662) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

47. Rhodes G., Proffitt F., Grady J., Sumich A. 1998. Facial symmetry and the perception of beauty. Psychonom. Bull. Rev. 5, 659–669 10.3758/BF03208842 (doi:10.3758/BF03208842) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

48. Perrett D. I., Burt D. M., Penton-Voak I. S., Lee K. J., Rowland D. A., Edwards R. 1999. Symmetry and human facial attractiveness. Evol. Hum. Behav. 20, 295–307 10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00014-8 (doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00014-8) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

49. Little A. C., Jones B. C. 2003. Evidence against perceptual bias views for symmetry preferences in human faces. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270, 1759–1763 10.1098/rspb.2003.2445 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2445) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

50. Little A. C., Jones B. C. 2006. Attraction independent of detection suggests special mechanisms for symmetry preferences in human face perception. Proc. R. Soc. B 273, 3093–3099 10.1098/rspb.2006.3679 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3679) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

51. Little A. C., Apicella C. L., Marlowe F. W. 2007. Preferences for symmetry in human faces in two cultures: data from the UK and the Hadza, an isolated group of hunter–gatherers. Proc. R. Soc. B 274, 3113–3117 10.1098/rspb.2007.0895 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0895) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

52. Waitt C., Little A. C. 2006. Preferences for symmetry in conspecific facial shape among Macaca mulatta. Int. J. Primatol. 27, 133–145 10.1007/s10764-005-9015-y (doi:10.1007/s10764-005-9015-y) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

53. Rhodes G., Yoshikawa S., Palermo R., Simmons L. W., Peters M., Lee K., Halberstadt J., Crawford J. R. 2007. Perceived health contributes to the attractiveness of facial symmetry, averageness, and sexual dimorphism. Perception 36, 1244–1252 10.1068/p5712 (doi:10.1068/p5712) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

54. Thornhill R., Gangestad S. W. 1993. Human facial beauty: averageness, symmetry, and parasite resistance. Hum. Nat. 4, 237–269 10.1007/BF02692201 (doi:10.1007/BF02692201) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

55. Mitton J. B., Grant M. C. 1984. Associations among proteins heterozygosity, growth rate, and developmental homeostasis. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15, 479–499 10.1146/annurev.es.15.110184.002403 (doi:10.1146/annurev.es.15.110184.002403) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

56. Roberts S. C., Little A. C., Gosling L. M., Perrett D. I., Carter V., Jones B. C., Pentonvoak I., Petrie M. 2005. MHC-heterozygosity and human facial attractiveness. Evol. Hum. Behav. 26, 213–226 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.09.002 (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.09.002) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

57. Lie H. C., Rhodes G., Simmons L. W. 2008. Genetic diversity revealed in human faces. Evolution 62, 2473–2486 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00478.x (doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00478.x) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

58. Rhodes G., Zebrowitz L. A., Clark A., Kalick S. M., Hightower A., McKay R. 2001. Do facial averageness and symmetry signal health? Evol. Hum. Behav. 22, 31–46 10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00060-X (doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00060-X) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

59. Galton F. J. 1878. Composite portraits. Nature 18, 97–100 10.1038/018686a0 (doi:10.1038/018686a0) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

60. Langlois J. H., Roggman L. A. 1990. Attractive faces are only average. Psychol. Sci. 1, 115–121 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1990.tb00079.x (doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1990.tb00079.x) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

61. Langlois J. H., Roggman L. A., Musselman L. 1994. What is average and what is not average about attractive faces. Psychol. Sci. 5, 214–220 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00503.x (doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00503.x) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

62. Little A. C., Hancock P. J. B. 2002. The role of masculinity and distinctiveness in judgments of human male facial attractiveness. Br. J. Psychol. 93, 451–464 10.1348/000712602761381349 (doi:10.1348/000712602761381349) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

63. Light L. L., Hollander S., Kayra-Stuart F. 1981. Why attractive people are harder to remember. Pers. Soc. Psychol. B 7, 269–276 10.1177/014616728172014 (doi:10.1177/014616728172014) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

64. Rhodes G., Tremewan T. 1996. Averageness, exaggeration, and facial attractiveness. Psychol. Sci. 7, 105–110 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00338.x (doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00338.x) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

65. Rhodes G., Sumich A., Byatt G. 1999. Are average facial configurations attractive only because of their symmetry? Psychol. Sci. 10, 52–58 10.1111/1467-9280.00106 (doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00106) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

66. Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Little A. C. 2007. The role of symmetry in attraction to average faces. Percept. Psychophys. 69, 1273–1277 10.3758/BF03192944 (doi:10.3758/BF03192944) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

67. Apicella C. L., Little A. C., Marlowe F. W. 2007. Facial averageness and attractiveness in an isolated population of hunter-gatherers. Perception 36, 1813–1820 10.1068/p5601 (doi:10.1068/p5601) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

68. Alley T. R., Cunningham M. R. 1991. Averaged faces are attractive, but very attractive faces are not average. Psychol. Sci. 2, 123–125 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1991.tb00113.x (doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1991.tb00113.x) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

69. Rhodes G., Yoshikawa S., Clark A., Lee K., McKay R., Akamatsu S. 2001. Attractiveness of facial averageness and symmetry in non-Western populations: in search of biologically based standards of beauty. Perception 30, 611–625 10.1068/p3123 (doi:10.1068/p3123) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

70. Enlow D. M. 1982. Handbook of facial growth, 2nd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders [Google Scholar]

71. Zahavi A. 1975. Mate selection: a selection for a handicap. J. Theor. Biol. 53, 205–214 10.1016/0022-5193(75)90111-3 (doi:10.1016/0022-5193(75)90111-3) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

72. Hillgarth N., Wingfield J. C. 1997. Testosterone and immunosuppression in vertebrates: implications for parasite mediated sexual selection. In Parasites and pathogens (ed. Beckage N. E.). New York, NY: Chapman & Hall [Google Scholar]

73. Kanda N., Tsuchida T., Tamaki K. 1996. Testosterone inhibits immunoglobulin production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 106, 410–415 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-842.x (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-842.x) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

74. Yesilova Z., Ozata M., Kocar I. H., Turan M., Pekel A., Sengul A., Caglayan Ozdemir I. 2000. The effects of gonadotropin treatment on the immunological features of male patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 66–70 10.1210/jc.85.1.66 (doi:10.1210/jc.85.1.66) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

75. Folstad I., Karter A. J. 1992. Parasites, bright males and the immunocompetence handicap. Am. Nat. 139, 603–622 10.1086/285346 (doi:10.1086/285346) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

76. Møller A. P., Christe P., Lux E. 1999. Parasitism, host immune function, and sexual selection. Q. Rev. Biol. 74, 3–20 10.1086/392949 (doi:10.1086/392949) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

77. Rhodes G., Chan J., Zebrowitz L. A., Simmons L. W. 2003. Does sexual dimorphism in human faces signal health? Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270, S93–S95 10.1098/rsbl.2003.0023 (doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0023) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

78. Law-Smith M. J., et al. 2006. Facial appearance is a cue to oestrogen levels in women. Proc. R. Soc. B 273, 135–140 10.1098/rspb.2005.3296 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3296) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

79. Penton-Voak I. S., Chen J. Y. 2004. High salivary testosterone is linked to masculine male facial appearance in humans. Evol. Hum. Behav. 25, 229–241 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.04.003 (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.04.003) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

80. Neave N., Laing S., Fink B., Manning J. T. 2003. Second to fourth digit ratio, testosterone and perceived male dominance. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270, 2167–2172 10.1098/rspb.2003.2502 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2502) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

81. Cunningham M. R. 1986. Measuring the physical in physical attractiveness: quasi-experiments on the sociobiology of female facial beauty. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 50, 925–935 10.1037/0022-3514.50.5.925 (doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.5.925) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

82. Jones D., Hill K. 1993. Criteria of facial attractiveness in five populations. Hum. Nat. 4, 271–296 10.1007/BF02692202 (doi:10.1007/BF02692202) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

83. Perrett D. I., Lee K. J., Penton-Voak I. S., Rowland D. R., Yoshikawa S., Burt D. M., Henzi S. P., Castles D. L., Akamatsu S. 1998. Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness. Nature 394, 884–887 10.1038/29772 (doi:10.1038/29772) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

84. Cunningham M. R., Barbee A. P., Pike C. L. 1990. What do women want? Facialmetric assessment of multiple motives in the perception of male facial physical attractiveness. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 59, 61–72 10.1037/0022-3514.59.1.61 (doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.1.61) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

85. Berry D. S., Brownlow S. 1989. Were the physiognomists right? Personality correlates of facial babyishness. Pers. Soc. Psychol. B 15, 266–279 10.1177/0146167289152013 (doi:10.1177/0146167289152013) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

86. Keating C. F. 1985. Gender and the physiognomy of dominance and attractiveness. Soc. Psychol. Q. 48, 61–70 10.2307/3033782 (doi:10.2307/3033782) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

87. McArthur L. A. K. 1983–1984. Impressions of baby-faced adults. Soc. Cogn. 2, 315–342 10.1521/soco.1984.2.4.315 (doi:10.1521/soco.1984.2.4.315) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

88. McArthur L. Z., Berry D. S. 1987. Cross-cultural agreement in perceptions of babyfaced adults. J. Cross. Cult. Psychol. 18, 165–192 10.1177/0022002187018002003 (doi:10.1177/0022002187018002003) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

89. Berry D. S., McArthur L. Z. 1985. Some components and consequences of a babyface. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 48, 312–323 10.1037/0022-3514.48.2.312 (doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.2.312) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

90. Rhodes G., Hickford C., Jeffery L. 2000. Sex-typicality and attractiveness: are supermale and superfemale faces super-attractive. Br. J. Psychol. 91, 125–140 10.1348/000712600161718 (doi:10.1348/000712600161718) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

91. Swaddle J. P., Reierson G. W. 2003. Testosterone increases perceived dominance but not attractiveness in human males. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 269, 2285–2289 10.1098/rspb.2002.2165 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2165) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

92. Little A. C., Burt D. M., Penton-Voak I. S., Perrett D. I. 2001. Self-perceived attractiveness influences human female preferences for sexual dimorphism and symmetry in male faces. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 268, 39–44 10.1098/rspb.2000.1327 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1327) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

93. Little A. C., Jones B. C., Penton-Voak I. S., Burt D. M., Perrett D. I. 2002. Partnership status and the temporal context of relationships influence human female preferences for sexual dimorphism in male face shape. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 269, 1095–1100 10.1098/rspb.2002.1984 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.1984) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

94. DeBruine L. M., et al. 2006. Correlated preferences for facial masculinity and ideal or actual partner's masculinity. Proc. R. Soc. B 273, 1355–1360 10.1098/rspb.2005.3445 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3445) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

95. Little A. C., Mannion H. 2006. Viewing attractive or unattractive same-sex individuals changes self-rated attractiveness and face preferences in women. Anim. Behav. 72, 981–987 10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.01.026 (doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.01.026) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

96. Smith F. G., Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Little A. C. 2009. Interactions between masculinity-femininity and apparent health in face preferences. Behav. Ecol. 20, 441–445 10.1093/beheco/arn141 (doi:10.1093/beheco/arn141) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

97. Jones B. C., et al. 2005. Menstrual cycle, pregnancy and oral contraceptive use alter attraction to apparent health in faces. Proc. R. Soc. B 272, 347–354 10.1098/rspb.2004.2962 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2962) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

98. Krupp D. B., DeBruine L. M., Jones B. C. In press. Apparent health encourages reciprocity. Evol. Hum. Behav. (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.10.001) [Google Scholar]

99. Fink B., Grammer K., Matts P. J. 2006. Visible skin color distribution plays a role in the perception of age, attractiveness, and health in female faces. Evol. Hum. Behav. 27, 433–442 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.08.007 (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.08.007) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

100. Millinski M., Bakker T. C. 1990. Female sticklebacks use male coloration in sticklebacks and therefore avoid parasitised males. Nature 344, 330–333 10.1038/344330a0 (doi:10.1038/344330a0) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

101. Pryke S. R., Griffith S. C. 2006. Red dominates black: agonistic signalling among head morphs in the colour polymorphic Gouldian finch. Proc. R. Soc. B 273, 949–957 10.1098/rspb.2005.3362 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3362) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

102. Setchell J. M., Wickings E. J. 2005. Dominance, status signals and coloration in male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx). Ethology 111, 25–50 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2004.01054.x (doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2004.01054.x) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

103. Waitt C., Little A. C., Wolfensohn S., Honess P., Brown A. P., Buchanan-Smith H. M., Perrett D. I. 2003. Evidence from rhesus macaques suggests that male coloration plays a role in female primate mate choice. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270, S144–S146 10.1098/rsbl.2003.0065 (doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0065) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

104. Changizi M. A., Zhang Q., Shimojo S. 2006. Bare skin, blood and the evolution of primate colour vision. Biol. Lett. 2, 217–221 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0440 (doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0440) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

105. Drummond P. D., Quah S. H. 2001. The effect of expressing anger on cardiovascular reactivity and facial blood flow in Chinese and Caucasians. Psychophysiology 38, 190–196 10.1111/1469-8986.3820190 (doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3820190) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

106. Waitt C., Gerald M. S., Little A. C., Kraiselburd E. 2006. Selective attention toward female secondary sexual color in male rhesus macaques. Am. J. Primatol. 68, 738–744 10.1002/ajp.20264 (doi:10.1002/ajp.20264) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

107. Setchell J. M. 2005. Do female mandrills prefer brightly colored males? Int. J. Primatol. 26, 715–735 10.1007/s10764-005-5305-7 (doi:10.1007/s10764-005-5305-7) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

108. Cuthill I. C., Hunt S., Cleary C., Clark C. 1997. Colour bands, dominance, and body mass regulation in male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 264, 1093–1099 10.1098/rspb.1997.0151 (doi:10.1098/rspb.1997.0151) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

109. Hill R. A., Barton R. A. 2005. Red enhances human performance in contests. Nature 435, 293. 10.1038/435293a (doi:10.1038/435293a) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

110. Burley N., Krantzberg G., Radman P. 1982. Influence of color-banding on the conspecific preferences of zebra finches. Anim. Behav. 30, 444–455 10.1016/S0003-3472(82)80055-9 (doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(82)80055-9) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

111. Little A. C., Hill R. A. 2007. Social perception of red suggests special role in dominance signalling. J. Evol. Psychol. 1–4, 161–168 10.1556/JEP.2007.1008 (doi:10.1556/JEP.2007.1008) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

112. Elliot A. J., Maier M. A., Binser M. J., Friedman R., Pekrun R. 2009. The effect of red on avoidance behavior in achievement contexts. Pers. Soc. Psychol. B 35, 365–375 10.1177/0146167208328330 (doi:10.1177/0146167208328330) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

113. Elliot A. J., Niesta D. 2008. Romantic red: red enhances men's attraction to women. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 95, 1150–1164 10.1037/0022-3514.95.5.1150 (doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.5.1150) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

114. Stephen I. D., Smith M. J. L., Stirrat M. R., Perrett D. I. 2009. Facial skin coloration affects perceived health of human faces. Int. J. Primatol. 30, 845–857 10.1007/s10764-009-9380-z (doi:10.1007/s10764-009-9380-z) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

115. Hassin R., Trope Y. 2000. Facing faces: studies on the cognitive aspects of physiognomy. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 78, 837–852 10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.837 (doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.837) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

116. Otta E., Abrosio F. F. E., Hoshino R. L. 1996. Reading a smiling face: messages conveyed by various forms of smiling. Percept. Motor Skills 82, 1111–1121 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

117. Keating C. F., Mazur A., Segall M. H. 1981. A cross-cultural exploration of physiognomic traits of dominance and happiness. Ethol. Sociobiol. 2, 41–48 [Google Scholar]

118. Buss D. M. 1989. Sex differences in human mate preferences: evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behav. Brain Sci. 12, 1–49 10.1017/S0140525X00023992 (doi:10.1017/S0140525X00023992) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

119. Borkenau P., Liebler A. 1992. Trait inferences: sources of validity at zero acquaintance. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 62, 645–657 10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.645 (doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.4.645) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

120. Liggett J. 1974. The human face. London, UK: Constable [Google Scholar]

121. Little A. C., Burt D. M., Perrett D. I. 2006. What is good is beautiful: face preference reflects desired personality. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 41, 1107–1118 10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.015 (doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.015) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

122. Botwin M. D., Buss D. M., Shackelford T. K. 1997. Personality and mate preferences: five factors in mate selection and marital satisfaction. J. Pers. 65, 107–136 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00531.x (doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00531.x) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

123. Fink B., Neave N., Seydel H. 2007. Male facial appearance signals physical strength to women. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 19, 82–87 10.1002/ajhb.20583 (doi:10.1002/ajhb.20583) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

124. Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Main J. C., Little A. C., Welling L. L. M., Feinberg D. R., Tiddeman B. P. 2010. Facial cues of dominance modulate the short-term gaze-cuing effect in human observers. Proc. R. Soc. B 277, 617–624 10.1098/rspb.2009.1575 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1575) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

125. Boothroyd L. G., Jones B. C., Burt D. M., DeBruine L. M., Perrett D. I. 2008. Facial correlates of sociosexuality. Evol. Hum. Behav. 29, 211–218 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.12.009 (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.12.009) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

126. Korthase K. M., Trenholme I. 1982. Perceived age and perceived physical attractiveness. Percept. Motor Skills 54, 1251–1258 [Google Scholar]

127. Coetzee V., Perrett D. I., Stephen I. D. 2009. Facial adiposity: a cue to health? Perception 38, 1700–1711 10.1068/p6423 (doi:10.1068/p6423) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

128. Little A. C., Penton-Voak I. S., Burt D. M., Perrett D. I. 2003. Investigating an imprinting-like phenomenon in humans: partners and opposite-sex parents have similar hair and eye colour. Evol. Hum. Behav. 24, 43–51 10.1016/S1090-5138(02)00119-8 (doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(02)00119-8) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

129. Neave N., Shields K. 2008. The effects of facial hair manipulation on female perceptions of attractiveness, masculinity, and dominance in male faces. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 45, 373–377 10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.007 (doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.007) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

130. Osborn D. R. 1996. Beauty is as beauty does? Makeup and posture effects on physical attractiveness judgments. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 26, 31–51 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01837.x (doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01837.x) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

131. DeBruine L. M. 2004. Facial resemblance increases the attractiveness of same-sex faces more than other-sex faces. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 271, 2085–2090 10.1098/rspb.2004.2824 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2824) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

132. DeBruine L. M. 2005. Trustworthy but not lust-worthy: context-specific effects of facial resemblance. Proc. R. Soc. B 272, 919–922 10.1098/rspb.2004.3003 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.3003) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

133. Saxton T. K., Little A. C., Rowland H. M., Gao T., Roberts S. C. 2009. Trade-offs between markers of absolute and relative quality in human facial preferences. Behav. Ecol. 20, 1133–1137 10.1093/beheco/arp107 (doi:10.1093/beheco/arp107) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

134. Rhodes G., Simmons L. W., Peters M. 2005. Attractiveness and sexual behavior: does attractiveness enhance mating success? Evol. Hum. Behav. 26, 186–201 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.08.014 (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.08.014) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

135. Johnston V. S., Hagel R., Franklin M., Fink B., Grammer K. 2001. Male facial attractiveness: evidence for a hormone-mediated adaptive design. Evol. Hum. Behav. 22, 251–267 10.1016/S1090-5138(01)00066-6 (doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(01)00066-6) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

136. Jones B. C., Little A. C., Boothroyd L., DeBruine L. M., Feinberg D. R., LawSmith M. J., Cornwell R., Moore F., Perrett D. 2005. Commitment to relationships and preferences for femininity and apparent health in faces are strongest on days of the menstrual cycle when progesterone level is high. Horm. Behav. 48, 283–290 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.03.010 (doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.03.010) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

137. Penton-Voak I. S., Perrett D. I. 2000. Female preference for male faces changes cyclically: further evidence. Evol. Hum. Behav. 21, 39–48 10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00033-1 (doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00033-1) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

138. Penton-Voak I. S., Perrett D. I., Castles D. L., Kobayashi T., Burt D. M., Murray L. K., Minamisawa R. 1999. Menstrual cycle alters face preference. Nature 399, 741–742 10.1038/21557 (doi:10.1038/21557) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

139. Gangestad S. W., Thornhill R. 2008. Human oestrus. Proc. R. Soc. B 275, 991–1000 10.1098/rspb.2007.1425 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1425) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

140. Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Perrett D. I., Little A. C., Feinberg D. R., Smith M. J. L. 2008. Effects of menstrual cycle phase on face preferences. Arch. Sex. Behav. 37, 78–84 10.1007/s10508-007-9268-y (doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9268-y) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

141. Puts D. A. 2006. Cyclic variation in women's preferences for masculine traits: potential hormonal causes. Hum. Nat.-Interdiscip. Biosoc. Perspect. 17, 114–127 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

142. Feinberg D. R., Jones B. C., Law-Smith M. J., Moore F. R., DeBruine L. M., Cornwell R. E., Hillier S. G., Perrett D. I. 2006. Menstrual cycle, trait estrogen level, and masculinity preferences in the human voice. Horm. Behav. 49, 215–222 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.07.004 (doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.07.004) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

143. Puts D. A. 2005. Mating context and menstrual phase affect women's preferences for male voice pitch. Evol. Hum. Behav. 26, 388–397 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.03.001 (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.03.001) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

144. Little A. C., Jones B. C., Burriss R. P. 2007. Preferences for masculinity in male bodies change across the menstrual cycle. Horm. Behav. 51, 633–639 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.03.006 (doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.03.006) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

145. Havlicek J., Roberts S. C., Flegr J. 2005. Women's preference for dominant male odour: effects of menstrual cycle and relationship status. Biol. Lett. 1, 256–259 10.1098/rsbl.2005.0332 (doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0332) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

146. Gangestad S. W., Garver-Apgar C. E., Simpson J. A., Cousins A. J. 2007. Changes in women's mate preferences across the ovulatory cycle. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 92, 151–163 10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.151 (doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.151) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

147. Gangestad S. W., Simpson J. A., Cousins A. J., Garver-Apgar C. E., Christensen N. P. 2004. Women's preferences for male behavioral displays change across the menstrual cycle. Psychol. Sci. 15, 203–207 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.01503010.x (doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.01503010.x) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

148. Little A. C., Saxton T. K., Roberts S. C., Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Vukovic J., Perrett D. I., Feinberg D. R., Chenore T. 2010. Women's preferences for masculinity in male faces are highest during reproductive age range and lower around puberty and post-menopause. Psychoneuroendocrinology 35, 912–920 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.12.006 (doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.12.006) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

149. Vukovic J., Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Little A. C., Feinberg D. R., Welling L. L. M. 2009. Circum-menopausal effects on women's judgements of facial attractiveness. Biol. Lett. 5, 62–64 10.1098/rsbl.2008.0478 (doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0478) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

150. Peters M., Simmons L. W., Rhodes G. 2009. Preferences across the menstrual cycle for masculinity and symmetry in photographs of male faces and bodies. PLoS ONE 4, e4138. 10.1371/journal.pone.0004138 (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004138) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

151. Little A. C., Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M. 2008. Preferences for variation in masculinity in real male faces change across the menstrual cycle: women prefer more masculine faces when they are more fertile. Pers. Indiv. Diff. 45, 478–482 10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.024 (doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.024) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

152. Welling L. L. M., Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Conway C. A., Smith M. J. L., Little A. C., Feinberg D., Sharp M., Aldujaili E. 2007. Raised salivary testosterone in women is associated with increased attraction to masculine faces. Horm. Behav. 52, 156–161 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.01.010 (doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.01.010) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

153. Roney J. R., Simmons Z. L. 2008. Women's estradiol predicts preference for facial cues of men's testosterone. Horm. Behav. 53, 14–19 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.09.008 (doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.09.008) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

154. Johnston L., Arden K., Macrae C. N., Grace R. C. 2003. The need for speed: the menstrual cycle and person construal. Soc. Cogn. 21, 89–100 10.1521/soco.21.2.89.21319 (doi:10.1521/soco.21.2.89.21319) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

155. Macrae C. N., Alnwick K. A., Milne A. B., Schloerscheidt A. M. 2002. Person perception across the menstrual cycle: hormonal influences on social-cognitive functioning. Psychol. Sci. 13, 532–536 10.1111/1467-9280.00493 (doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00493) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

156. Welling L. L. M., Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M. 2008. Sex drive is positively associated with women's preferences for sexual dimorphism in men's and women's faces. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 44, 161–170 10.1016/j.paid.2007.07.026 (doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.07.026) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

157. Welling L. L. M., Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Little A. C., Smith F. G. 2008. Exposure to sexually attractive men decreases women's preferences for feminine faces. J. Evol. Psychol. 6, 219–230 10.1556/JEP.6.2008.3.5 (doi:10.1556/JEP.6.2008.3.5) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

158. Welling L. L. M., Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Smith F. G., Feinberg D. R., Little A. C., Aldujaili E. 2008. Men report stronger attraction to femininity in women's faces when their testosterone levels are high. Horm. Behav. 54, 703–708 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.07.012 (doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.07.012) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

159. Little A. C., Jones B. C., Burt D. M., Perrett D. I. 2007. Preferences for symmetry in faces change across the menstrual cycle. Biol. Psychol. 76, 209–216 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.08.003 (doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.08.003) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

160. Oinonen K. A., Mamanian D. 2007. Facial symmetry detection ability changes across the menstrual cycle. Biol. Psychol. 75, 136–145 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.01.003 (doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.01.003) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

161. Little A. C., Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Feinberg D. R. 2008. Symmetry and sexual dimorphism in human faces: interrelated preferences suggest both signal quality. Behav. Ecol. 19, 902–908 10.1093/beheco/arn049 (doi:10.1093/beheco/arn049) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

162. DeBruine L. M., Jones B. C., Perrett D. I. 2005. Women's attractiveness judgments of self-resembling faces change across the menstrual cycle. Horm. Behav. 47, 379–383 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.11.006 (doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.11.006) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

163. DeBruine L. M., Jones B. C., Little A. C., Perrett D. I. 2008. Social perception of facial resemblance in humans. Arch. Sexual Behav. 37, 64–77 10.1007/s10508-007-9266-0 (doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9266-0) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

164. Pepper G. V., Roberts S. C. 2006. Rates of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and dietary characteristics across populations. Proc. R. Soc. B 273, 2675–2679 10.1098/rspb.2006.3633 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3633) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

165. Derntl B., Kryspin-Exner I., Fernbach E., Moser E., Habel U. 2008. Emotion recognition accuracy in healthy young females is associated with cycle phase. Horm. Behav. 53, 90–95 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.09.006 (doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.09.006) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

166. Conway C. A., Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Welling L. L. M., Smith M. J. L., Perrett D. I., Sharp M., Aldujaili E. 2007. Salience of emotional displays of danger and contagion in faces is enhanced when progesterone levels are raised. Horm. Behav. 51, 202–206 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.10.002 (doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.10.002) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

167. Harris C. R. In press. Menstrual cycle and facial preferences reconsidered. Sex Roles. 10.1007/s11199-010-9772-8 (doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9772-8) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

168. Scarbrough P. S., Johnston V. S. 2005. Individual differences in women's facial preferences as a function of digit ratio and mental rotation ability. Evol. Hum. Behav. 26, 509–526 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.03.002 (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.03.002) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

169. Boothroyd L. G., Perrett D. I. 2008. Father absence, parent–daughter relationships and partner preferences. J. Evol. Psychol. 6, 187–205 10.1556/JEP.6.2008.3.3 (doi:10.1556/JEP.6.2008.3.3) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

170. Vaughn J. E., Bradley K. I., Byrd-Craven J., Kennison S. M. 2010. The effect of mortality salience on women's judgments of male faces. Evol. Psychol. 8, 477–491 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

171. Smith F. G., Jones B. C., Welling L. L. W., Little A. C., Vukovic J., Main J. C., DeBruine L. M. 2009. Waist–hip ratio predicts women's preferences for masculine male faces, but not perceptions of men's trustworthiness. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 47, 476–480 10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.022 (doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.022) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

172. Penton-Voak I. S., Little A. C., Jones B. C., Burt D. M., Tiddeman B. P., Perrett D. I. 2003. Female condition influence preferences for sexual dimorphism in faces of male humans (Homo sapiens). J. Comp. Psychol 117, 264–271 10.1037/0735-7036.117.3.264 (doi:10.1037/0735-7036.117.3.264) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

173. Vukovic J., Feinberg D. R., Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Welling L. L. M., Little A. C., Smith F. G. 2008. Self-rated attractiveness predicts individual differences in women's preferences for masculine men's voices. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 45, 451–456 10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.013 (doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.013) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

174. Vukovic J., Jones B. C., DeBruine L., Feinberg D. R., Smith F. G., Little A. C., Welling L. L. M., Main J. 2010. Women's own voice pitch predicts their preferences for masculinity in men's voices. Behav. Ecol. 21, 767–772 10.1093/beheco/arq051 (doi:10.1093/beheco/arq051) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

175. Jones B. C., et al. 2005. Women's physical and psychological condition independently predict their preference for apparent health in faces. Evol. Hum. Behav. 26, 451–457 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.05.001 (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.05.001) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

176. Bakker T. C. M., Künzler R., Mazzi D. 1999. Condition-related mate-choice in sticklebacks. Nature 401, 234. 10.1038/45727 (doi:10.1038/45727) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

177. Smith F. G., Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M. 2010. Individual differences in empathizing and systemizing predict variation in face preferences. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 49, 655–658 10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.023 (doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.023) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

178. Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Little A. C., Conway C. A., Welling L. L. M., Smith F. 2007. Sensation seeking and men's face preferences. Evol. Hum. Behav. 28, 439–446 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.07.006 (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.07.006) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

179. Welling L. L. M., DeBruine L. M., Little A. C., Jones B. C. 2009. Extraversion predicts individual differences in women's face preferences. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 47, 996–998 10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.030 (doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.030) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

180. Alvergne A., Faurie C., Raymond M. 2007. Differential facial resemblance of young children to their parents: who do children look like more? Evol. Hum. Behav. 28, 135–144 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.08.008 (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.08.008) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

181. Nesse R. M., Silverman A., Bortz A. 1990. Sex-differences in ability to recognize family resemblance. Ethol. Sociobiol. 11, 11–21 [Google Scholar]

182. Bressan P., Grassi M. 2004. Parental resemblance in 1-year-olds and the Gaussian curve. Evol. Hum. Behav. 25, 133–141 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.03.001 (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.03.001) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

183. Bressan P., Dal Martello M. F. 2002. Talis pater, talis filius: perceived resemblance and the belief in genetic relatedness. Psychol. Sci. 13, 213–218 10.1111/1467-9280.00440 (doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00440) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

184. Kaminski G., Dridi S., Graff C., Gentaz E. 2009. Human ability to detect kinship in strangers' faces: effects of the degree of relatedness. Proc. R. Soc. B 276, 3193–3200 10.1098/rspb.2009.0677 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0677) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

185. Dal Martello M. F., Maloney L. T. 2006. Where are kin recognition signals in the human face. J. Vis. 6, 1356–1366 10.1167/6.12.2 (doi:10.1167/6.12.2) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

186. Maloney L. T., Dal Martello M. F. 2006. Kin recognition and the perceived facial similarity of children. J. Vis. 6, 1047–1056 10.1167/6.10.4 (doi:10.1167/6.10.4) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

187. DeBruine L. M., Smith F. G., Jones B. C., Roberts S. C., Petrie M., Spector T. D. 2009. Kin recognition signals in adult faces. Vis. Res. 49, 38–43 10.1016/j.visres.2008.09.025 (doi:10.1016/j.visres.2008.09.025) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

188. Krupp D. B., Debruine L. A., Barclay P. 2008. A cue of kinship promotes cooperation for the public good. Evol. Hum. Behav. 29, 49–55 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.08.002 (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.08.002) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

189. DeBruine L. M. 2002. Facial resemblance enhances trust. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 269, 1307–1312 10.1098/rspb.2002.2034 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2034) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

190. Hamilton W. D. 1964. The genetical evolution of social behaviour, 1 & 2. J. Theor. Biol. 7, 1–52 10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4 (doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

191. Bittles A. H., Neel J. V. 1994. The costs of human inbreeding and their implications for variations at the DNA level. Nat. Genet. 8, 117–121 10.1038/ng1094-117 (doi:10.1038/ng1094-117) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

192. Buckingham G., DeBruine L. M., Little A. C., Welling L. L. M., Conway C. A., Tiddeman B. P., Jones B. 2006. SepVisual adaptation to masculine and feminine faces influences generalized preferences and perceptions of trustworthiness. Evol. Hum. Behav. 27, 381–389 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.03.001 (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.03.001) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

193. Zajonc R. B. 1968. Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 9, 1–27 10.1037/h0025848 (doi:10.1037/h0025848) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

194. Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Little A. C., Conway C. A., Feinberg D. R. 2006. Integrating gaze direction and expression in preferences for attractive faces. Psychol. Sci. 17, 588–591 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01749.x (doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01749.x) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

195. O'Doherty J., Winston J., Critchley H., Perrett D., Burt D. M., Dolan R. J. 2003. Beauty in a smile: the role of medial orbitofrontal cortex in facial attractiveness. Neuropsychologia 41, 147–155 10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00145-8 (doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00145-8) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

196. Conway C. A., Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Little A. C. 2008. Evidence for adaptive design in human gaze preference. Proc. R. Soc. B 275, 63–69 10.1098/rspb.2007.1073 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1073) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

197. Conway C. A., Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Little A. C., Hay J., Welling L. L. M., Perrett D., Feinberg D. 2008. Integrating physical and social cues when forming face preferences: differences among low and high-anxiety individuals. Soc. Neurosci. 3, 89–95 10.1080/17470910701676145 (doi:10.1080/17470910701676145) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

198. Kampe K. K. W., Frith C. D., Dolan R. J., Frith U. 2001. Reward value of attractiveness and gaze: making eye contact enhances the appeal of a pleasing face, irrespective of gender. Nature 413, 589. 10.1038/35098149 (doi:10.1038/35098149) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

199. Main J. C., Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Little A. C. 2009. Integrating gaze direction and sexual dimorphism of face shape when perceiving the dominance of others. Perception 38, 1275–1283 10.1068/p6347 (doi:10.1068/p6347) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

200. Gangestad S. W., Scheyd G. J. 2005. The evolution of human physical attractiveness. Ann. Rev. Anthropol. 34, 523–548 10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143733 (doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143733) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

201. Gangestad S. W., Simpson J. A. 2000. The evolution of human mating: trade-offs and strategic pluralism. Behav. Brain Sci. 23, 573–644 10.1017/S0140525X0000337X (doi:10.1017/S0140525X0000337X) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

202. Fink B., Penton-Voak I. 2002. Evolutionary psychology of facial attractiveness. Curr. Dir. Psychol. 11, 154–158 10.1111/1467-8721.00190 (doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00190) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

203. Penton-Voak I. S., Little A. C., Jones B. C., Burt D. M., Tiddeman B. P., Perrett D. I. 2003. SepFemale condition influences preferences for sexual dimorphism in faces of male humans (Homo sapiens). J. Comp. Psychol. 117, 264–271 10.1037/0735-7036.117.3.264 (doi:10.1037/0735-7036.117.3.264) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

204. Gangestad S. W., Buss D. M. 1993. Pathogen prevalence and human mate preferences. Ethol. Sociobiol. 14, 89–96 [Google Scholar]

205. Gangestad S. W., Haselton M. G., Buss D. M. 2006. Toward an integrative understanding of evoked and transmitted culture: the importance of specialized psychological design. Psychol. Inquiry 17, 138–151 10.1207/s15327965pli1702_3 (doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1702_3) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

206. DeBruine L. M., Jones B. C., Crawford J. R., Welling L. L. M., Little A. C. 2010. The health of a nation predicts their mate preferences: cross-cultural variation in women's preferences for masculinized male faces. Proc. R. Soc. B 277, 2405–2410 10.1098/rspb.2009.2184 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.2184) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

207. Schmitt D. P. 2005. Sociosexuality from Argentina to Zimbabwe: a 48-nation study of sex, culture, and strategies of human mating. Behav. Brain Sci. 28, 247–311 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

208. Brooks R., Scott I., Makalov A., Kasumovic M., Clark A., Penton-Voak I. 2011. National income inequality predicts women's preferences for masculinized faces better than health does. Proc. R. Soc. B 278, 810–812 10.1098/rspb.2010.0964 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0964) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

209. DeBruine L. M., Jones B. C., Little A. C., Crawford J. R., Welling L. L. M. 2011. Further evidence for regional variation in women's masculinity preferences. Proc. R. Soc. B 278, 813–814 10.1098/rspb.2010.2200 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2200) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

210. Geary D. C., Vigil J., Byrd-Craven J. 2004. Evolution of human mate choice. J. Sex Res. 41, 27–42 10.1080/00224490409552211 (doi:10.1080/00224490409552211) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

211. Mace R. 2000. Evolutionary ecology of human life history. Anim. Behav. 59, 1–10 10.1006/anbe.1999.1287 (doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1287) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

212. Little A. C., Cohen D. L., Jones B. C., Belsky J. 2007. Human preferences for facial masculinity change with relationship type and environmental harshness. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 61, 967–973 10.1007/s00265-006-0325-7 (doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0325-7) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

213. Bornstein 1989. Exposure and effect: overview and meta-analysis of research 1968–1987. Psychol. Bull. 106, 265–289 10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.265 (doi:10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.265) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

214. Zajonc R. B. 2001. Mere exposure: a gateway to the subliminal. Curr. Dir. Psychol. 10, 224–228 10.1111/1467-8721.00154 (doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00154) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

215. Zajonc R. B., Rajecki D. W. 1969. Exposure and affect: a field experiment. Psychonom. Sci. 17, 216& [Google Scholar]

216. Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Little A. C., Feinberg D. R. 2007. The valence of experience with faces influences generalized preferences. J. Evol. Psychol. 5, 119–129 10.1556/JEP.2007.1001 (doi:10.1556/JEP.2007.1001) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

217. Kendrick K. M., Hinton M. R., Atkins K. 1998. Mothers determine male sexual preferences. Nature 395, 229–230 10.1038/26129 (doi:10.1038/26129) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

218. Lorenz K. 1943. The innate forms of potential experience. Zietschrift Tierpsychol. 5, 234–409 [Google Scholar]

219. Bereczkei T., Gyuris P., Koves P., Bernath L. 2002. Homogamy, genetic similarity, and imprinting; parental influence on mate choice preferences. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 33, 677–690 10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00182-9 (doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00182-9) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

220. Bereczkei T., Gyuris P., Weisfeld G. E. 2004. Sexual imprinting in human mate choice. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 271, 1129–1134 10.1098/rspb.2003.2672 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2672) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

221. Perrett D. I., Penton-Voak I. S., Little A. C., Tiddeman B. P., Burt D. M., Schmidt N., Oxley R., Kinloch N., Barrett L. 2002. Facial attractiveness judgements reflect learning of parental age characteristics. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 269, 873–880 10.1098/rspb.2002.1971 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.1971) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

222. Wiszewska A., Pawlowski B., Boothroyd L. G. 2007. Father–daughter relationship as a moderator of sexual imprinting: a facialmetric study. Evol. Hum. Behav. 28, 248–252 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.02.006 (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.02.006) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

223. Thiessen D., Gregg B. 1980. Human assortative mating and genetic equilibrium: an evolutionary perspective. Ethol. Sociobiol. 1, 111–140 [Google Scholar]

224. Hill C. T., Rubin Z., Peplau L. A. 1976. Breakups before marriage: the end of 103 affairs. J. Soc. Issues 32, 147–168 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1976.tb02485.x (doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1976.tb02485.x) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

225. Little A. C., Burt D. M., Perrett D. I. 2006. Assortative mating for perceived facial personality traits. Pers. Indiv. Differ. 40, 973–984 10.1016/j.paid.2005.09.016 (doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.09.016) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

226. Hinsz V. B. 1989. Facial resemblance in engaged and married couples. J. Soc. Pers. Relat. 6, 223–229 10.1177/026540758900600205 (doi:10.1177/026540758900600205) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

227. Bateson P. 1983. Optimal outbreeding. In Mate choice (ed. Bateson P.), pp. 257–277 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press [Google Scholar]

228. Enquist M., Arak A. 1994. Symmetry, beauty and evolution. Nature 372, 169–172 10.1038/372169a0 (doi:10.1038/372169a0) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

229. Giese M. A., Leopold D. A. 2005. Physiologically inspired neural model for the encoding of face spaces. Neurocomputing 65, 93–101 10.1016/j.neucom.2004.10.060 (doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2004.10.060) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

230. Johnstone R. A. 1994. Female preference for symmetrical males as a by-product of selection for mate recognition. Nature 372, 172–175 10.1038/372172a0 (doi:10.1038/372172a0) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

231. Loffler G., Yourganov G., Wilkinson F., Wilson H. R. 2005. fMRI evidence for the neural representation of faces. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1386–1390 10.1038/nn1538 (doi:10.1038/nn1538) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

232. Valentine T. 1991. A unified account of the effects of distinctiveness, inversion, and race in face recognition. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 43, 161–204 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

233. Posner M. I., Keele S. W. 1968. On genesis of abstract ideas. J. Exp. Psychol. 77, 353–363 10.1037/h0025953 (doi:10.1037/h0025953) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

234. Rhodes G., Halberstadt J., Brajkovich G. 2001. Generalization of mere exposure effects in social stimuli. Soc. Cogn. 19, 57–70 10.1521/soco.19.1.57.18961 (doi:10.1521/soco.19.1.57.18961) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

235. Rhodes G., Jeffery L., Watson T. L., Jaquet E., Winkler C., Clifford C. W. G. 2004. Orientation-contingent face aftereffects and implications for face-coding mechanisms. Curr. Biol. 14, 2119–2123 10.1016/j.cub.2004.11.053 (doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.11.053) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

236. Leopold D. A., O'Toole A. J., Vetter T., Blanz V. 2001. Prototype-referenced shape encoding revealed by high-level aftereffects. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 89–94 10.1038/82947 (doi:10.1038/82947) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

237. Webster M. A., Kaping D., Mizokami Y., Duhamel P. 2004. Adaptation to natural facial categories. Nature 428, 557–561 10.1038/nature02420 (doi:10.1038/nature02420) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

238. Leopold D. A., Rhodes G., Muller K. M., Jeffery L. 2005. The dynamics of visual adaptation to faces. Proc. R. Soc. B 272, 897–904 10.1098/rspb.2004.3022 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.3022) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

239. Webster M. A., MacLin O. H. 1999. Figural after-effects in the perception of faces. Psychonom. Bull. Rev. 6, 647–653 10.3758/BF03212974 (doi:10.3758/BF03212974) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

240. Rhodes G., Jeffery L., Watson T. L., Clifford C. W. G., Nakayama K. 2003. Fitting the mind to the world: face adaptation and attractiveness aftereffects. Psychol. Sci. 14, 558–566 10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1465.x (doi:10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1465.x) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

241. DeBruine L. M., Welling L. L. M., Jones B. C., Little A. C. 2010. Opposite effects of visual versus imagined presentation of faces on subsequent sex perception. Vis. Cogn. 18, 816–828 10.1080/13506281003691357 (doi:10.1080/13506281003691357) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

242. Jones B. C., Feinberg D. R., Bestelmeyer P. E. G., Debruine L. M., Little A. C. 2010. Adaptation to different mouth shapes influences visual perception of ambiguous lip speech. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 17, 522–528 10.3758/PBR.17.4.522 (doi:10.3758/PBR.17.4.522) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

243. Little A. C., DeBruine L. M., Jones B. C. 2005. Sex-contingent face after-effects suggest distinct neural populations code male and female faces. Proc. R. Soc. B 272, 2283–2287 10.1098/rspb.2005.3220 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3220) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

244. Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Little A. C. 2008. Adaptation reinforces preferences for correlates of attractive facial cues. Vis. Cogn. 16, 849–858 10.1080/13506280701760811 (doi:10.1080/13506280701760811) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

245. Little A. C., Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Caldwell C. A. 2011. Social learning and human mate preferences: a potential mechanism for generating and maintaining between-population diversity in attraction. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 366, 366–375 10.1098/rstb.2010.0192 (doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0192) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

246. Richerson P. J., Boyd R. 2005. Not by genes alone: how culture transformed human evolution. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press [Google Scholar]

247. Brown G. R., Fawcett T. W. 2005. Sexual selection: copycat mating in birds. Curr. Biol. 15, R626–R628 10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.005 (doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.005) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

248. White D. J. 2004. Influences of social learning on mate-choice decisions. Learn. Behav. 32, 105–113 10.3758/BF03196011 (doi:10.3758/BF03196011) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

249. Dugatkin L. A. 2000. The imitation factor: evolution beyond the gene. New York, NY: Free Press [Google Scholar]

250. Galef B. G., Laland K. N. 2005. Social learning in animals: empirical studies and theoretical models. Bioscience 55, 489–499 10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0489:SLIAES]2.0.CO;2 (doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0489:SLIAES]2.0.CO;2) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

251. Dugatkin L. A., Godin J. G. J. 1992. Reversal of female mate choice by copying in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 249, 179–184 10.1098/rspb.1992.0101 (doi:10.1098/rspb.1992.0101) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

252. Dugatkin L. A., Godin J. G. J. 1993. Female mate copying in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata): age-dependent effects. Behav. Ecol. 4, 289–292 10.1093/beheco/4.4.289 (doi:10.1093/beheco/4.4.289) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

253. Godin J. G. J., Herdman E. J. E., Dugatkin L. A. 2005. Social influences on female mate choice in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata: generalized and repeatable trait-copying behaviour. Anim. Behav. 69, 999–1005 10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.07.016 (doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.07.016) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

254. Witte K., Ryan M. J. 2002. Mate choice copying in the sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna, in the wild. Anim. Behav. 63, 943–949 10.1006/anbe.2001.1982 (doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1982) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

255. Galef B. G., White D. J. 1998. Mate-choice copying in Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. Anim. Behav. 55, 545–552 10.1006/anbe.1997.0616 (doi:10.1006/anbe.1997.0616) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

256. Swaddle J. P., Cathey M. G., Correll M., Hodkinson B. P. 2005. Socially transmitted mate preferences in a monogamous bird: a non-genetic mechanism of sexual selection. Proc. R. Soc. B 272, 1053–1058 10.1098/rspb.2005.3054 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3054) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

257. White D. J., Galef B. G. 2000. ‘Culture' in quail: social influences on mate choices of female Coturnix japonica. Anim. Behav. 59, 975–979 10.1006/anbe.1999.1402 (doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1402) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

258. Uller T., Johansson L. C. 2003. Human mate choice and the wedding ring effect: are married men more attractive? Hum. Nat.-Interdiscip. Biosoc. Perspect. 14, 267–276 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

259. Eva K. W., Wood T. J. 2006. Are all the taken men good? An indirect examination of mate-choice copying in humans. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 175, 1573–1574 10.1503/cmaj.061367 (doi:10.1503/cmaj.061367) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

260. Hill S. E., Buss D. M. 2008. The mere presence of opposite-sex others on judgments of sexual and romantic desirability: opposite effects for men and women. Pers. Soc. Psychol. B 34, 635–647 10.1177/0146167207313728 (doi:10.1177/0146167207313728) [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

261. Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Little A. C., Burriss R. P., Feinberg D. R. 2007. Social transmission of face preferences among humans. Proc. R. Soc. B 274, 899–903 10.1098/rspb.2006.0205 (doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0205) [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

262. Sigall H., Landy D. 1973. Radiating beauty: effects of having a physically attractive partner on person perception. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 28, 218–224 10.1037/h0035740 (doi:10.1037/h0035740) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

263. Little A. C., Burriss R. P., Jones B. C., DeBruine L. M., Caldwell C. A. 2008. Social influence in human face preference: men and women are influenced more for long-term than short-term attractiveness decisions. Evol. Hum. Behav. 29, 140–146 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.11.007 (doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.11.007) [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]