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Manchester Steam Boiler Association.
STAE ABTIZAT, May 1, 1865.
having every boiler fitted with a duplicate safety valve, as well as a reliable nothing had happened. Judging from other explosions, this wonld not steam pressure gauge. have been the case had the boiler been externally fired, but the whole “No. 16a Explosion happened to a boiler not under the inspection of series would Have been dislodged. this Association, on May 30th. The boiler was of the plain cylindrical “The explosion was attributed, at the inquest, to deficiency of water, egg.ended, externally fired class, and it worked at a colliery. It was although it was known that there had been an ample supply shortly before, fed with water drawn from the pit, which was of a very corrosive and which, it was stated, would have lasted, not only up to time of the tendency, and the plates were considerably reduced in thickness thereby, explosion, but several hours beyond. Under these circumstance, to mainat a point where the feed on its inlet impinged. tain the theory of shortness of water, it was supposed that a leak had started "On its explosion, one end of the boiler is reported to have been blown in the shell. That this leak, however, was only imaginary will be seen from to a distance of about 100 yards from its original seating, while the main the fact that it has not since been discovered, and that the boiler has been portion flew in an opposite direction. The explosion is attributed to set to work again without any repairs being done to the shell. shortness of water. “The true cause of the explosion it is thought will be found in the large “No. 19 Explosion occurred to a boiler not under the inspection of this size of the furnace tube, viz., 3ft. 9in., and in the fact of its not being Association, and which appears to have been internally fired, and of the strengthened either with flanged seams or encircling hoops, &c. It is ordinary “Cornish” construction, having a single furnace flue. It was true that such a flue might work safely for a time with steain at a pressure one of a series of two, set side by side, and connected together. of 30lb. per square inch, if it were well made and truly circular. But “On its explosion the boiler was thrown upwards from its seating, as with ordinary workmanship the latter seldom proves to be the case, and well as the one alongside of it dislodged, while in addition the steam pipe these internal flues are frequently found, upon actual measurement, to err was carried away, and the roof as well as the walls of the boiler house from one to two inches from the true form, which very seriously impairs destroyed. their strength. Again, furnace tubes get gradually weaker from wear and "The boiler rent at the bottom of the shell, at a part where the plates tear, and any slight departure from the circular form is liable to increase, resting on the seating were so reduced by external corrosion as to be so that it is only at a hazard that an ordinary plain tube of such dimenscarcely thicker than a sheet of paper, so that the explosion is attributable sions as the one under consideration can be worked for any length of time. simply to the dilapidated condition into which the boiler was allowed to It may be added that the flue was speckled with corroded indentations fall. about a quarter of an inch in diameter, and nearly an eighth of an inch “No. 24 Explosion occurred to the hoiler of a locomotive colliery engine deep, which, however, would not be sufficient alone to account for the not under the inspection of this Association. collapse. “The explosions of locomotive boilers employed on passenger lines of “No. 26 explosion, seven persons being killed and seven others injured, railway are usually investigated by an engineer appointed by the Board occurred to a boiler not under the inspection of this association, and was, of Trade, and reported on to Parliament, so that a thorough investigation as in the case of No. 9 explosion, officially investigated, and reported upon is secured, and the information disseminated. No such investigation, by an engineer appointed by the Government. I have been promised a copy however, took place in the present instance, while this being among those of this report, which however I have not yet received. cases in which a personal examination from this Association was prevented, " In the meantime it may be stated that the boiler was internally fired, from the causes explained above, I have been able to obtain but few and of the double furnace “ Breeches” class. The shell was 30ft. long and particulars. 8ft. 3in. in diameter. The furnaces were 12ft. long and 3ft. 6in. in diameter, “The boiler is reported to have been between eight and nine years old, while the flue was 18ft. long and 5ft. 6in. in diameter. The thickness of 11ft. 2in. long, and 4ft. in diameter in the cylindrical portion of the shell. the plates was in of an inch in the shell, and of an inch in the furnaces It was fitted with two safety valves and a steam gauge, the ordinary and flue, while the working pressure was from 401b. to 50lb. per square inch. working pressure being 140lbs. per square inch. The shell was affected “ The boiler failed at the left hand furnace, which rent at the crown, internally by corrosion, being indented in places to the depth of of an the rush of steam and water which ensued, carrying away the furnace inch. It does not appear that there had been any deficiency of water, mouthpiece, as well as scattering the débris with considerable force, and the fire-box remaining uninjured. it was from this, added to the scalding effects of the steam and water, that “At the coroner's inquest the engine driver as well as the fireman the personal injuries above named resulted. gave in evidence that they considered that everything about the boiler “ The explosion has been attributed to shortness of water, and a final had been quite right. The engineer to the colliery company, under whose opinion upon the correctness of this conclusion must be deferred until full superintendence twenty-two new tubes had been put in about two months particulars are received. previous to the explosion, stated tbat be considered the boiler one of the “On the present occasion I have to report four explosions, from which best they bad; while, with regard to the thinning of plates from wear, he three persons have been killed, and ten others injured. Not one of these knew of no means of testing it in such a boiler, until a rent actually explosions occurred to boilers under the charge of this Association. occurred. The locomotive superintendent of an adjoining line of railway Tabular STATEMENT OF Explosions from OCTOBER 22ND, 1864, to Deconsidered the boiler to have been a very strong one, indeed stronger CEMBER 31st, 1861, INCLUSIVE. than the average, and could not account for the explosion. Another colliery engineer believed the boiler to have been perfectly safe, and that it would have stood a test of 200lbs. or upwards, wliich was higher than Progres. General Description of Boiler. the pressure at which it appears to have burst. The coroner, in summing Killed. Injured. up, stated it appeared that everything about the boiler had been in perfect order, and that the iron was good, in fact, a little better than usual. There had been no negligence either in working or repairing the boiler, Ordinary single flue, or Cornish, Internally-fired and there was no blame to be attached to any one, but quite the reverse. Upon this evidence the jury brought in a verdict of Accidental death. Waggon “ No. 25 explosion occurred to a boiler which was not under the inspec Ordinary single flue, or Cornish, tion of this association. Internally-fired " It was the centre one of a series of three, set side by side, and working Locomotive together at a mine, aud was of the ordinary “ Cornish” construction, baving a single furnace tube running throughout from one end to the other. This furnace tube was 34ft. long, 3ft. Sin. in diameter, and made of plates is of an inch in thickness. The boiler was fitted with a single safety valve, loaded to a pressure of 301b. per square inch, while there was a steam gauge connected to the main steam pipe, which was thus in com. munication with each of the three boilers, as long as all of the junction “No. 29 explosion-the fireman being killed and five others injured valves were open, but not otherwise. happened at'a flax mill, to a boiler not under the inspection of this “The boiler had been lying idle for some weeks, undergoing repairs to Association. the shell, and the explosion occurred as steam was being got up for the i “The boiler was internally fired, and of single flue “Cornish” construcArst time after their completion, and before the safety valve had been seen tion, having flat ends, strengthened with gusset stays. It was about to blow off, or the communication to the other boilers had been established fifteen years old, and 20ft. 3in. long, having a diameter of 5ft. 3in. in the by opening the junction valve. shell, and 3ft. in the furnace tube. The thickness of the plates, both in « The boiler failed in the furnace tube, which collapsed from one end to the cylindrical part of the shell and flat ends, as well as in the front portion the other. The boiler, however, was not at all disturbed from its seat, nor of the furnace tube, was f of an inch, while in the remainder--that is the were the steam pipes broken, and the other two boilers, the one on the one back part of the flue-it was to, the ordinary working pressure being side, as well as that on the other, continued to drive the engine as if 55lb. on the square inch. Page 3
lie between them; and thongh we may feebly attempt to estimate the latest hence he is wrong in stating that the allowances on this head would require to lapses of geological time, we can no more hope to fathom these Laurentian ve made alike in his example and mine. As regards the simplicity of condepths than we can hope to measure the distance of the most unresolvable of struction, the sketch to which Mr. Maw alludes shows all the moving parts the unresolved nebulæ, merely because we are able to estimate our distance save the fly-wheel, shaft, governors, and eduction valve, which is a simple from the sun." conical valve. The exhaustion in Lake's engine is necessarily more perfect than in the ordinary, as the exhaust valve remains full open during the entire stroke. If we take Mr. Maw's figures theoretically, they may be called accurate; but it is evident that they represent a practical impossibility; and I think it would be CORRESPONDENCE. more satisfactory if he would calculate the loss in steam passages, defective exhaust friction in glands, slide valves, eccentrics (existing in the common We cannot hold ourselves responsible for the opinions of our Correspondents.engine, but not in Lake's), and give the results ; I think they will balance the 14 or 15 per cent, saving he claims in the ordinary engine over Lake’s. I am, Sir, yours, &c. LAKE'S DIFFERENTIAL ENGINE. Francis CAMPIN. REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF NEW BOOKS. variety, and therefore by inference far superior to that of the ordinary high pressure engine. I think, however, that a simple calculation will show that it Handbook of the Steam Engine, containing all the Rules required for the possesses no such advantage. The quantity of steam used in the engine quoted Right Construction and Management of Engines of every class, with the as an example by Mr. Campin is stated as "28 cubic feet for each revolution, the easy Arithmetical Solution of those Rules. By JOHN BOURNE, C.E., absolute pressure being 75lbs. per square inch. In order that this quantity of author of "A Treatise on the Steam Engine;" "A Treatise on the Screw Prosteam should be used in an ordinary high pressure engine having the same stroke peller;" "A Catechism of the Steam Engine,” &c. London: Longman's. as the sample engine (12in.), and working at the same rate of expansion, viz., 1865, 5 to 1, the piston should have an area of 100*8 square inches, and the work done Mr. Bourne's design in undertaking the present book was, that it should in each stroke would then be as follows : form a key to the catechism of the steam engine; but, he adds in his preface, it Before steam is cut off 75 100*8 x 2 = 1512 foot pounds. has, “during its composition, been somewhat extended in its scope and objects, During espansion 45 x 3008 8 = 362808 so as also to supply any points of information fin which it appeared to me the catechism was deficient, or whereby the utility of this Handbook as a companion 51408 volume would be increased." Deduct for resistance of atmosphere 15 x 100-8 * •l = 1512 From the lateness of the period at which the book reached us, we cannot, this inonth, do more than give a glance at its contents. Chapter 1 is devoted to the Total power developed in each stroke 362808 arithmetic of the steam engine; chapter 2 to the mechanical principles of the or 7257-6 foot pounds for each revolution, against 6,000 foot pounds obtained steam engine ; chapter 3 to the theory of the steam engine ; chapter 4 the proporfrom the differential engine by the same expenditure of steam. tions of steam engines ; chapter 6, proportions of steam boilers; chapter 6, As, however, the quantity of steam that would be used by the engine men- power and performance of engines ; chapter 7, steam navigation. tioned by Mr. Campin' would not be exactly •28 cub. ft., it may be better to com- To the last chapter, viz., steam navigation, Mr. Bourne has devoted about pare it with the ordinary engine in another way. The trunk of Mr. Campin's eighty pages, and has interspersed the chapter with numerous woodcuts; and engine is supposed to be equal in its contents to a cylinder 12in. long, and altogether it is one which will be read with considerable interest by the engi. having a sectional area of 50 sq. in., and the quantity of steam used at each neering student. In chapter 6 Mr. Bourne has devoted some space to the revolution is equal to four-fifths of the contents of this trunk. The same quan- subject of the Giffard Injector. tity of steam would evidently be used by an ordinary high pressure engine having There is also an interesting series of papers upon the construction and use of a cylinder of 40 sq. in. sectional area, and 2ft. Gin. stroke, the steam being the indicator, in which Richards's patent instrument is described ; and its ad. expanded five times, as in Mr. Campin’s example. The work done by an engine vantages, as compared with those previously in use, are pointed out. Some of these proportions, working with steam of an absolute pressure of 751be. per excellent remarks on the making or taking of diagrams, and the interpretation square inch would, in each stroke, be as follows : of indicator diagrams are also given. Before steam is cut off 75 x 40 x $ 1,500 foot pounds. Mr. Bourne's remarks upon heating surfaces of modern boilers, and on the During expansion 45 x 40 x 2 = 3,600 relative surface areas in boilers and condensers are valuable. Altogether Mr. Bourne's Handbook of the Steam Engine is an admirable 5,100 work, and a valuable addition to the engineer's library. Deduct for resistance of atmosphere... 15 × 40 × 2} 1,500 A Record of the Progress of Modern Engineering, 1864, Comprising Civil Total power developed in each stroke 3,600 Mechanical, Marine, Hydraulic, Railway, Bridge, and other Engineering or 7,200 foot pounds for each revolution against the 6,000 foot pounds obtained Works. With Essays and Reviews. Edited by W. HUMBER, A.I.C.E., from the differential engine. The horse-power of the high pressure engine, when M.I.M.E. London: Lockwood and Co. 1865. working at 35 revolutions per minute would be 7200 x 35 7.63 horse-power. The present volume, being the second of the series, is superior to its prede33000 cessor in the selection of subjects, in the textual description, and in the illusTaking the steam used as "28 cubic feet at each revolution, the quantity used per trations as to general views, as well as details. There are forty-eight pages of hour would, as Mr. Campin states, be 588 cubic feet; and this divided by 7-63 textual matter devoted to the general description, and specifications, and details would give 77 cubic feet per horse-power per hour, against 92 cubic feet for the of the engineering works illustrated by the thirty-six large and well-executed differential engine. plates, forming, together with the analytical index, a very excellent record of The weight of 77 cubic feet of steam having an absolute pressure of 751bs. public works in progress, or completed, in 1864. There is (pp. 6 to, 9) a short per square inch is equal to 77 x .163 = 12551lbs., and if the evaporative power chapter “Upon the Coating of Iron-structures to prevent Oxidation,” which is of the fuel employed be taken at 7lbs. of water to llb. of fuel, as in Mr. deserving of the careful perasal of the engineer and architect; the subject is a Campin's letter, the consumption will be 1:871bs. per horse-power per hour most important one, and it has received at Mr. Humber's hands the most careful against 2lbs. for Lake's engine. study since 1851; it is very ably treated in the present volume. The short bio. The amount of fuel thus estimated is, as is well known, very far below that graphical sketch of the late Robert Stephenson, Esq., C.E., is accompanied by a actually necessary in practice; and there are many reasous why this should be very good photograph of the late R. Stephenson, Esq., C.E., by Caldesi & Co. the case. In the above calculations no allowances have been made for the loss of power caused by the friction of the steam in the pipes and steam passages, by Meteorology and the Laws of Storms. Being a New Theory of the Causes of radiation or by defective exhaustion, each of which influences would by itself Winds, and an Investigation of the Nature of Storms, concluding with materially affect the results obtained. For such a comparison between the two Practical Rules for their Avoidance. By Geo. A. De Penning, C.E. Cal. classes of engine as has been made in this letter, the allowances just alluded to cutta : Bengal Printing Company. 1864. are hardly of much importance, as they would be required for both engines. The A work well worthy of careful study. The author has treated his subject radiating surfaces of the cylinders and trunk would, however, be greater in the in a scientific and practical manner that entitles his theory to attention. differential engine than in an ordinary high pressure engine of equal power. I have already trespassed so much upon your space that I must not at present more than allude to the simplicity of construction claimed for Lake's engines. The sketch accompanying Mr. Campin's letter scarcely supplies sufficient data Obituary. upon which to form an opinion, but from the information thus given I certainly cannot think that the differential engine possesses any advantage in this respect. We regret to learn from Java, that Mr. W. Cores de Vries, the great bene I am, Sir, yours truly, factor of the Netherlands Indian Archipelago, expired at Wiesbaden, on the 29th Stratford, March 23rd, 1865. W. H. Maw.' November last, whither he had retired, but too late, for the restoration of his health. The limited space at our command in the present purnber prevents us detailing To the Editor of THE ARTIZAN. the many services rendered to his country, by Mr. de Vries; by whose efforts the SIR,-In reply to Mr. Max's letter on the above subject (dated March 23rd), company formed in 1851 for the conveyance of the mails and transport of troops allow me to call attention to his ignoring the fact that in Lake's engine there to the most remote of the Netherland Colonies, was established, as also were the are no steam passages wherein steam can be wasted, as in ordinary engines; Dry Docks in Java, and the Floating Docks at Sourabaya and Batavia. Page 4
Notices to Correspondents.--Recent Legal Decisions.
THE ARTIZAN, May 1, 1965,
NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. NORMAND'S PATENT SAWING MACHINES. Referring to our announcement in last month's issue, we regret we are un. ROVERE (Naples) -We believe that an Italian edition has been published of avoidably prevented giving the Plate and descriptive particulars which we have Karmarsch's "Mechanische Technologie." You will find in that work full prepared of Messrs. Normand's patent machine for the curvilinear sawing of information upon the subject of your inquiry. The original work, in German, ship-frame timbers, &c., until our next issue. was published by Gebruder Hahn, Hanover. F. F. (Paris).-Your letter received at our succursale in Glasgow has been forwarded on to us here ; and as you have furnished us with your address, we RECENT LEGAL DECISIONS shall have pleasure in sending you through the post the information which AFFECTING THE ARTS, MANUFACTURES, INVENTIONS, &c. we are collecting for your guidance. "INVENTOR."-1. We have referred your letter, to the Director of “The Artizan ONDER this heading we propose giving a succinct summary of such decisions and other Patent Office,” from whom you will have received the particulars asked for ; proceedings of the Courts of Law, during the preceding month, as may have a distinct 2. No; the commission do not advise a reduction of the existing fees on and practical bearing on the various departments treated of in our Journal : selecting patents; they are of opinion that the existing fees and the present mode of those cases only which offer some point either of novelty, or of useful application to the paying them should be retained. manufaćturer, the inventor, or the usually-in the intelligence of law matters, at least -less experienced artizan, With this object in view, we shall endeavour, as much as A. N. (Russia). We have received your letter and sketches enclosed. If you possible, to divest our remarks of all legal technicalities, and to present the substance will write stating more distinctly what you wish, and give us your address of those decisions to our readers in a plain, familiar, and intelligible shape, (which your letter does not contain) we will thereupon advise you as to the most desirable course to be taken. We refrain from expressing our opinion until we hear from you stating more definitely upon what points you seek our opinon Company, was for compensation for injury to land caused by the above-mentioned com LIABILITY FOR INJURY TO Land.-The action, Tipping o. the St. Helens Smelting and information. pany. The plaintiff had purchased several hundreds of acres of land, with a mansion R. B.-1. We should recommend neat’s-foot oil. 2. There is no published work house. The company had erected some copper works at a short distance from the plainthat we know of upon the subject. You may, however, find some informa- those works. Mr. Justice Mellor, in summiug up at the trial at Liverpool (when a ver tiff's property before he purchased it: and the injury was caused by the vapours from tion as to values, &c., in some of the commercial newspapers and bulletins, or dict was found for the plaintiff) directed the jury that every man was bound to use his own circulars, such as the “Commercial Daily List,” London, the Liverpool property in such manner as not to injure the property of his neighbour, unless by lapse Mercantile Gazette," and the “Liverpool Journal of Commerce." There is of time he had acquired a perspective right to do so; that the law did not regard trifling also published, we believe, in Liverpool the “ Oil Trade Circular” (or Review), inconveniences, but that everything must be looked at from a reasonable point of view; which latter, perhaps, would serve you more particularly. and that, therefore, in an action for a nuisance to property by noxious vapours arising on the land of another, the injury to be actionable must be such as visibly to diminish the E. P. (Greifswald).-We have written you at length upon the several subjects value of the property, and the comfort and enjoyment of it ; that in determining that mentioned in your letter, and avait receipt of your reply. question the time, locality, and all the circumstances should be taken into consideration; MECHANIC (San Francisco).—Yonr lengthy communication intended by you means of developing the material wealth of the country, persons must not stand on extreme and that in countries where great works had been erected and carried on, which were the to have been addressed to our Glasgow office, having been insufficiently rights, and bring actions in respect of every matter of annoyance, as, if it were so, busidirected, was not delivered there until after some delay. We have your letter ness could not be carried on in those places. The question lately argued in the Court of now before us, as we are going to press, hut too late for insertion or notice, Exchequer Chambers was whether this direction was right in point of law; and the Court as to the points raised, in our present issue. held that it was, and sustained the verdict. Thx EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN SUBMARINE TELJGRAPHIC COMPANY (LIMITED) . ELLIOT AND OTHERS. - This was a demurrer to the bill for want of equity. The bill contained allegations to the effect that in March, 1857, the defendant, William Wylde, and the late John Lewis Ricardo, who died in August, 1862, obtained from the PortuPRICES CURRENT OF THE LONDON METAL MARKET. guese Government a concession for twenty years of an exclusive right to bring telegraphic April 1. April 8. April 15, April 22. cables under the sea to, and land them on the coasts of, and take them over the Azores, COPPER. 8. d. 8. d. £ a. d. £ &. d, with rigbt to transfer the concession to a company; that in the early part of 1857 one of Best, selected, per ton 90 00 93 00 93 00 the plaintiffs, Serjéant Glover, was engaged in forming the European and American Tough cake, do. 88 0 0 90 00 90 0 0 Submarine Telegraphic Company (Limited), for the purpose of purchasing the above Copper wire, per lb. ... 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 concession and laying down submarine telegraphic cables from England to Portugal, and tubes, do. 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 thence by the Azores to America; that in May, 1857, the defendants Pinniger and Sheathing, per ton 95 00 Tupper, on behalf of Wylde and Ricardo, agreed to sell the above concession to Mr. Bottoms, do. 10000 10000 10000 100 0 0 Serjeant Glover for the purposes of the above company, "in the event of his handing to them £10,000 in cash and £5,000 in shares of the contemplated company;" that such IRON. company was duly registered on the 27th of April, 1858; that in July, 1860, the defendant Bars, Welsh, in London, perton 72 7 7 6 7 7 6 William Rowett procured a concession from the French Government for the exclusive Nail rods, do. 8 10 0 right of laying on French territory, submarine telegraphs between France, Spain, Stafford in London, do. 8 10 0 8 10 0 8 16 0 3 15 0 Portugal, and America; and that, immediately after such last-named concession, the Bars, do. 9 0 0 8 15 0 8 15 0 defendant William Rowett, who had the means of bringing great influence to bear on the Hoops, do 9 12 6 9 12 6 9 15 0 9 16 0 Portuguese Government, had used his strongest efforts to prevent the ratification of Bheets, single, do. 10 7 6 10 7 6 10 7 6 10 7 6 the concession of March, 1867; that the French influence at the Court of Lisbon had Pig, No. 1, in Wales, do. 4 10 0 4 10 0 4 10 0 been used for the purpose of defeating such last-named concession, and procuring a new in Clyde, do. 2 12 6 2 13 3 2 13 3 2 15 6 concession of the exclusive right to use the Azores to be made to the defendant William LEAD. Rowett and his associates; that early in 1864 the defendants Admiral George Elliot, Admiral Drummond, Captain Sir J. Ć. Dalrymple Hay, Admiral Sir G. Sartorius, and English pig, ord. soft, per ton 20 5 0 20 5 0 20 5 0 20 00 William Rowett, with others, formed a company which was about to be incorporated by sheet, do. 21 0 0 20.10 0 the name of the Ocean Telegraph Company (Limited), with a capital of £120,000 for red lead, do. 22 0 0 22 22 0 0 22 0 establishing submarine telegraphic communication between Europe and America from white, do 26 0 Spanish, do. France, at Brest and Cape Finisterre, to the Azores, and thence to America; that Serjeant 19 100 19 100 1900 19 00 Glover, upon becoming aware of the formation of the Ocean Telegraph Company, gave BRASS. notice to its promoters of his intention to protect his interests under the concession of Sheets, per lb. 009 March, 1867, that such notice led to negociations which terminated in an agreement 009 009 0 0 0} dated 19th of December, 1864, made between Serjeant Glover and persons authorised to Wire, do. act on behalf of the defendants, whereby the Ocean Telegraph Company agreed on the Tubes, do, 0 0 91 0 0 94 0 0 9 0 0 91 concession of March, 1857, being perfected by the Portuguese Government to purchase FOREIGN STEEL. the same for £80,000, and Serjeant Glover and William Rowett were to use their best Swedish, in kegs (rolled) 15 10 0 15 10 0 15 10 0 15 10 0 endeavours to perfect such concession; that Rowett opposed the ratification of Glover's (hammered) 16 0 0 concession; that the defendants were endeavouring to obtain from the Portuguese 16 0 0 English, Spring Government a concession similar to that of March, 1857; that Wylde was co-operating 18 00 Bessemer's EngineersTool 44 0 0 44 0 0 44 0 0 44 0 0 with them for that purpose, and that the defendants Elliot, Drummond, Hay, and Sartorius were exerting the influence they possessed by virtue of their official position in TIN PLATES. her Majesty's Government, or as officers in her Majesty's service, to influence the PortuIC Charcoal, 1st qua., per box 1 7 1 7 0 1 7 0 1 8 guese Government to grant a new concession of the right to use the Azores and the IX 1 13 0 1 130 1 13 0 1 14 0 Portuguese territory for the purpose of electric telegraph cables for the benefit of the Іо 1 5 0 1 5 0 1 5 0 Ocean Telegraph Company; that Serjeant Glover had always been, and was now ready IC Coke, per box 1 1 6 but the plaintiffs IX 1 6 1 7 6 1 7 6 1 8 6 were apprehensive that the influence of the defendants with the Portuguese Government would induce it to cancel that concession and to grant a new concession to the defendants. The plaintiff's therefore prayed for an injunction to restrain the defendants from procuring the grant or ratification of any concession by the Portuguese Government of any right to use the Azores for the purpose of any electric telegraph except an application in INSTITUTION OP Naval ARCHITECT8.-Mr. Alexander M'Laine, of Belfast, conformity with the agreement of December, 1864, that the defendants might be decreed shipbuilder and Board of Trade Surveyor, whose “ End-on " system of naval specifically to perform the agreement of May, 1867, and that it might be declared that they were, in case they should obtain any such concession as aforesaid from the Portaconstruction has received the careful consideration of the Admiralty authorities, guese Government, liable to pay to the plaintiffs, and that they might be ordered to pay perhaps in consequence of the facilities it is said to present for mounting the to them, accordingly, the sum of £80,000, in accordance with the agreement of December, very heaviest guns possible to manufacture in the ships designed by Mr. E. J. bill for want of equity. The Vice-Chancellor said the agreements of May, 1857, and 1864. The defendants Ellio, Drummond, Hay, Sartorious, and Rowett demurred to the Reed, the Chief Constructor of the Navy, has, we understand, been lately pro- December, 1864, were toa vague in their terms to be the subject of relief in this court. moted from being an associate to be a member of the Institution of Naval say what sort of an application was to be made to the Portuguese Government for per There was nothing in the agreement of December, 1864, which could enable any one to Architects, fecting its sanction to the concession. The demurrer must therefore be allowed. Page 5
LIST OF APPLICATIONS FOR LETTERS 895 G. Greenish-Propelling waggons in connection 979 M. Doisy-Substitute for coffee 1055 A. Westhend-Signalling on railway trains with railway hoists 980 ( Davies--Illuminatiou 1056 J. Chubb & R. Goat-r-Iron sales PATENT. 898 W. M. Neilson--Shapiug machines 991 J. H. Johnson-Drilling rocks and other hard 1057 W. S. Tates-Machiuery for folding fabrics 897 B. Bengb-Reflectors substances für pressing W KANOPTED A NEW ARRANGEMENT OF 893 W. Savory-Dressing flour 982 J. G. Jones-Valves of engines 1058 C. F. Cotterill-Pipes for conveying water and az PROVISIONAL P'ROTECTIONS APPLIED FOR 899 W. Brokes-Melting ores 983 J. Ellis, c, Walker, & W. Preston-Carding kas 900 A. A. Croll--Sulphate of ammonin W001 1059 8. Dawson, J. B'irgėss, & J. Moulsey-Metallic BY INVENTORS AT TRE GREAT SEAL PATENT, 901 A. Turner-Winding yarns, or threads on to 981 W. B. Richards-Corrosion or staining of the vistonk OFFICE, IF ANY DIFFICULTY SHOULD surface of gl488 quills 1960 J. Rippon-Lubricating spindles or other frieARISE 902 A. V. Newton-Cartridge and other boxes 985 R. Garrett-Reducing wheat and other straw tioual murfnces WITH REFERBNCR TO THE NAMRS, ADDRESSES, 988 P. Hugon-Gas engines 1061 C. Turver & T. Room-Looms OR TITLES GIVEN IN THE LIST, THE REQVIDATED MARCH 31st, 1865. 1062 R. A. Broman-Feeding boilers and propel. SITE INFORMATION WILL BE FURNISHED, FREE DATRD APRIL 7th, 1865. ling vessels 903 W. Milner & D. R. Ratcliff-Fastenings for me 1063 T. Beuuett-Hoop irou OF RXPRNS, FROM THE OFFICE, BY ADDRESSING tallic safes 997 A. Muir-Breech-londing fire-arms 1001 W. Beardmure-Furnaces 989 G. Rodill-Steam boilers 904 T. Cuok-Construction of safes for valuable proA LITTER, PREPAID, TO THX EDITOR OY perty 989 E Welch--Fire-places " THE ARTIZAN." 905 S. Pinchbeck-Engines worked by heated air or 990 J. Thompson--Preparing cotton and other fibrous DATED APRIL 15th, 1865. gases Aubstancr 906 J., D., B. &0. Swarbrick-Steam boiler DATED MARCH 24th, 1865. 1065 J. McDowall-Shaping corks 991 S. Smith & J. W.Jackson--Regulators for steam 907 L, Bridge-Loom, for weaving engines 1066 J. M. Courtauld-Safety apparatus for stea... 828 W. Simons & A. Browu-Dredgers hoilers 908 J. Poule & T. Brown-Socks, soles, or feet pro 992 T. Wilkes-Railway bolts, spikes, and other like 829 C. Bevau-Cabin furniture for ships and other 1067 C. R. Fisher-Connecting a gaff to the magt of articles tectors vessels 909 B. lenk-Gundensing or receiving pulverised 993 T. White-Nut crackers, lobster crackers, and a vessel 83) A. Baillot --Sewing machines 1068 W. Clark-Material to be used as substituta fint or dust grape scissors 831 T. Farmer & F. Lewis Ornamenting japanaed 910 H. A. Bonneville-Telegraphie apparatus 994 J. Brown-Nail for indiu-rubber roods 911 B. Greenwood-Preventing or curing smoky 995 H. Edmonds-Lighting and ventilating ships 1069 T. E. Harding-Support for invalids 832 W. Lorder-Rails for railways chimneys 996 W. Gray, E. Gray, &'J. Gray-Ploughshares 833 R. Lublinski-Uinbrella and parasol top fas. 912 H. A. Bonneville-Iron rods and bars of dif. 997 W. Jackson-Mixing gabe. DATED APRIL 17th, 1865. teners ferent forms 998 M. S. Maynard-Preparing cotton and other 834 J. B Brown-Vessels for storing petroleum and 913 A. V. Newton-Preventing the lenkage of bar. fibrous substances 1070 M. Smith-Looms for wenring hydrocarbous rels 999 N, G, Kimberley-Locks 1071 A. Henry-Breech-lording fire-arms 835). Green-Cutting or chasing the threads of 914 A. V. Newton-Inking rollers 1000 T. Skidmore--Securing and protecting valuable 1072 T. Newbiggiog, A. Hildle-We: gas meters screws or worms 915 J. H. Smith-Mounting photographs property 1073 J. J. Matthewson & H. L. R. Schiee-Rotatory 836 W, E Newton-Ink 916 G. R. Stephenson & G. H. Phipps- Locomotive 1001 M. Henry-Purifying smoke ærial swings 837 J. A. Swanzy-Machine for washing, wringing, engines 1074 L, de St Ceran-Gas ammoniacal engines and mangling 917 J. Bathgate-Gns meters DATBD APRIL 8th, 1665. 1075 E. Morgan & G. H. Morgan-Covering railway 838 1). Arbold-Gun locks 918 T, K, Mace-Rib holders for umbrellas 1076 J. Dougan-Distilling hydrocarbons from coal 1002 W. B. Gedge-Locomotive steam power ou or 839 J. C. Stovin-Communicating signals between and other minerals passengers jun rnilway train dinary ronds DATBD APRIL 1st, 1865. 1077 A. W. Hale-Machines for catting or mincing 1003 H. J. Simlick-Machines for matches, vestas, 840 V. Baker-Obtaining motive power ment 841 G, F. Marchisio-Obtaining light and vesuvians 919 W. Mayall, J. Knott, & W. Dennis-Mules for 842 J. H. Johnsou-Treatment of rice spinning 1001 A. Homfruy-Porming the links of iron and 1078 G. W. Garruod-Signalling between passengers 920 J. Drinkwnter-Rotating brushes steel chains and guard of a railway train 921 W. Kilbey-Winding and rewinding silk and 1005 W. Weatherly-Sizing paper, and machinery DATEN MARCH 25th, 1885. other tabries emploved therein DATED APRIL 18th, 1865. 1006 J. Isberwood-Printing upon the fabric koowa tallie chning 923 R. A. Brooman-Street railways As sail cloth 1079 F.C. Bakewell-Cusbions for steam cylindas SH H. C. Hurry-Railway points 924 G. Burt-Orunmenting metal tubes 1007 G. Davies--Buttons 1080 J. C. A. Henderson-Manufacture of ladlego 845 J. Milton-Looms for Weaving 925 W. Gray-Forging steel 1008 G. Davies--Preventing the fouling of ships and skirts 846 W. Miller-Presses for cotton and wool 926 J. Kennan--Cutting scrolls other versele 1081 J. J. Jenkin-Manufacture of tin and terne 847 A. I. L. Gordon-Communication between par 927 R. Willacy-Preparing and supplying food for 1009 V. A. Prout-Carers plates sengers and guard of a railway train cattle 1010 J. Debnam-Oronmenting linen coffs and col. 10$2 J. Todd-Straightening and bending platus of 848 R H. Smith--Sewing machines 928 A. 1 Pearce-looms for weaving lars iron 849 R W. Barnes-Ascertaining the states of sub. 929 J. C. Storin-Signals from passengers in railway 1011 A. G. Hunter-Soda and potash 1083 W. Bediler Construction of ships terranean work trnins to the guards 1012 S. Moore-Riectro-inagnetic machines 1064 T. Whitehead & N. Nussey-Combiog fibrous 850 J. Dodd-Mules for spinning 930 P. Huenleiu-Navigable balloons 1013 T. Turton-Cutting hiles substaDOCS 851 W. Richardson-Cotton gius 1014 J, B. Hausmno-Supporting and steadying the 852 J. H. Jobuson-Spittoons DATET APRIL 3rd, 1865. arm in rifle shootiog 853 W. Brtta-Protective labels for bottles, jars, and 1015 J. White-Hand-drilling machine DATED APRIL 19th, 1965. other similar Vessels 93! W. Bunger-Nelting sealing wax 1085 J. Gardner, R. Lee, G. H. Wain, S. Hargrove, 932 J. von der Poppenburg-Brrech-loading fire. 854 D. E. Blacke-Utilising The heat of steam DATRD APRIL 10th, 1863. arms 855 W. Clark-Lighting and henting C. Hargrove, & S. Hargrove, jun.-Maileable iron 933 T. Corbett & J. R. Harrington-Letter clips Sheaven 934 R. R Ric:es & C. J. Waits-Cutung hiny and 1010 A. Stewart-Apparel 1086 J B. H. Audrew-Looms for wearing .. DATED MARCH 27th, 1865. such like substances rivers 1088 R. A. Jones und J. Hedges-Communicating 935 W. C. Golling-Paddle-wheels 856 J. Todd-Plauing and sbaping metals 936 J. H. Johnson-Stamps 1018 R. A. Brooman-Forming tnpered rods intelligence by means of electricity 857 C. Burfitt-Paring potatoes 1019 R Ferrussou & W. Ralston-Finishing yarns 937 P. J Jamet - Safety tnckle for uuraising londs 1069 J. Merritt-Inkstands 858 H. J. WAlduck-Communication between pas. 938 G. K. Geyelin-Vermia traps and threads 1090 W. Riddeil-Covering railway trueks, vans, sengers and guard 939 A. I ockwood & A. Lockwood, jan.-Bricks 1020 W. Brooks-Heating filles and other curringes 889 J. Buckingham-oil feelers or cans 940 F. Brown Kitchen ranges 1021 G. Vuigt-Retarding railway carriages and 1091 F. W. Gilbert-Pulleys for lifting and lowering 860 J. Rooke-Double cylinder steam engines 941 C. Vero-Pelt hats wagguns Weights 861 C. J. 1.. Leffler-Carting ingots of steel and 942 H. Broek-- Furnaces for smelting ores and 1092 G, T. Boubfield-Breech-loading fire-arms mnl enble irop DATED APRIL Ilth, 1865. ineluing metals 1093 M. Vogl-Cutting stones and other hard sub. 862 C. Matthews & J. Fereday-Furnaces for the Staces consumption of smoke 1092 J. J. Myers-Compensating wheel to be used 863 J. Buckshaw & W. S. Underhill-Traction DATED APRIL 4th, 1865. with locornutives engiden DATID APRIL 20th, 1865. 1023 C. Vaughn 1-Iron and steel 943 C. D. Young-Double-acting lift and force S6+ P. Le Roy-Preventing the radiation or trans. pumps 1024 S. Wright-Wheels 1091 J. Hall, W. Dunkerley, and S. Schofield-Cardmission of hent or euld 944 R. Vaibs-Lucks and fixing knobs and spiudles 1025 W. Clark-Horse shoes ing cotun 865 G. Bishop-Sumping for doors and Intches 1626 D Payne-Printing machinery 866 J. C. Thompson J.J. M. Greene-Facilitating 945 J. K. Wighum - Iluminating lighthouses 1027 R. A. Broorpan-Storiug petroleum and other 1095 J. Hucking-Preventivg explosions of steam boilers the passage of the guard or other person tiom end inflammable liquids 916 G. C. Thompson-Securing the dunts of safes 1096 H. K. Taylor-lndicators and fastenings for to end of train while in motion 1028 R. A. Broomnn-Applying suction and ortier duors water-elosets 867 W. West-Lubricating coinpounds 1029 J. H Johnsou--Stenm generators 917 H. Jenkins-Pastenings for links 10:7 1). Haucock and T. Evans-Signalling between 918 A, Illiugwrth nad H. lilingworth-I're puring 1030 J. H. Johnson-Communication between pas passengers and guard Neugers nud guards wool DATED MARCH 28th, 1865. 949 W. Brookes--Obtaining motive power1031 W. E. Newton--Constructiou of telegraph 1098 E. Smith aud c. Sieberg-Obtaining colouring matters 868 J. Williams-Ornamenting articles made of 950 C. Martiv--- Polishing turks 1099 M. Houssepian-Pumps glass 1032 A. Turner-Looms for weaving 951 R. Baynes'urope 952 W. Clark-Roanding and polishing balls or any J. Norris-Grooming borses 1100 T. Hampton aud J.' Abbott-Besseiner steel 1033 L. B. Phillipe-Watches ingots 870 J. Millar * J. Lan-Apparatus for printing spheres 1034 B. w. L. Nieull-Flexible waist spring for 1101 W. Clark-Stop cocks orname utal fabric boots 953 J. Vnughan-Hammers 1102 F. d. Abel-Explosive compounds 1035 J. Dadley-Coupling for railway carriages and 8;! J. C. C. Halkett-Compositions used for conting 95+ W. Moody & W.J. Hubane--Stringing and 1103 W. Hale--Rckets vessel turiug pianofi-tes other Tahicirs 1104 D. Greig--Cultivating land 872 W. Walsh-Evaporation of all so.ations where 955 W. e. Newton-Expressing liquids from semi. 1630 R. Turner-Iro cable sbuckle 1105 W. Beaver--Screening, sifting, or riddling COPLE evaporton ik erquired fluid sub Ders aud need 873 T. Glover-Shipix' yards and spars 936 W'. Bulstrude-Strnm euitivation DATED APRIL 12th, 1865. 1106 W'. Robinson-Roasting jacks »74 d. D. Gaseon-Febrilnge and digestive elixir 957 J. Player-Balls or slabs ufinalleable iron or 1107 H. Cand well-Ships of war 875 F. Thomas Kitchen ruuges strul 1037 G. W. Rothler---Mechanism for flying through 1108 J. Y. Betts-Baking bread 876 F. A. Mocquard-lins burners 958 G T. Bousfield-Separating tibre from vegetable the itir 1109 F, Wise-Reguintors 877 R. Young * F. O. GInasford-Treatmeat of sea materiais 1038 J. Haworth-Cleansing jhorses by mechanical weed 939 G. T. Boustield - Flexible tubing power 878 F. W. Webb-Mauuincture of steel tyres for 1038 H. Bridson-Clamps tor stretching frames and DATED APRIL 21st, 1865. milwar wherls DATED APRIL 5th, 1865. o her purposes 879 H. W. King-Ventilating blinds 960 A. Millar-Elretric telegraphs 1040 C. Boschin, J. Bindtner, & W. Caffou-Lamps | 1110 T. Greaves and J. S. Wright-Manufacture of 880 E. Savage-Teinperin steel buttons for burning petroleum 961 K. Stapler-Hut rentilator 881 I. L. Pu verinncher - Fastenings for articles with 1041 F, P. Warrru-Cooking utensil 1111 D. S. Buchanan-Protecting ornamental de 982 J. G N. Alleyne-Traction engines metallic bachs Nigns on glass 882 J. Wright--Forging machines 9963. H. Siyu-Separating or sorting and washing 1042 H. Sikes & G. Jarmain-Treating wo) in order Page 6
So long as by nniversal assent the figure of a ship continues to defy was also adopted by Mr. Hartley in his earlier works, though it appears any geometrical definition, and shipbuilding remains an art in which in that from the very date of his appointment in 1826 he made the copings dividual taste and momentary fashion enjoy such a wide range; so long as of the walls and some portions of the work in the dock entrances of granite the materials of the wooden walls continue to grow crooked, twisted, and blocks of large dimensions; and there cannot be the least doubt but that tapering, as if to adapt them better to their task, it will be difficult even Mr. Steers built his walls in the same manner, because it was evidently the to suppose very simple mechanical means of dealing with such materials. cheapest mode of carrying out the work, owing to the presence of the material But complexity which only amounts to a large number of moving parts on the very spot, and with the use of soft stone, probably the only adnot liable to derangement or rapid wearing, is unobjectionable when it visable method to adopt, in so far as this relates to building the faces of does not prevent the work from being accomplished with an economy the walls in regular ashlar courses. only equal to its wonderful precision. Hartley, however, of whom it is said that he prided himself in not We have now a great deal more than mere experiments or speculations being an engineer, but an artizan, and who in the mason's art was proto rely upon. One hundred of Normand's machines (one-half of which bably the most original genius that ever has been produced, how much are for curvilinear sawing) are at work, and they have been for some soever in other respects his boast may have been devoid of truth—Hartley years in use in the French, Spanish, Dutch, and Brazilian dockyards. seems to have discovered early that the new red sandstone is not a desir From a report to the Minister of the French navy, dated November, able material to employ in works of this kind, where it is not only sub1860, by Mr. Brocard, naval constructor, we extract the following in-ject in an intense degree to the ordinary causes of delitation and disinteformation on the quantities and cost price of the work done by Normand's gration by the combined action of atmospheric, and what may be termed machines, in Cherbourg Dockyard in 1859; and may here remark that hydroscopic changes, but also to abrasion and destruction by the ofttimes since that time Mr. Normand has so improved the machines as to obtain violent action of the shipping, and to continuous wear from a constantly still better results. increasing traffic; and he no doubt found that the cost of frequent repairs, Of the plane-sawing machine it is reported :-Mean production per day, entailed by the use of the cheaper material, would go far to counter750 square feet; cost of labour, all included, per 100ft., 9d., or one. balance an extra outlay in first cost incurred by the use of a more durable eleventh only of the tariff price at Toulon, for the same sort of work by material upon works in the total cost of which the purchase of land and hand labour. the cost of labour necessarily must form two considerable items. The above As to curve sawing of ship frame timbers, it is reported :-Mean conclusion is justified by inference from the fact that the Albert Dock produce per day, 650 square feet; total cost of labour, interest, &c., walls and its entrances, built between 1840 and 1846, are faced through. 23. ld. per 100ft., against 12s. by hand labour ; economy, 82) per 100. out with granite, and that the second batch of North Docks, built between As to curvilinear sawing of long trees into planks, &c., it is reported :- 1844 and 1848, commencing with the Salisbury,* the Collingwood, and One of these machines has performed in one year the enormons amount of the Stanley Docks, are built in the same manner. Hence it would appear 390,000 square feet, at a cost of 7d. per 100ft. for labour, or ls. 3d., that from 1840, onward, Mr. Hartley discontinued the practice of facing all included. The economy produced by the machine was such, that it his dock walls with soft stone ashlar courses, excepting to a limited height, has repaid its own cost price twice every year. and adopted instead of it the granite rubble face. Tbis kind of masonry Mr. Noripand, we are informed, has made arrangements with Messrs. has both a very quaint and an exceedingly bold appearance, and in adoptSamuel Worssam and Co., of Chelsea, for the construction of his patent ing it we venture to say that Mr. Hartley was entirely singular, for to machines. Under the direction of these experienced makers of sawing the best of our knowledge the same style is not to be met with anywhere machines, the new sawing machines are likely to obtain a rapid and we trust else, either in this country or abroad. To initiate it he had to train his extensive introduction in this country. own staff of foremen and workinen, and it was no uncommon thing to see him among them, dressing a block of granite, or building up a portion of a wall, the natural result of which was that he exercised over them a , HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE SKETCH OF THE MERSEY kind of awe not often exacted in these days by superior from subordinate, DOCKS AND HARBOUR. and was certainly looked upon by them as an entirely extraordinary being. BY J. J. BIRCKEL. Over the Dock Committee he exercised a similar influence, so that (Illustrated by Plate 281.) in matters technical his sway was absolutely supreme, and thus it We now proceed to describe the general characteristics of the masonry is that he was enabled not only to introduce, but also to perpetuate, his as carried out on these works, and to explain the details of construction own ideas. We say to perpetuate them, because at the présent date, that of those portions whose functions render them worthy of special notice. is eight years after his death, nearly the whole of his responsible staff Of the system of masonry adopted in the early docks constructed by Mr. remain upon these works carrying out these ideas as though he walked in Steers, very little can be said, for the first of them, known as the old dock, the midst of them. As referring to this style of hydraulic masonry, we was filled up in 1826, as has been mentioned before; and the others, com- remember conducting a French Government engineer over the line of “ We durst not do that; it shows prising the Salthouse, the George's, the King's and the Queen's Docks, docks, who, when he saw it, exclaimed, have all been so entirely remodelled during the long and laborious surveyor. an amount of confidence in the materials used, and in the skill of the ship of Mr. Jesse Hartley, that little, if anything, remains of the original workmen employed which we do not possess.” It is not too much, therefore, to say that as a mason Mr. Jesse Hartley has stood unexampled in our days. The Prince's Dock, projected in 1809 by Rennie, together with other The backing of the walls is invariably made of soft stone rubble, chiefly works at the request of the Dock Committee, and no doubt built afterwards quarried at Flaybrick bill on the Cheshire side of the Mersey, and the under his general direction and supervision, is the only one whose walls cost of this stone is about five shillings per cubic yard ; not unfrequently and entrances remain intact, excepting of course those repairs which are it is quarried on the spot where it is to be used, when, of course, its cost rendered necessary everywhere by that natural process of disintegration is considerably diminished. The sandstone ashlar, which is still used on inherent to all structures reared by the hands of man. The walls of this those portions of the work less exposed to deterioration, and on the face dock and its entrances in their entirety are built of red sandstone, the of the walls up to a limited height, is chiefly quarried at Runcorn. The faces being made of ashlar, laid in regular courses ; the stone no doubt granite work in the walls is from 2ft. to 2ft. 6in, in thickness, and is made was quarried in the neighbourhood from among the Triassic strata, which, of stone of the most irregular sizes possible. In pier heads, however, as we have seen, underlie the upper surface of the ground or crop out * So named as a mark of courtesy to the Marquis of Salisbury, owing to his connection from beneath it, both in and all around Liverpool. This system of masonry with Liverpool, through descent from the Gascoynes, of Childwall.
THE ARTIZAN, June 1, 1865.
Mersey Docks and Harbour.
and in the wing walls of the dock entrances, which are subject to much of varying widths as constructed on these works. Fig. 1 is a longitudinal rubbing and chafing by the shipping when it is hauled in and out of dock, section through the centre of the entrance, showing the recess for the granite blocks of very large dimensions are introduced at short distances, turnbridge, the level of which is in this particular instance about 4ft. 6ia. and are placed in an upward sloping position at an angle of about 45° | below the level of the highest spring tides. This view shows also the back (for which reason they are termed rakers), for the purpose of binding the and front chain holes in elevatiou, the recesses for the gates, the culvert small work more firmly together. These rakers are from 8ft. to for the gas and water pipes, the sewer, and the cutwaters in elevation. 10ft. long, by about 3ft. 6in. deep, and 2ft. 6in. thick ; a part elevation of The level of the sill is 6ft. below the datum of the old dock sill, and such a wall is illustrated in Fig. 11. The price of granite ashlars is from | 4ft. above the level of lowest spring tides. In some of the entrances, 1s. 8d. to 29. 6d. per cubic foot, according to their size; and it is scarcely however, it is lower, such level being evidently dependent upon the necessary to mention that economy is the principal reason for adopting depth of the water in the bed of the river immediately outside this style of masonry. The rubble is obtained from the quarries of the the respective entrances to the docks. The rise of the sill from the platDock board in Scotland, and, we believe, in Wales, but its cost, though form varies from 2ft. to 3ft. 3iru., according to the width of the entrance, no doubt known to them, is not easily to be ascertained by outsiders, and the depth of masonry below the level of the platform varies of course The platforms, sills, hollow quoins, cutwaters with their covers, the with the nature of the foundation to a minimam of about 3ft., being the clough * jambs, and, indeed, the entrances in their entirety, as constructed depth of the granite ashlar, with which the platform is faced. The level by Mr. Hartley, are made of and faced with granite ashlar; the copings of the coping in the case illustrated is 26ft. above the old dock sill datum, of the walls are invariably made of large granite blocks joggled together or about 2ft. above the level of highest spring tides ; but this also varies in with pebbles ; the hollow quoins and the blocks facing the edges of the some of the docks, and the coping of portions of the river wall is 30ft. sills are joggled together also. above that datum. A tabular statement of these levels, together with the Mr. Lyster, who has succeeded the younger Hartley as engineer to the areas of the docks and other particulars, was given with our paper of Dock Trust, has shown great wisdom by encouraging the staff which he October 1861. found upon these works, and by following generally in the track of his pre- Fig. 2 is a half-plan at the level of the coping, showing the position of decessors in matters relating to masonry details. For the sake of economy he the several chain holes, the recesses for the gates, the shape of the hollow uses a carboniferous limestone for the covers of the cutwaters, for the clough quoins and the recess for the turnbridge, and a half plan at the level of the jambs, for the copings of some of the graving dock walls, and in various sill, showing the shape and position of the cutwaters, and the position of the places where it may do quite as good service as granite would. Some of paddle-sluice or clough, which admits the water to the outside platform at this limestone comes from Wales, and some from Wicklow, in Ireland, i low tides whenever that is required. The same view shows also the posiand it is probably quarried among the strata of the Gannister series; its tion of the granite blocks, which carry the cast iron segment upon which cost is only half that of granite. The stone is invariably set in mortar, the gates travel when they are opened or closed ; in the 80ft. and 100ft. of which there are two mixtures, as follows: entrances two such segments are provided for each wing the gates. For the backing.–3 parts of lime, 5} parts of sand, and of ashes, The special functions of the cutwaters is to scour the platformn when the ground together for 30 minutes. tide has receded, and to remove any silt that may have been deposited For the facing.–4 parts of lime, 4. parts of sand, and } of ashes, ground there. Fig. 3 is a section through the chain holes behind the gates; and together for 40 minutes. Fig. 4 a section through the culvert for the gas and water pipes. These The lime used is the blue lias limestone, and is obtained from the Halkin culverts are invariably lined with strong cast iron cylinders, from 4ft. to mountains in Wales; the sand is taken out of the river, generally from 1ft. 6in. diameter, and from lin. to 1}in. thick, united by means of socket the Devil's Bank, and the ashes are common smithy ashes. The work is joints. generally pointed with cement, because it is more impermeable to water, Fig. 5 is a part horizontal section of a wing wall through the sewer and consequently prevents, to a considerable extent, injury to the masonry and cutwaters, and Figs. 6, 7, and 8 are cross sections through the points by frost. 1, 2, and 3 respectively on the horizontal section. The particular wall Of the quality of the masonry work, as carried out on the dock works, here illustrated is taken from the Birkenhead works, at a point where the it can only be said that it is difficult to conceive of anything better, and water is considerably deeper than it is on the Liverpool side ; hence the the desire on the part of the Dock Trust to have it done in the best pos- great depth of the foundations below the datum of the Old Dock sill. sible manner, is fully evinced by the fact that no portion of it is allowed The footings of the wall and their artificial foundation are lined both in to be made by contrnct, but the whole is executed by their own workmen front and at the back with a row of cast iron sheet piling, bound together under the immediate superintendence of the engineer to the Trust, and of with wrought iron tie rods, with the object, probably, of protecting it his staff. This remark, of course, does not apply to excavations, which are against the mining influence of the current whose set is strongly in that generally done by contract. direction. The thickness of the wall appears to be somewhat excessive, Notwithstanding all the care that is taken, the water does work its way but those who know what severe storms burst periodically upon this port through the joints of the stones to the back of the walls, and as the ground will no doubt think with us that it is probably a fortunate circumstance behind them is all made ground, a fact which will be readily understood that Jesse Hartley did not calculate the thickness of his walls by any when it is remembered that the docks all stand upon land wbich was other formula than the one deduced from his own experience, and which, formerly overflowed by the tidal waters, there is in this circumstance what we believe, was worded somewhat as follows :- Make the wall thick might be termed a constitutional source of danger to the stability of the enough. walls, since the loose material with which the space behind them is filled The cutwaters differ froin those of the entrances in that every set of may, by infiltration of the water, be rendered semi-liquid, and thus with three openings merges into a single one fitted with a clough, so that increased pressure tend to push the walls forward away from their footings sluicing may be carried on indiependently through any one set of openings; In order to reduce that source of danger as much as possible, loose stone the sewer of course communicates with the dock whose river entrance or fragments of stone are placed immediately behind the walls. these cutwaters are intended to scour. The bottom of the docks remains invariably as excavated without arti. Figs. 9 and 10 are respectively an elevation of, and a section through, ficial covering of any kind. the east wall of the Canada Dock, at a point where, in consequence of Upon the plate illustration, No. 281, Figs. 1 to 4 represent one of the very loose foundation Mr. Hartley had deemed it advisable to provide the 50ft. dock entrances, which may be taken as a fair type of all the entrances wail with land ties. Di the ear part of 1863 this wall began to Clough is the local name for a paddle sluice valve. give way, by slipping forward and breaking loose from the land ties wbilst
Temperatures and Pressures of High Pressure Steam.
THE ARTIZAN June 1, 1865.
the dock had been run dry for the purpose of cleaning it. On the first for which the calculation gives a difference of only .017 per cent., or 1 in signs, however, of its giving way the water was again admitted into the 5,882. With M. Regnault's temperature of 410° Fahr. the calculation is dock and its forward movement thus checked, when upon examination it all but identical, the difference being only .002 per cent., or 1 in 50,000, was found that the sewer was broken in. The cause of this failure was while with his last temperature, viz., 447° Fahr., the difference between naturally attributed, in a great measure, to the presence of the sewer; and experiment and calculation is still unimportant, being no more than •159 we believe Mr. Lyster gave it as his opinion, in a report to the Dock per cent., or 1 in 629. And it may be further observed that the formula, Board, that it was not desirable to bave these built into the walls, as form. Temp. increases as 4} root of pressure, is, so to speak, still more moderate than ing an integral part of them. A somewhat similar accident befel the M. Regnault's own formula ; because it will be seen that the former requires south wall of the low water basin at Birkenbead, which also was attributed 447.71° to give the pressure of 411.6lbs., whereas M. Regnault's formnla to the presence of the sewer within the wall; and it is probable, there- gets that pressure with 447° Fahr. only. That is to say, if both formulæ fore, that in all new docks to be constructed this manner of carrying out were to be applied (hypothetically) to calculate very high temperatures of the detail of the sewer will not be repeated. say 2,000° or 3,000° Fahr., M. Regnault's formula would give greater (To be continued.) pressures than the other. Probably the means do not exist for ascertaining how far either formula differs from fact at those high temperatures. Yet, although exact knowledge does not exist, we are fortunately not TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES OF HIGH PRESSURE without some indications of the force of steam pressure at very high temSTEAM. peratures. The Rev. John Michell wrote a very valuable paper, in which By R. A. PEACOCK, C.E., Jersey. he contended that earthquakes were caused by steam,* which paper does: An examination of the following table—which has never been published not appear to have gained as much consideration as it probably deserves. before, and, with the exception of Dr. Fairbairn's experiments, is quite He says that in casting two brass cannon “the heat of the metal of new—will satisfy the reader that from 251bs. per square inch ap to the first gun drove so much damp into the mould of the second, which 411-6lbs. per square inch, the temperature increases as the 4} root of the was near it, that as , soon as the metal was let into it, it blew up with pressure. The greatest variation from M. Regnault's experiments is with the greatest violence, tearing up the ground some feet deep, breaking luis temperature of 300° Fahr.; such variation, however, is less than + down the furnace, untiling the house, killing many spectators on the spot per cent., viz., .232, or 1 in 431. It will be further observed that even with the streams of melted metal, and scalding others in the most miser. with regard to that small variation the result ought to be considered as able manner.” These great effects were evidently produced by the steam modified by the very close approximation of the calculation to Dr. Fair- of a few ounces of water only, for it is called merely “damp,” and it bairn's experiments with a temperature only a little less, viz., 292:53° Fahr., * Phil. Trans. R.S. 1760, Vol. xi., p. 447, &c.
Temp. F. deg. 309-303 314 315 319 332 324-352
deg. - 244 - 475 - *093 - 368 - 365 + *054 + 176
deg. + 697 + 685 + *668 + '648
deg. + 225 + 218 + 209 + 200 + 188 + '176 + 163 + 149 + '135
Temp. F. deg. 240 244 243:375 245 093 245.188 245-585 249.946 254.824 255-705 259-715 203:362 264.617 267.137 269:17 269543 274474 274:71 279:417 279:50 282:34 284.374 287.29 288.20 28934 292:48
Ibs. 24998 26-5 27.3518 27.4 27.6 29.8753 32-5899 33:1 35-5005 3708 38 6169 40°3 41.7 41.9587 45-5259 457 49-3332 49.4 61.7 53.3953 55-9 567 57722 60-6 62:328 67.2231 72 422
lbs. 77.9345 83.7802 89.9689 96 5104 1034292 1107302 118'433 126 5623 135.1028 144.0992 163.5562 163'4934 173.9206 184.8574 196.3234 208:3284 220-8871 234.024 247-7538 262 0912 277-0509 292-6525 308.9156 325 85 3434753 350 7224 411.8*
+ 457 + 526 + '05 + *583 - '08 + 24
339.446 344:486 349-527 354 565 359.614 364.660 369.705 374-750 379 795 384.838 389'876 394.918 399.949 404-980 410-007 415 020 420-047 425 058 430-063
360 365 370 375 380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420 425 430 432 4477
+ '107 + '093 1075 + *079 + *067 + 054 + *042 + *032 + *021 + 013 + *005 *002 Food - 007 *011 - '014 - 015 *015 - 159 = do
+ 162 † '124 + *082 *051 + *020 - 007 029 - 047 - 058 - 063 *063
+ 220 - *014 + *017 + .228
* = 28 atmospheres, and + = 230-56 centigrade. See Rer. R. V. Dixon's “Treatise on Heat," p. 183. Page 7
spectively of its comparative merit. Nothing would be so calculated Feet. Feet. Deg. Feet. 14,000 to remedy some of the evils here complained of as the improvement of 2:0 15,000 93 15,000 16,000 2:1 477 the public intelligence in the requirements and principles of true art ; 16,000 17,000 1.2 833 and in all competitions it might be an advantage to have the advice and 17,000 18,000 1.3 771 assistance of professional, but disinterested men, upon technical questions. 18,000 , 19,000 , 104 2 715 The consequences of the absence of such securities for a better class and 19,000 0.9 909 treatment of public works are sufficiently obvious, without the necessity 21,000 1:1 911 of more particular reference. 21,000 22,000 0.8 2 1,250 22,000 23,000 0.8 2 1,250 ON SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS IN BALLOONS. These results show, when the sky is cloudy, the decline of temperature at BY JAMES GLAISIER, Esq., F.R.S., &c. every 1,000ft. increase of elevation. Up to 5,000ft. the number of experiments upon which each result is based vary from 13 to 22; at 6,000ft. and 7,000ft. to Mr. Glaisher, at the beginning, referred to the discourse given by him two 15 and 6 respectively; from 7,000ft. to 10,000ft. to 4; these having been made on years since, when he had made eight ascents, for the purpose of scientific re- two days, viz. 1863, June 26 and September 29, on which days the balloon was searches, in the higher regions of the atmosphere, and said since that time he frequently enveloped in fog and clouds to the height of three and four iniles, and had made seventeen additional. He described the process of filling a large those above 16,000ft. on the former of these two days only, during the ascent balloon, and briefly described a balloon ascent, speaking of the novel sensation and descent, the sky being still covered with cloud when the balloon was at first experienced, of the extreme coldness and dryness of the air, at great between four and five miles high. elevations; of the paialess death awaiting the aërial traveller who should ascend to an elevation too great for his power of endurance, and compared it to that The Decline of the Temperature of the Air, with Elevation, when the Sky was of the mountain traveller, who, bennmbed and insensible to suffering, yields to Clear, or chiefly Clear. Feet. Feet. Deg. Feet. the lethargy of approaching sleep, and reposes to wake no more. Moral energy From 0 to 1,000 was 6-2 from 9 experiments or 1 degree in 162 in both cases, he stated, was the only means of safety. 1,000 2,000 4-7 9 213 He then exhibited the several instruments used, pointing ont their extreme 3,000 3.8 11 264 sensitiveness and delicacy, and then spoke of the primary objects of balloon 4,000 3:3 12 304 research. 5,000 2:9 12 345 Subjects of Research by means of Balloons. 6,000 2-6 17 385 1st. To determine the rate of decrease of temperature, with increase of ele 7,000 25 15 401 vation; and to ascertain whether the results obtained by observations on moun. 8,000 2-7 371 tain sides--viz., a lowering of temperature of 1° for every increase of elevation 8,000 9,000 2.5 400 of 300ft.-be true or not. 9,000 10,000 24 417 2nd. To determine the distribution of the water, in the invisible shape of 10,000 11,000 26 385 vapour, in the air below the clouds, in the clouds, and above them, at different 11,000 , 12,000 2:3 435 elevations, » 12,000 , 13,000 2.2 455 3rd. To compare the results, as found by different instruments together : 13,000 , 14,000 2:0 500 1. The temperature of the Dew Point, as found by 14,000 15,000 1:7 588 Dry and Wet Thermometers—(Free). » 15,000 , 16.000 2:2 455 Dry and Wet Thermometers—(Aspirated, or air made to pass rapidly). 16,000 17,000 1.9 526 Daniell's Dew Point. 17,000 18,000 588 Regnault's Dew Point-(Blowing). 18,000 19,000 15 666 Regnault's Dew Point-(Air made to pass rapidly). 19,000 20,000 1.3 771 2. To compare the readings of » 20,000 ,, 21,000 102 833 Mercurial and Aneroid Barometers, &c. 21,000 22,000 1:1 911 4th. Solar radiation, by taking readings of the blackened bulb thermometer 22,000 23,000 1:0 1,000 fully exposed to the sun, with simultaneous observations of the dry bulb ther 23,000 24,000 1.3 771 mometer, and also of observations of Herschel's Actinometer. 9 24,000 , 25,000 1'1 909 5th. To determine whether the solar spectrum, when viewed from the 25,000 26,000 1,000 carth, and far above it, exhibited any difference; whether there were a greater 26,000 27,000 10 1,003 or less number of dark lines crossing it, particularly when near sun-setting. » 27,000 , 28,000 » 0:9 1,111 6th. To determine whether the horizontal intensity of the earth's magnetism 28,000 ,, 29,000 0-8 1 1,250 was less or greater with elevation. Up to the height of 22,000ft., the number of experiments vary from 7 to 17; Propagation of sound. and there can be but little doubt that the number showing the decrease of temAmount of ozone, &c. perature are very nearly true, and approximate closely to the general law. Above In every ascent a second or third thermometer, differently graduated, has 24,000ft. the number of experiments are too few to speak confidently upon been used to check the accuracy of the readings of the dry thermometer, and them, but they are in accordance with the series deduced from the experiments the truthfulness of the temperature shown by it. In some of the ascents a deli: at less elevations. cate blackened bulb thermometer was placed near to the place of the dry-bulb A decline of temperature under a clear sky of 1° takes place within 100ft. of thermometer, fully exposed to the sun in cloudless skies, or to the sky' at all the earth, and at heights exceeding 25,000ft . it is necessary to pass through times: the readings of this instrument were nearly identical with those of the 1,000ft. of vertical height, as appears in the last column of the preceding table, dry-bulb thermometer in clouded states of the sky, and thus acted as an addi- for a decline of 1° of temperature. tional check. By adding together successively the decline of temperature for each 1,000ft. At all times, one or the other, or both, Regnault's and Daniell's hygrometers the whole decrease of temperature from the earth to the different elevations is have been used sufficiently often at all heights to show whether the wet-bulb found; the results, with a cloudy sky, are as follows :thermometer was in proper action, and to check the results given by the use of When the Sky was Cloudy. the dry and wet-bulb therinometer on the reduction of the observations. Feet, Feet. Deg. Feet. The author said he would not give a detailed account of the experiments in From 0 to 1,000 the decrease was 4:5 or 1 deg. on the average of 223 the years 1862 and 1863, as they were published, but would contine himself to 2,000 8:1 247 some of the results. 3,000 11.8 255 He said it was soon found that the state of the sky exercised a great influence, 0 4,000 15.2 263 and the experiments had to be repeated with two groups, one with cloudy skies, 5,000 18:5 271 and the other with clear skies. 6,000 217 277 The results are as follows: 7,000 24:4 287 The Decline of the Temperature of the Air, with Elevation, when the Sky was 8,000 26.8 299 Cloudy. 9,000 29'0 311 Feet. Feet. Deg. Feet. 10,000 310 321 Froin 0 to 1,000 was 4'5 from 17 experiments, or 1 degree in 223 11,000 33'0 329 2,000 3.6 21 278 12,000 35.6 337 2,000 3,000 37 22 271 13,000 37.8 344 3,000 4,000 34 20 295 14,000 40-1 319 4,000 5,000 3:3 13 333 16.000 42:1 356 5,000 32 313 16,000 44:2 362 7,000 2:7 371 0 17,000 45-4 375 7,000 2:4 0 18,000 4607 386 8,000 9,000 2:2 455 0 19,000 48:1 9,000 10,000 2.2 455 0 20,000 49°0 409 10,000 2.2 455 0 „ 21,000 50-1 419 11,000 12,000 2:2 156 0 22,000 50-9 432 12,000 13,000 2:2 455 0 23,000 61.7 445 14,000 2:3 435 These results, showing the whole decrease of temperature of the air from the Page 8
THE ARTIZAX, June 1, 1865.
1863.-March 31. SOCIETY OF ARTS. At 4 hours 58 min. 0 sec. p.m., at 18,302ft., the direction of the wind N.E. 4 hours 58 min. 30 sec. 17,097ft., S.W. ON THE ART OF LAYING SUBMARINE CABLES FROM SHIPS. 5 hours 12 min. 0 sec. 20,865ft., nearly W. By CAPTAIN JASPER SELWYN, R.N. 6 hours 15 min. 0 sec. 4,441ft., S.E. 6 hours 16 inin. O sec. I 5,168ft., moving back again. enture to claim your attention this evening for the purpose of considering a subject, the importance of which, at the present inoment, can scarcely be 1863.-July 11. exaggerated. A renewed attempt is about to be inade to connect, by a submarine electric Before starting the wind was E. wire, the intelligences and interests of the old world with those of the new, and At 4 hours 59 min. 30 sec., at 2,633ft., the direction of the wind was N. no enterprise of this age promises so much benefit to the whole human race as 7 hours 14 min. O sec., , 1,876ft., E. the realisation of such a method of instantaneous communication. The subject, 7 hours 56 min. 45 sec., » 1,020ft., S.E. therefore, may fairly be considered as one well fitted to interest the members of 7 hours 57 min. 0 sec., , 1,000ft., W. a society devoted to the cultivation of the arts--the highest art being that which is calculated to benefit mankind; while, on the other hand, by no other body 1864.-- January 12. could the views for which a hearing is sought be inore titly stamped as current At 2 hours 9 min. O sec., coin or repudiated as base metal. But that I am aided by the observations of 2 hours 14 min. 0 sec., 1 1,328ft., E. some of the first mathematicians and the most celebrated engineers-of this or 2 hours 11 min. 0 sec., , 1,518ft., S.W. any other country--if I had not secured the direct support of many of the most 2 hours 32 min. 0 5,101ft., S. distinguished members of my own paval service-I should scarcely have dared 3 hours 3 min. 0 sec., » 8,080ft., S.S.W. to advance here what may be stigmatised as crude opinions or ill-considered 3 hours 20 min. O sec., „ 10,017ft., S.S.E. theories. Yet I feel that I must ask your induigence it, while asserting some things with the enthusiastic feeling which must animate every officer of my proComparison of the Temperature of the Dew Point by different Instruments. fession who thinks that he may perchance contribute something, however small, In the experiments of every year, there seems to be no certain difference in the to the solution of a great nautical problem, I should fail adequately to explain, determination of the temperature of the dew point by Daniell's and Regnault's in all cases, points where the apparently intuitive knowledge of a seaman leads hygrometers, and this temperature determined by the use of the dry and wet- him contidently to predict results for which to the landsman's mind there seems bulb thermometers, seems to be very closely approximate indeed to the results no sufficient cause. obtained by either of these instruments, as will be seen by the following com It will readily be couceded that just as no railway could be constructed with parison of results. any chance of economy or ultimate success, unless after the most careful surveys As found from all the simultaneous determinations of the temperature of and calculations--as, again, any fundamental error in such calculations would the dew point by Daniell's hygrometer, and the dry and wet-bulb thermo deserve the most careful elimination--so in this great work of laying an Atlantic meters (free). telegraph cable, which is immeasurably more difficult, it behoves us to examine The temperature of the dew point by the dry and wet-bulb (free) up and re-examine the bases on which we are to proceed, and to refuse attention to Feet. no suggestion, from whatever quarter it inay come, until we are absolutely conFeet. Deg. Experiments. vinced of its wortblessness. From 0 to 1,000 was 0:1 lower than by Daniell's hygrometer from 21 Among those considerations which, as I hope to show, may most favourably or 2,000 0 1 3,000 the shine as by most fatally influence the success of the delicate operation of laying a compara tive thread of electric communication across the Atlantic, the curves described by 4,000 5,000 0:4 lower than by the cable in sinking may claim the very foremost place. The question first to be 33 be solved is-Is the path of the cable during its descent to its ocean bed a 5,000 6.000 006 straight line, an upward, or a downward curve Is it an inclined plane ? Is it 7,000 02 8,000 the same as by a parabola, with a small curve of contrary flexure ? Is it, or when is it, a catenarian curve ? 9,000 1.5 higher than by As no less an authority than Professor Airy has held and published the last-men9,000 10,000 1:2 tioned opinion, I will, if you please, consider that case first. A ship at rest in an > 10,000 , 11,000 0:3 ocean of two miles in depth, allows a sounding line, carrying an iron weight of » 11,000 , 12,000 5.6 lower than by 96lbs., to run freely to the bottom. By many and accurately made experiments 12,000 , 13,000 0:3 higher than by we find its time of descent to be fifty minutes nearly. We may treat it roughly » 13,000 , 14,000 0.8 lower than by for our present purposes, as two nautical iniles per hour. Now we can by no 14,000 , 15,000 1:0 means expect that any telegraph cable, more especially the present Atlantic (a The number of experiments made up to the height of 7,000ft., varying from specimen of which is on the table), could sink at a materially greater rate. More 21 to 60 in each 1,000ft. as taken in the last three years, are sufficient to enable probably it would be considerably longer in reaching the bottom. But we will us to speak with confidence; the results are, that the temperatures of the dew assume that it sinks as fast. Then, in one hour, a cable which is being paid out point as found by the use of the dry and wet-bulb thermometers, and my lygro. without strain, will reach the bottom in two miles depth of water. If, during metrical tables, are worthy of full confidence up to this point. At heights that hour, the ship has made a progress of only one mile, and the natural acceleexceeding 7,000ft., the three years' experiences do not yield a sufficient number ration of the descending cable has not been intertered with by brakes, the curve of experiments to give satisfactory results, Before we can speak with certainty described will inevitably be a catenarian one; and this will be the case whenever, at these elevations more experiments must be made. no strain being kept on by mechanical appliances, the rate of sinking of the Let us take the balloon as we find it, and apply it to the uses of vertical cable is in excess of the rate of progress of the ship. It is always thus in shallow ascent; let us make it subservient to the purposes of war, an instrument of water, with heavy cables ; a catenarian curve is there the invariable rule. legitimate strategy; or employ it to ascend to the verge of our lower atmosphere ; Next we will consider under what circunstances the cable will pursue a straight and as it is, the balloon will claim its place among the most important of path, on an inclined plane, to the bottom. If the rate of sinking of the cable be human inventions, even if it remain an isolated power, and should never become again assumed as two miles per hour, and any rate of speed be given to the ship engrafted as the ruling principle of the mechanisin we have yet to seek. less than or equal to this, while a strain by brakes is placed on the issuing cable Whether we regard the atmosphere as tlie great laboratory of changes which sufficient to prevent acceleration beyond the speed at which it is dragged out of contain the germ of future discoveries, as they unfold to the chemist, the the ship, then the line of descent will be a straight one, or little varying from an meteorologist, the physician its physical relation to animal life at different inclined plane. But in both these cases we have assumed a speed of ship of two heights; the form of death, which at certain clerations is certain to take miles only per hour, which in practice would be inadmissable. place; the effect of diminished pressure upon individuals similarly placed ; We will now pass on to the case in which, as always really occurs in practice, the comparison of mountain ascents with the experience of aëronauts: the speed of the ship is materially greater than the rate of sinking of the cable. these are some of the inquiries which suggest themselves, and faintly indicate the cable issues froin the ship, still under some strain, at from 20 to 30 per cent. researches which naturally ally themselves to the course of balloon experiments. in excess of her speed, which we will call tive miles in the hour; that is, in one Sufficiently varied and important they will be seen to rank the balloon as a hour the ship has passed over five miles of ground, two miles of the cable has valuable aid to the uses of philosophy, and rescue it from the impending | sunk, and, say, six iniles of it has been paid out, or has issued from the stern ot degradation as a toy, only to be exhibited or to administer to the pleasures the ship. What has become of this--and in what curve, or on what inclined of the curious. plane, is it now arranged? This, so far, is the real point at issue. I venture to Alreadv it has done for us that which no other power has accomplislied ; it hold that the curvature which, under these circumstances, takes place is an upbas gratified the desire, natural to man, to view the earth in a new aspect, and ward one, of the nature of a parabola, having a small curve of contrary flexure to sustain himself in a new element, hitherto the exclusive privilege of birds near the bottom, the general convexity being towards the surface. My reasons and insects. We have been enabled by its aid to ascend among the phenomena for this opinion are as follows:- First, whatever may be the speed of the ship, of the heavens, and to exchange conjecture for instrumental facts, recorded at the rate of sinking of the cable can never be increased correspondingly, or, intwice the elevation the highest mountain permits us to observe. deed, in any degree. Second, the slack paid out, averaging 25 per cent., is very much more than the difference between the horizontal distance, tive miles made good in one hour, and the diagonal distance from the surface to the bottom on PREVENTION of ACCIDENTS IN BLASTING.--Captain James Whitley, proposes that the serpentine form, for which there is no possible cause, unless a very large propor the same route. And this excess will certainly not be expended in producing a sand or fine dust used in tamping should be put in lightly, instead of tight, as usual; tion of slack is paid out, but in that upward curve, the cause for which is to be a suggestion is admirable for quarries of places in which the hole is vertical, or nearly so, found in the resistance to cutting descent of the fluid through which the cable but frequently does not act well in a horizontal hole, is moving. The less the sp. gr. of the cable, and the larger its diameter, the Page 9
BRIDGING THE FORTH. RECENT LEGAL DECISIONS One of the grandest engineering projects of the session has recently AFFECTING THE ARTS, MANUFACTURES, INVENTIONS, &c. been under consideration—it is the scheme for crossing the Frith of Under this heading we propose giving a succinet summary of such decisions and other Forth by a high level bridge a little above Queensferry. This undertaking proceedings of the Courts of Law, during the preceding month, as may have a distinct is the main portion of a scheme for a railway communication between and practical bearing on the various departments treated of our Journal: selecting Dumfermline on the north, and the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway, at those cases only which offer some point either of novelty, or of useful application to the a short distance from Linlithgow, on the south. The present session has manufacturer, the inventor, or the usually-in the intelligence of law matters, at least -less experienced artizan. With this object in view, we shall endeavour, as much as been prolific in grand projects. There is, for instance, Mr. Fowler's via. possible, to direst our remarks of all legal technicalities, and to present the substance duct across the Severn at Odbury Sards, which stands at the head of the of those decisions to our readers in a plain, familiar, and intelligible shape. list, inasmuch as it would be the longest bridge in the world. The Severu bridge is 4,131 yards in length, although the entire length is not, we TAE North StaffORD STEEL, IRON, AND COAL COMPANY (Bursleu) (LIMITED) c. believe, over the high water mark. Its principal opening for the naviga defendant and his agents from entering upon or taking possession of certain premises LORD CAMOYS.--Mr. Glasse and Mr. W. W. Mackeson moved in this case to restrain the tion is 600ft. span and 95ft. high. Next in order certainly, if not abreast comprised in a mining lease, dated 1863, with reference to a mine of coal, iron, ironstone, of Mr. Fowler's scheme, of all the viaducts and bridges, either constructed &c., at Burslem; and from preventing the plaintiffs' completion of the works. It apor projected, is that of Mr. Bouch, for crossing the Frith of Forth by peared that Lord Camoys granted this lease to one Martin, why assigned it to the com pany, and this instrument contained the following covenants, upon which, with reference a viaduct upwards of two miles long. The four openings for the navi. to what had taken place, the case mainly turned. The lessee covenanted with all convegation are each 500ft. wide and 125ft. high. The viaduct consists, in nient speed after the commencement of the lease to commence and prosecute the working addition, of nineteen openings of 100ft., ten of 150ft., ten of 175ft., and seven --faults, accidents by fire, &c., excepted ; and to raise the minerals in the most advan tageous manner, and within one year erect on a suitable spot, to be fixed and approved teen of 200ft. The piers are intended to be of stone to above high water by the lessor's agent, a steam engine to work the mines; and within a like period to sink mark, and the upper portion of open ironwork. Of the inmense illustra- two shafts of lit. diameter; and within twenty years to complete the shafts to the depth tions” that cover the walls of the committee rooms there are few that attract should have a right to enter for forfeiture. It appeared that the plaintitt's commenced of the chalky mine. And there was a proviso that on breach of these covenants the lessor the eye by their artistic excellence; but we have an exception in this case. the works and sunk the shafts, but had not proceeded far when they were stopped by the The promoters of the great Forth viaduct are wise in their generation water , and sunk other shatts elsewhere, and erected a steam engine to sink those pits ; but in having engaged some Clarkson Stansfield to prepare a very large and never got the approval of Lord Camoys' agent, to such proceedings, he having selected and approved the original site for the engine and shafts under the lease. Under these really clever water colour drawing of the principal portion of the pro. circnmstances this bill was filed, and motion made. His Honour was of opinion that the posed viaduct. The fine bazy distance, the clever handling of sea and second set of shafts were no substitution for the former; that the fact that the lesees sky, the spirited and varied craft, the showery effect in one portion of the might sink shafts where they pleased did not dispense with the obligation to erect an picture, the grandeur with which the viaduct is invested, and the distinct engine on the original spot fixed by Mr. Bute, and that there had been no abandonment by Lord Camoys of his right to enter, Whatever doubt there might formerly have been, relief in which it stands out, ali combine to form a very effective picture it was now well settled that if parties chose to make a bargain the Court had no right to upon which the eye rests with pleasure. Even the acute Mr. Hassard say they should not. If it was a matter to be compensated by money the Court would instinctively turned his eye to it, as the evidence of seafaring witnesses or surprise; but here there were none such to prevent Lord Camoys exercising his legal not interfere except on special equitable grounds, such as acquiesence, accident, mistake, was given against the scheme, on the ground of its threatening a dan. right. There had been a clear forfeiture by violation of the corenant, and this motion gerous obstruction to the navigation. The artist has, of course, taken must be refused with costs. care that in the picture all is plain sailing. The estimate for the viaduct Kindersley, the question was the construction of a reservation or exception contained in RESERVING “MINERALS” on SOLD LAND.-In a case, Bell o. Wilson, Vice-Chancellor is £560,000. Another fine work of a like character, a high level bridge a deed of conveyance of lands in Northumberland, at a place called Long Benton, dated over the next northern Frith--the Tay–has been withdrawn by the pro- in 1801. The bill was filed by the owner of the land to restrain the defendant from digmoters, the estimate, £180,000, having been found insufficient. This work ging freestone, the plaintiff ' representing the purchaser, and the defendant the vendor. had two openings for navigation, in separate portions of the viaduct, each coal, and other mines, metals, or minerals." Freestone was commonly found in the dis The reservation, as far as was material, was in these words :-—“All niines and seams of of 300ft. span, the one 100ft. and the other 70ft. high, with seventy-nine trict, at distances varying from 6ft. to 201t. below the surface. After hearing the parties, other openings of various widths, the total length being about one and the Vice-Chancellor said there was great difficulty in determining, what the term three-quarter miles. "royalty” meant, but the strong probability was that in this particular locality it was understood to apply to “mines and minerals.” As to the exception, the word “mineral," in its largest sense, applied to every production constituting the earth's crust, even including the mould on which the vesture grew; but it was hardly possible to conceive that a vendor having sold land to a purchaser could reserve the right to that which formed, in PRICES CURRENT OF THE LONDON METAL MARKET. fact, the whole subject matter; and it must, therefore, have some more limited meaning. The etymology of the word mineral was, that which was dug from a mine; but there was April 29. May 6. May 13. May 20. May 27. a clear distinction between a mine and a quarry. The words used did not include freeCOPPER. 2 8. d. £ 8. d. stone--"mines" being the governing word; and inasmuch as it never would have been Best, selected, per ton 93 0 0 the intention that, having sold the soil, the vendor should have a right to come and break Tough cake, do. up the ground at any time and to any extent, the plaintiff' was entitled to a decree for an Copper wire, per lb. injunction, for damages, and an account, with costs. 1 01 1 01 tubes, do. Sheathing, per ton Bottoms, do. 100 00 100 0 0 100 0 100 0 0 NOTES AND NOVELTIES. IRON. Bars, Welsh, in London, perton 7 12 6 7 12 6 OUR "NOTES AND NOVELTIES” DEPARTMENT.-A SUGGESTION TO OUR Nail rods, do, READERS. Stafford in London, do. 8 15 0 Bars, do. We have received many letters from correspondents, both at home and abroad, thanking Hoops, do. 9 15 0 us for that portion of this Journal in which, under the title of “Notes and Novelties,” Sheets, single, do 10 7 6 10 7 6 we present our readers with an epitome of such of the "events of the month preceding" Pig, No. 1, in Wales, do. as may in some way affect their interests, so far as their interests are connected with in Clyde, do. any of the subjects upon which this Journal treats. This epitome, in its preparation, LEAD. necessitates the expenditure of much time and labour; and as we desire to make it as English pig, ord, soft, per ton 200 perfect as possible, more especially with a view of benefiting those of our engineering sheet, do. 20 10 0 brethren who reside abroad, we venture to make a suggestion to our subscribers, from red lead, do. which, if acted upon, we shall derive considerable assistance. It is to the effect that we white, do. shall be happy to receive local news of interest from all who have the leisure to collect Spanish, do. and forward it to us. Those who cannot afford the time to do this would greatly assist our efforts by sending us local newspapers containing articles on, or notices of, any facts connected with Railways, Telegraphs, Harbours, Docks, Canals, Bridges, Military Sheets, per lb. 09 0 0 9 0 9 0 9 Wire, do. Engineering, Marine Engineering, Shipbuilding, Boilers, Faruaces, Smoke Prevention, 09 Tubes, do. 0 0 9 0 0 9 0 93 09 09 Chemistry as applied to the Industrial Arts, Gas and Water Works, Mining, Metal lurgy, &c. To save time, all communications for this department should be addressed FOREIGN STEEL. “19, Salisbury-street, Adelphi, London, W.C." and be forwarded, as early in the month Swedish, in kegs (rolled) as possible, to the Editor. (hammered) 16 14 15 0 English, Spring Bessemer's Engineers Tool 44 0 0 41 0 0 46 0 0 11 00 MISCELLANEOUS. ON FOOD AND WORK.-At the Royal Institution, after the Easter recess, Professor TIN PLATES. Lyon Playfair delivered a lecture “On the Food of Man in relation to his useful Work." IC Charcoal, 1st qu., per box In his treatment of the subject he considered almost entirely nitrogenous food, or that kind which produces flesh, on which he remarked the power to do work depends; and consisting of the lean part of flesh, of corn, beans, and peas; such food as tat and potaIC Coke, per box toes only up the animal heat. The amoun of work which a man could IX do in a day had been estimated to be equal to a force that, if properly applied, would
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LIST OF APPLICATIONS FOR LETTERS 1193 R. Ferrie, J. Murray, and A. Wilson-Dyeing DATED MAY 9th, 1865. 13611G. Walton-Distilling hydrocarbons yarns 1362 A. (Chavanne-Catching mails or bags withou PATENT. 1275 R. B. Cooley-Knitted fabrics 1276 S. Law-Breech-loading fire-arms stopping the train 1977 P. Welch-Dressing and finishing printers' 1363 C. 0. Crosby--Rods for spindles DATED APRIL 29th, 1865. WK ve 'ADOPTED A NEW ARRANGEMENT OF 1194 W. H. Tucker-Locks types 138 PROVISIONAL PROTECTIONS APPLIED FOR 1195 A. Wyllie and J. M. Gray-Steam engines 1978 J. C. C. Halkett--Coating iron and other ships DATED MAY 17th, 1865. nud veesels BY INVENTORS AT THE GREAT SEAL PATENT, 1198 C. Gamtnon-Instruments to be used when drawing lots or prizes 1279 J. G. Her and V. Savory-Extinguishing fires 136+ F. Pletcher-Water closets OFFICE. IF ANY DIFFICOLTY SHOULD ARISX 1197 L. W Croa. well-Breech-loading guns 1280 E T. Bellhouse and W.J. Dorning---Hydraulic 1365 W. Haigh--Cutting cardboard prenses WITH REFERENCE TO THE NAMES, ADDRESSES, 1198 T. White--Reburning of animal charcoal 1199 G. A. Huddart-Buttons 1281 J. Gorton-Turkish towelling OR TITLES GIVEN IN THE LIST, TAK REQUI. 1200 G. P. Dodge-Pickers for looms 1282 R. H. Tweddeil-Fixing the ends of boiler and DATED MAS 18th, 1865. SITE IN FORMATION WILL BE FURNISHED, PREE other tubes 1201 W. Clark locks 1283 T. J Mayall-Door and other mats 1366 C. Fischer and J. C. W., Moas—Printing or OY EXPENSE, FROM THE OFFICE, BY ADDRESSING 122 P. A. Le Comte de Fontainemoreau-Spinning silk 1284 G. Hartle;--Pasteners for stays and other arti- siguing letters LETTER, PREPAID, TO THE EDITOR 1307 H. Rushton-Goats' hair in imitation of human ОР 1203 W. Leatham-Cutting coal cles of dress hair « THE ARTIZAN." 1204 F. Gregory-Apparatus employed in breweries 1285 S, Hudson-Stirrup for ladies' and gentlemen's 1205 J. Gutmann-Spectacles riding saddles 1368 T. Fancheux-Electric machiors 1:06 J. H. Johnson --Candles 1369 C. S Billips-Distributing liquids DATED APRIL 22nd, 1865. 1287 W. Jackson-Mixing kases 1370 W. R. Williams-Dry ga mrters DATED MAY 1st, 1865. 1126 E. S. Braux And E. Pannifex-Tanning leather 1289 C. S. Baker-Paddle whcels 1371 W. Manwaring-Reaping machines nud other skins 1206 D. Y. Stewart-Moulds for casting 1259 J. C, Couybeare-Breech-loading fire-arms and 1372 T. Molden, J. Newcome, and J. Akeroyd Puruace 1:27 J. H. Wilson-Socols or bobbins for preparing 1207 E. D-la-NoceFirearms cartridges fibrous materials for spinning 1208 H. Bessemer-Manufacture of pig iron and 1373 R. A. Brooman-Securing corks 1128 J. Emary--Capes, paletots, overcoats, and other foundry metal 1374 J. Mitchell and G. Tiltourd-Testing railway DATED MAY 10th, 1865. such like garments 129 G. Johnson-Iron fortifications springs 119 C. J. and J. A. Keenan-Articles of lace or net 1210 C E. Herpst-Pumps 1290 S. L. Fuller, A. Fuller, and C. Martin-Car | 1375 R. T. Birt-Traps 1211 J. Blackie-Iguiting the fuses of shells riage step fabric 1376 S. A. Varley-Insulation of electric telegrapla wines 1130 A, Grainger aud CM. Girdler-Devices and 121 D. Rau 11--Marine steam engines 1291 D), Adamson-Drilling boiler and other plates 1213 J. C Davis-Knite-cleaning machines of metal repiesentations on tombstones 1377 J Laing-Sewing machines 1131 W. Burger-Permanent way of railways 1214 W. T. W. Jones-Croquet stabd 1292 W. E. Broderick-Churns 1378 W. Eassie-Driving piles 1132 G, Haseltine-Removing corks from the interior 1215 MW. Ruthven-Propelling vessels 1293 P. O'Hagan-Breech-loading firewarins 1379 C, Cupus-Bedste ds of bottles and other vessels 1216 W, E. Wiles-Everpointed pencils 1294 H, W. Hart- Bu tous 1133 A. V. Newton-Fitting of stearn 1295 D. Hartl-y-Moulds for metallic castings having 1217 W. Watts and J.J. Cooper-Mangles DATED MAY 19th, 1865. tubes and the tools to be used therein and the means of retarding corrision in steam boilers 1219 Waterproof fabrics1296 E. Myers -- Wet gas meters 1134 J. Howard aud E. T. Bousfield-Machinery for 12:20 A. H. 'Emerson aud R. Fowler-Vitreous com- 1:197 J. Forbes-Drying grain 1387 E. A. Raymond-Atmospheric forging ham cultivating land positions 1293 J Melvin-Jacquars machines 1221 T. F. Cushin and J. F. Allender-Puddling 1381 G. H. Brooke--Sliding gas pendants or chan 1299 P. Brash and li. Irvine-Ornamenting candles deliers iron 1300 J J. Revy--Gun cottou cartridges for canuon DATID APRIL 24th, 1865. 1382 S. Ebral-Breech loading fire-arms 1222 J. E. Allender and T. F. Cashin-Fastenings and sma larins 1383 T Marsden-Spinning cotton 1135 W. Williamson-Portable hot rooms for drying for driving bands 1301 W.J. Rice--Obtaining motive power cloths and other articles 1302 R. Hadfield and J. Shipman-Metal ribs for 38H. de Mornay-Sewing machines 1385 T. Richardsou and M. D, Rucker-Obtaining 1139 1. A. Le Comte de Fontaine-Morenu--Fire arms umbrellas DATED MAY 2ad, 1865. nitrogen 1137 H. A. Bonneville-Dissecting maps and charts 1303 8. Pokutynski and M. Mycielski-Obtaining 1386 W'. Darey-Purifying coal gas 1138 RH Dart-Prope lers 1223 J. H. Johnson-indicating excessive heat or motise power 0139 H. C. Butcher-Cigar cutter cold 1387 A. V. Newton-Screws 1398 G. Rend-Manumotive carriages 1140 W. E. Gedge-Apparatus for administering 1224 R. Fenner-Embossing presses DATED MAY 11th, 1865. 1389 W. Claik-Ornam utation of leather nourishment to the sick and infrin 1225 T. H. Campbell-Strengthening shields of iron 111W. E. Gedge-Pessary und steel 1304 J. Goodwin-Iron girders 1112 C. Enstwood-Temples for looms 1226 T, Russell-Valves for liquids 1305 J. H. Johnson-Pressure gauge DATED MAY 20th, 1865. 1/13-J. J. Parkes-Communication from one part 1227 F. Wise-Obtaining decoctions 1306 W. Tijeu-Securing the rails of the permanent of a building to another 1728 W. E. Newton-Folding beds and bedsteads way of railways 1390 C. Varlez aud S. A. Varley--Telegraph sup 1114 W. Clark-Washing fibrous materials 1229 T. Allcock-Finishing and polishing metal 1307 W. Jamieson-Looms for weaving porty 2145 A. Atkins---Shoe for freilitating swimming tubes 1308 J. R. Cooper-Brrech-londing fire-arms 1391 C. Bradley--Spinning cotton 1392 W. B. Newton-Raising oil and other 17 W.B. Newtou-Penholders velocity of machinery 1310 J. Benuett-Steel from deep wells liquids 1119 0. G. Warren-Examinatiou of spirit inanifes 1231 J. Catillon-Seif-sopplying pens 1311 G. Mountford and E. Worroll-Smoothing 1393 J. A. Coffey-Distilling Apparatus Itations metal pipes 1394 J. Martin -Steering whips 1312 D, Ellis and M. Hillag-Ornameatal fabrics 1395 W. Smith and G. B, Smith-Wet gas meters DATEN MAY 3rd, 1865. DATED APRIL 25th, 1865. 1313 d. l'arkes-Collodian 1396 W. Eddington-Draiuiug land 1232 J. B. Lavanchy-Chair ladder 1397 E. Attenborough, S. Meilor, aud G. Mellor"1119 N. Sibley-Pouring and decasting liquide 1233 G. T. Boustield-Drying and stretching textile DATED MAY 12th, 1865. Kuitting machines 1150 T. Walker-Measuring the flow of liquids fabrics 1393 J. Armstrong-Permanent way and rolling 1151 G. Davies-Securing button to fabrics 1234 B. T. Read & J. B. Fyfe--Receiving the thrust 1314 E. L. Girard-Machinery for fulling fur or felt stock of railways hata 2152 R. A. Brouman-Smoke consuming furnaces of screw propellers 1)53 J, N. Brown and T. D. Clarke-Manufacture 1235 P. A. Le Cointe de Fontainemoreau-Ascertain. 1315 E, Cordonnier-Tents of iron and preparing foel to be used in the manu. ing the degree of torsion nud resistance in the 1316 T. Smith and H. James--Woven fabric DATED MAY 22nd, 1865. factire aud melting of iron thrends or textile substances 1317 J. Hesford-Stretching cotton 1754 J. N. Browo and T. D, Clarkc-Paints for pre- 1236 M. H. Beguin--Penholders 1318 G. Haseltine-koos aud sboes 1399 J.; Wylie and J. Rew-Impressed goid and serving metallic and other substances from decay 1237 P. A. Le Cuinte de Fontainemoreau-Burning 1320 S. T. Garrett-Stoppers for bottles 1319 H. Ransford-Starch similar paper hangings 1153 J. Wilkinson-Printing felts, floor cloths, car. petroleum 1100 R. Haswell-luvention 10 supersede the chim pets, aud other woven fabrics 1238 T. W. Roe-Folding and carding lace or light 1321. R. Winder-Laying single line articulated ney pot towin use 115) C. Jacqueliu--Acquiring motive power tabrics railways 1401 D. Powis aud H. Brittain-Wire gauze dish 1157 W, Elder-Steering ships 1239 W. Clark-Stretching woven fabrics and other 1322 W. Chubh and S. Fry-Communication between 1158 J. T. Buckaell-Railway rails and wheels materials passengers and gunrd 1402 W. B. Gedge-Safety lock 13:23 R. B, Donovan and D.O'Brien-Effecting trac. 1159, J. C. Wickham and A. E. Deiss-Waterproof 1240 1. H. Juhuron-Steam generators 1.403 A. G. Bigorie-Casing to protect the lock of fabrics 1211 W. E. Gedge-Fan or exhaust for thrashing 13:24 W. Hewitt Preventing incrustation in steam tion on railways tire-arms 11 0 We Oxley-Spinning fibrous substances machines 1404 J. Shand-Fire-engines 1161 W. Ciark-Manufacture of soluble and Assimi. 1242 C. G. Lenk-Purifying water boilers 140. J. H. Johnson-Collog liquids labie superphosphates of lime by tbe application of 1325 G. Simmons and G. W. Simmons--Producing 1408 W. H0.1800-Lucks nhoophuric acid and acid phosphates lithographic impressions 1407 J. M. Clernents-Sewing machines 112 W. Husband-Fastening wooden planking to DATED MAY 4th, 1865. 1320 J. Eddy-Pluughs 1108 G. Furness and J. Slater-Cutting off the upper Iron in ships 1243 G. Josse-Paper hangings 1327 T. Davít-Vessels for polishing oils parts of piles 1409 R. Muiler, A. T. Well, and J. Polliott-bab1241 B. G. Smith-Preparing vegetables for culinary DATED APRIL 26th, 1965. DATED MAY 13th, 1865. stitutes for animal charcoal purposes 1410 P. A. le Comte de Fontainemorenu-Lamps for 1: R. Eccles-Railway chairs 1215 W. F. Stanley-Tools for regulating distances 1328 T. Craig-Breech-londing fire-arms burning mineral oils 11 T. D. Whitehead-Fire escapes and portable 1246 J. Stalhartt-Pl:ugbs 1329 T. Parkinson and W. Suodgra 5-Supports for 1247 G. Redrup-Cutting cylindrical or conical arti. fadders barrels cles 1165 C. W. Henven-Fastening for articles of dress 1330 A. Weir-Water gauges DATED MAY 23rd, 1865. 11 6 J. and W. Pairwentter-Sewing machines 1248 F. Caldwell-Winding threads 1331 J. K. Caid-Sewing machines 1167 G, Mumby-Machinery for sewing and em. 1249 J. Hampton-Refrigerator 1332 W. Spence-Ritling canuon 1411 E. McNally-Cntring screws 1250 W. Roberts-Links for connecting chain cables broidering 1333 H. J. Burt-Head dress 1412 H. Wilde-Application of electricity JIGS F. D. Pierre Jacques Carasson-Disintegrating 1251 J. Lilley-Compisses and other chains 1331 W. Clark-Gns burners 14131. Holt, W. Holt, J. Holt, « J. Maude-Dyeing vegetable and animal substances 1335 W. Clark-Hinges yarus 1269 R. A. Brooman-- Preparing fibres, threads, and 1252 A. Mackie, H. Gurside, and J. Salmon-Dis- 1336 G. H. Ogston-Animal charcoal 1414 A. Hett-Omainepting earthenware tributing printing type 1337 F. Ransome--Slabo fabrics 1+15 H. Adier--Clocks 1338 R. Langridge-Fastening the stiffeners or sup. 1416 H. Gibbs-Euvelopes 1170 1; Cunningham--Construction of (fire-proof 1253 T. Wood-Steam engines buildings Page 11
Mersey Docks and Harbour.
THE ARTIZAN, July 1, 1865.
chemical properties of those carbonaceous products from which they are The duties of the pumps illustrated here are to empty the graving evolved. docks which have been constructed in connection with the Birkenhead On one occasion the lack of a moderate amount of information in mi. Dock scheme; these docks have their sills 7ft. Gin. below the datum of neralogy gave rise to an awkwarı mistake in ballasting a line of railway. the old dock sill, and, consequently, their bottoms will be about 10ft. The material used appeared, when laid down, sufficiently sound, but in the below that datum, or at about the lowest level of low water spring tides. course of a short time disintegrated, and presented the appearance of And as there is a difference of nearly 10ft. between the levels of low mud. water, spring, and neap tides, it was necessary to supply them with pumping In the constı uction of steam machinery very great advantages may con machinery, that they might be emptied whenever that should be required. stantly be obtained by a correct appreciation of those natural laws upon This provision is not needed in any of the Liverpool Graving Docks, which its action depends. In this department of the profession, chemical, which have their sills mostly at such levels as admit of their being run geological, and mathematical details occur, and the best engines are doubt- dry when the tide recedes at almost any period of the tidal cycle, exless those that are made in accordance with the results of the most scien- cepting the Canada and the Huskisson Docks, which have their sills at tific research, combined with and tested by the most extensive experience. the same level as the Birkenhead Graving Docks, and which, we preSo numerous and varied are the branches of scientific education desirable sume, are furnished with pumps. in those who practise in every part of the profession that it is doubtful The centrifugal pump, which has lately attracted considerable attention, if one individual can, except in a few unusual instances, be informed on all and which, in some of the shapes which it assumes, offers nearly the same points; hence it is probable that certificates or diplomas issued from such a simplicity of construction as the chain pump has been adopted here in college as has been suggested, would require to be limited to such depart. conjunction with the latter-we presume on account of that very virtuements as the various candidates might have specially studied, for there is even under circumstances where the conditions of the problem to be not one science which the engineer does not in some form or other, call to solved prevented its use in that which is its simplest and most advanhis aid, and, in addition to the time absorbed in acquiring theoretical tageous shape, that is, revolving upon a horizontal axis, and acting partly knowledge, more must be devoted to practical observation—a process in by suction, in order to avoid the necessity of its working under water. dispensable in the education of those engaged in the constructive arts, and The conditions imposed by the dock engineer upon the parties who were one which cannot be hastened; for, in order that the full benefit of expe. invited to send in tenders and designs for these pumps werethat they rience may accrue to the observer, the objects observed should be frequontly should be able to raise the water to such a height as would admit of its before him, otherwise the impression produced by them is comparatively being discharged into the great float at the level of highest tide, or into faint, and their details are not sufficiently studied. the river at a level of 10ft, above Old Dock sill-conditions which we shall see presently are, in the case of the centrifugal pump, altogether at variance with that other condition, always implied if not expressed, that HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE SKETCH OF THE MERSEY it should perform the highest possible duty under all circumstances. DOCKS AND HARBOUR. The chain pump, however, was inadmissible in this case, because it would By J. J. BIRCKEL. have had to work under conditions similar to those of a water wheel (Illustrated by Plate 282.) working in back water, and it is attached to the centrifugal pump for Upon Plate No. 282, we now have illustrated a specimen of pumping the purpose only of raising the lower layers of water, which are too machinery such as is found upon the Duck Estate, either in temporary thickly charged with mud to be raised by the former. use upon works in course of construction, for the purpose of draining We have just said that the centrifugal pumps have attracted great their foundations, or in permanent use for emptying such graving docks attention of late, and we venture to say, also, that the attention of our or locks as cannot be run altogether dry under the ordinary changes of readers has been much attracted to a deal of controversial writing, to tidal levels. In the former case, the chain pump is used in preference to which the public have been treated ever since the date of the Exhibition any other, because the water which bas to be raised is generally very of 1862, not so mucli, we are inclined to think, to do justice to the muddy, and any other mechanical contrivance of more accurate construc- merits of that mechanical contrivance generally, or to make known the tion, and entailing the necessity of mechanically fitting parts, would principles which should govern its construction, as to extol the performbe absolutely inadmissible for such a purpose. It is doubtful, moreover, ances of the pumps made by Messrs. Gwynne on the one hand, or of the whether a much more etlicient contrivance for sing water from great pumps made by Messrs. Amos on the other, as, though these gentlemen depths has been devised than the chain pump, for with it, when it is respectively possessed a specific recipe for the construction of pumps of the carefully erected, the losses of power by friction must be considerably less kind under consideration, which, however, if they do, has been, either than in a bucket or plunger pump; and if any loss of power does occur wittingly, or else through ignorance, kept from the world; for while Mr. through leakage caused by the easy fit of the chain paddles in the Colburn has pretty successfully endeavoured to show that Mr. D. K. ascension shaft, that cannot be larger than the loss which occurs Clarke is not competent to judge of the merits of these pumps, as shown from a somewhat similar cause in an overshot water wheel, or in a high by their performances, himself has not deigned to instruct the world breast wheel; and yet are these machines held in high repute among on the subject of that unknown recipe; and, as we are not aware that a others of their kind, as to the percentage of power which they theoretical investigation of the action of this mechanical contrivance has yield. If to these considerations we add the paramount advantage just been published in any of our engineering contemporaries, believing that mentioned, which the chain pump possesses of being able to raise many of our readers will welcome its publication, we take this water, however thickly charged with sand, silt, or mud, without in- fitting opportunity to lay it before them, as we know it to be propounded jury to itself, and remember that its first cost is considerably less than by French writers ou mechanical subjects. that of any kindred machine of the same power, not excluding the These punps generally consist of a number of blades or vanes, somecentrifugal pump, it becomes a matter for wonder why it is not used times curved and sometimes straight, fixed upon a shaft or spindle with more frequently. This, however, may be accounted for, we tbink, on the which they revolve, generally at very great speeds, within a casing into ground of its being out of fashion, and because men would rather run which they are fitted very accurately, and which has one or two openings after startling novelties which promise too often impossible results, than towards the centre for the suction, and one or more towards the circúm. cling to that which is known to do its duty well. Upon these works, ference for the discharge; their construction in fact is, generally speaking, however, the chain pump is held in great favour still, and is employed similar to a fan, as also is their mode of action. The whole of this appa. under circumstances where even rotary pumps might be used. ratus may be entirely submerged, as in the case illustrated, or'ınay work Page 12
Vis-viva is the most unfortunate term in dynamics, inasmuch as it does Professor Wood refers to his two articles on vis-viva, published in the not express what it means, neither in substance nor in quantity. There is November number, 1862, and in the February number, 1864, of the no more vis-viva in a moving mass than in one at rest. It requires F vt" Journal of the Franklin Institute.” I beg leave to state that the conand nothing else to set a mass in motion; it requires Fot and nothing fusion existing in those articles was one of the many reasons why I uuderelse to bring a moving body to rest; and it is Fvt, and nothing else, that took to write on the subject, which was stated in the Franklin Institute; can change the motion of : body. for in both those articles, as well as in the general criticism on mine, force, The sooner the term vis viva is rejected in its present acceptation, the power, and work, are confounded with each other. sooner will the science of dynamics be cleared up. Whatever name may The article in the November number, 1862, page, 315, commences in be selected for the work concentrated in a moving mass, it ought to ex. this way :-“When we consider that eminent scholars have taken different press the fundamental elements views upon the measure of the force in a moving body, it is not strange F V and T. I would propose to that students, while yet in the elements of mechanical science, should be call it energy, but even if the term at a loss to know whether the force varies as the velocity or as the square vis-viva is maintained, it ought Foc: 5. of the velocity.” Here the professor confounds force with work and mo. to mean the true work M V? mentum. The force of inertia in a moring mass is equal to what external and not M V2. force is applied to change its motion. The different views taken by eniiA parallelopipedon constructed nent scholars and students are, whether power or work is as the velocity on the mean velocity will repre or as the square of the velocity. The professor continues, " They do not sent the true work i v t. see why the momentum does not express the force as well as the vis-viva ; When the force F is variable, or they fail to distinguish between the two forces." Force is neither as represented by Fig. 5, the hy momentum nor vis-viva. Force is, as far as we yet know, a simple elepothenuse of the catheters l'and ment; whilst momentum is a compound of two elements, and vis-viva a V will be a carve: line, the form compound of three elements. The momentum in question is derived from of which depends on the nature of the analogy variation of F, but the work will F: M = V; or F : FT = MV. still be The momentum FT is equal to the momentum MV. It is the momentum W = / F Gtdt, as before. MV which the professor calls one kind of force as different from MV?, another kind of force. The momentum MV is substantially the same as Momentum, the product obtained by multiplying six horses by four bushels of barley ; MV = it must be multiplied or divided by some element before it can be recog. nised as a physical quantity; if we multiply MV by V, the product will Velocity, V G work; multiply MV by the product will be power; divide it by T and g' it will be force; divide it by F and it becomes time. If six horses can Space, S = savs F at ent three bushels of barley, how many biorses can eat four bushels ? Here we multiply six horses by four bushels of barley, which will only be a moF Power, P= frat mentum to be divided by three bushels of barley, when the result will he M eight horse. On the same page, 251, Professor Wood says, “The force which is stored in a moving body, is a force of inertia ; hence it is equiva. Work, MV lent to the force which would cause the body to move from a state of rest to a velocity V, when free to move without any resistance.” which will represent the work under all circumstances. It is most difficult in this case to distinguish if the professor means force The form of the figure of work depends on the nature of variation of or work. The force of inertia in a body free to move is equal to any exF and v. ternal force applied to change its motion; but the force which has set the the water, a bomb through the air, where the resistance is as the square on a pendulum ; but the work expended in setting a body in motion is In the case of a body moving through a Auid, as a vessel through the body in motion has no necessary relation with the force which may bring it to rest, except with consideration of time, as in case of gravity acting of the velocity, the figure of work will be a pyramid. Comparing the members 1 and 5 we have, equal to the work required to bring it to rest. On the next page, 352, Professor Wood gives an example of momentum 1 5 by inultiplying the weight of a moving mass 200lbs. by its velocity 2ft., GFT GM VT and calls the product 400lbs. feet, butiloes not state what kind of foot2 g pounds. Can this momentum lift 100lbs. one foot high in a unit of time or the momentum, or independently of time? Next the Professor gives an example of FT= MV ris viva, by multiplying the same mass 200lbs. by the square of its velocity 200 x 22 = 800, but does not state what kind of substance this 800 is. From the commencement of his article we are led to suppose it to be For circular motion we have the velocity, force. The fact is that the vis-riva 800 is in substance foot-pounds of G work ; while the momentum 400 multiplied by will be in substance foot. 2 * Rn V pounds of power. The Professor, however, admits hat his example may appear paradoxical. The difference between foot-pounds of power and which insertion in the meinber 10, will be foot-pounds of work is the same as the difference between square feet and cubic feet. Professor Wood thinks that “the reason why much ob12 M 27 Rn scurity has hung over the subject is principally on account of brevity of FT treatment by most authors.” I do not believe that such is the case, but is owing rather to a want of a clear conception on the subject, which all in which R radius of Syration of the rotating body, and n = number our treatises testify by their unnecessary complication and confusion. of revolutions per minnte. Professor Wood gives me credit for the definition of power, to be “force A force multiplied by the lever it acts upon is called static momentum ; multiplied by velocity.” I learned that at the Royal Technological Inwhich is analogons to the force of inertia multiplied by the radius of stitnte in Stockholm, when I was a boy, and it is so used by all practical gyration MR, which seems to have a claim to be called moment of inertia. steam engineers thronghout the world, for calculating the power of steam The square of the member 11, inserted in the member 6, will represent engines. The force on the steam piston multiplied by its velocity is the the work concentrated in a revolving mass, or power of the engine. The definitions of force, power, and work, are in tended only to hold good in the science of dynamics. I will not undertake M 472 Roma MR2 m2 to define those terms as they are used in popular language. The only new 3600 X 29 5866-8' term I proposed in my article was Workinandays. In the first formula for work under action of gravity, page 321, last of which the part MR2 has been denominated moment of inertia. volume, the number 2 is left out in the denominator. It should read, I was in error in my statement that “ Moseley called moment of inertia, work." I ought to have said that the substance of the so-called moment W M V of inertia MR, is work when n is constant. Page 13
The rate at which chloride of lithium passes into the textures through the In four days it will still be distinctly present in each particle of the lens. stomach : In five days it will have begun most clearly to pass out of the lens, and in seven li grain in 3 days plenty found everywhere. days scarcely the smallest trace will be detectable there. The most striking 3 15 ininutes everywhere except in the lens. experiment was in the case of a young girl with two soft cataracts. She took 30 twenty grains of carbonate of lithia, and in seven hours one lens was removed, 30 traces in the lens. and the smallest particle of the lens showed the presence of lithium. The other 30 outer part of the lens. cataract was not removed for seven days after the first operation ; then not the 60 slightest trace of lithium could be found in the lens. 60 except in the lens. A loug series of experiments on the passage of lithium out by a drain, after it in 24 hours and throughout the lens. had been taken in by the funnel, showed nearly the same fact-namely, that after a dose of twenty grains, the lithium was not entirely thrown out of the body 8 under six, seven, or eight days. 24 Thus, then, both in animal and man the same law obtains. A single dose of 26 lithium in a few minutes passes through the circulation into all the ducts and 54 except in the lens. into every particle of the body, and even into the parts most distant from the It follows from these experiments that three grains of chloride of lithium blood-circulation.* There it remains for a much longer time than it took to get given on an empty stomach, may ditfuse into the cartillage of the hip-joint and into the textures, probably for three or four days, varying with the quantity the aqueous humour of the eye in a quarter of an hour. In very young and with the quantity taken ; then it diminishes ; and finally, in six, seven, or eight very small pigs, the same quantity of lithiuin may in 30 or 32 minutes be found days, the whole quantity is thrown out of the body. in the lens of the eye, but in an old pig in this time the lithium will have got In animals it is very difficult accurately to determine the time when a single no farther than the humour of the eye. If the stomach was empty when the dose is remoued, for a portion passes out in the perspiration and gets into the chloride of lithium was taken, in one hour the lithium may be very evident in hair, and the animal then re-doses itself with the lithium which had already the outer part of the lens and very faintly in the inner part; but if the stomach passed through the blood-circulation into the envelope and out by the skin drain, be full of food the lithium does not in an hour reach the lens. Even in two and this re-dosing may be continued over and over again, so that even for thirty hours and a half the lithium may be more marked in the outer than in the inner or forty days, after a dose of three grains, some lithium may be detected in guinea part of the lens. In four hours the lithium will be in every part of the lens, but pigs still passing out of the body. it will still be more evident in the bumours than in the lens. Even in eight Having thus traced the lithium in and out of the envelope the question of far the centre of the lens may show less than the outer part. The lithium will be greater importance remains-What does the lithium or other alkaline salt do found in as great quantity in the outside after twenty-six hours. whilst it is in the envelope; in other words, what is the action of alkalies in the When instead of being put in by the funnel, the lithia was injected into the system? What is the action of carbonated alkali at a temperature of 38 C. skin : three grains of chloride of lithia in 24 minutes showed the lithium in the (100 Fahr.) when oxygen at the same time is present-on 1st, organic acids; lens and in every texture; in 10 minutes slightly in the lens, but plenty every- 2nd, neutral hydro-carbons ; 3rd, fatty matter; and, 4th, albuminous substances. where else ; in 4 minutes no lithium was in the lens but plenty in the aqueous The most remarkable instance of the action of alkali when organic acid and humour of the eye and in the bile; one and a half grain in five minutes showed oxygen are in contact is in the decomposition of pyrogallic acid. In this vessel no lithium in the lens but plenty in the aqueous humour and in the bile. I have oxygen and pyrogallic acid in contact, and no action takes place and none Having thus shown that lithium will pass everywhere into the textures in would take place if alkali were not added; but immediately on the addition of between 4 and 15 minutes, when injected into the circulation, and between 15 potass action begins, the pyrogallic acid is unable to keep its composition, and is minutes and 26 hours when taken in by the funnel, some experiments were made burnt by the oxygen aided by the alkali. More stable acids of lower composito determine after how many days the lithium ceased to be detected in the tion are produced, and these combine with the alkali and liberate carbonic acid. envelope after it had been taken. Usually three pigs were taken; to one no If carbonated instead of caustic alkali be used, the action is not nearly so rapid lithium was given, the second was killed in a few hours after a dose of lithium, or complete as with caustic alkali. and the third was given the same dose and killed after many days. The best example of the destruction of a neutral hydrocarbon by oxygen aided The following table shows the rate at which chloride of lithium passes out of by alkali is in the reduction of oxide of copper by sugar. The metallic oxide fur. the textures : nishes the oxygen, the alkali assists the formation of acid in the sugar, and draws 2 grs. in 6 hours gave plenty everywhere. In 6 days gave no trace in the alcoholic it out of the sugar destroying the neutral compound. extract of the kidneys, In fatty matters the alkali splits the fat into fatty acid and glycerine, and livers, or lenses. forms a soap with the acid. Oil of bitter almonds exposed to common oxygen or ozonised oxygen absorbed in two hours two cubic centimetres of oxygen; with 4 days gave none in the lens. carbonate of soda it absorbed in the same time -2,75 CC. When mixed with an 1 gr. in 5. hours showed partly in the lens. 3 days gave faint traces in the lens. alcoholic solution of potash, and heated benzoic acid combines with the potash, It follows from these and other experiments that twice in six days and once and the whole contents of the tube solidify, the alkali causes the oxidation of the in four days two grains of chloride of lithiuin, which in six hours gave lithium oil, and by extremne oxidation carbonic acid and water would be the final results. everywhere, in six days ceased to be detectable in the lens, and that even in the The action of alkali and oxygen on albuminous substances at low or moderate three days the lithium is most probably diminishing in the lens. temperatures, 100 Fahr., has not been yet studied. At high temperatures with Having thus gained a clear knowledge of the time it takes for a small quantity alkali the entire decomposition of the substance with the production of carbonic of lithia to pass in and out of the envelope of an animal, I proceed, through the acid and ammonia, and a multitude of less perfect products of oxidation have kindness of my friends Mr. Bowman and Mr. Critchett, to trace the passage of long been known; the same substances oxidised at a higher temperature without lithium into that part of the envelope which is most distant from the blood cir- they presence of alkali give rise to fewer intermediate products, and to a greater culation in man. Lithia water is by means an unpleasant drink, and a few amount of the ultimate products of oxidation, viz., vater, carbonic acid, and amminutes, or a few hours, or a few days before the operation for cataract, twenty monia, out of which the albumen was originally formed. grains of carbonate of lithia dissolved in water was taken. M Béchamp stated that by the oxidation of albumen by manganic acid urea No less than seven cataracts were previously examined with the greatest care, was produced, but this proved to be benzoic acid; and probably kreatin, uric to determine whether lithia was usually absent, and in only one instance was the acid, urea, and other products will not be obtained from albuminous substances very faintest trace of lithium detectable. until we follow the method of oxidation that occurs in the body, viz., a temperaThe following table shows the rate of passage of carbonate of lithia into and ture of 38 C. (100 Fahr.) a moderately strong solution of carbonate of soda and out of cataracts : basic phosphate of soda, and the action of oxygen, possibly in an ozonised state. 20 grains of carbonate of lithia were taken Von Gorup Basanez (Liebig's " Annalen,” vol. cx. p. 86, and cxxv. p. 207) has 25 minutes before the operation-No trace of lithium was found in the cataract. traced the action of ozode at ordinary temperatures on a multitude of animal and 21 hours -Lithium in the watery extract of the cataract. vegetable substances, but of these my time allows me to mention only one or two 21 -Lithium in each particle. striking examples. .4 Cane or grape sugar when in contact with ozone undergoes no change ; but where grape sugar is exposed to ozone with potass, soda, or carbonate of soda, it 4 is entirely oxidised, and carbonic and formic acids only result. When no alkali (old man) is present no action occurs. Cane sugar oxidises with alkali and ozone much slower than grape sugar. 6 7 Olein is quite inactive when exposed to ozone, but with potass or carbonate of soda the olein is immediately oxidised. The olean is saponified and the glycerine spontaneo is oxidised into acrolein, and ultimately into carbonic, formic, and propionic acids. 4 days - Traces in alcoholic solution of ash. cataract, The oleic acid is much more slowly oxidised into formic and carbonic acid. Hence the action of alkalies out of the body on the different classes of sub. 25 to 30 7 -In alcoholic extract not the slightest trace of stances of which we are built up is sufficiently clear. The alkali disturbs the lithium. equilibrium of the elements in the organic body by its affinity for acids. Aided 7 5 hours by oxygea and heat, more or less complex acids are formed from the neutral 17 -Slightest trace in the alcoholic extract. substances, and if the action of the alkali is sufficiently continued, carbonic acid water and ammonia alone remain. It follows from these experiments, that in the human body twenty grains of The progress of therapeutics probably depends on the application of our carbonate of lithia poured into the funnel in two and a half hours will have knowledge of the action out of the body of different medicines on the different partly passed into every particle of the envelope and beyond the blood circula. tion even into the most distant parts, and in three and a half hours it will be Page 14
1st. The forms shown in figs. 9 to 11, where the cavity consists of a bead of No. 18 Explosion, while the second, now under consideration, viz., spherical part and a truncated cone, was called the balle modèle of 1857. No. 20, occurred on April 27th. 2nd. In 1859 this bullet was substituted by one illustrated in figs. 12 · The boiler, which was one of two ranged side by side and working together, and 13, in which the cavity is pyramidal with triangular base, the edges was externally-fired, of plain cylindrical construction, and set on two side walls, so being either left sharp or truncated. It is stated to be superior to the ing first on one side, and then on the other. It was about 25ft. long and 5ft. in that the fire passed underneath in the first instance and then encircled it, return. former. diameter, the thickness of the plates being of an inch, and the pressure of the 3rd. In 1863 Colonel Nessler adopted a forin having a pyramidal steam from 5011, to 60lb. hollow, with a quadrangular base. Its weight is 1.27 oz. adp., or 36 “The shell rent longitudinally from one end to the other below water-mark, grummes, and it may be considered a remarkable improvement on its and near to the bottom of the boiler, somewhat to the left hand side of the predecessors. These results are certainly due to the perseverance of centre line, and was thrown to a distance of about 50 yards from its original Colonel Nessler, yet many essential improvements are urgently called for seating, and the feed-valve box upwards of 200, while the sister boiler was also in the construction of the French small arms. The composition of the dislodged from its place. The fireman, who happened to be on the boiler at the powder tends to corrode the interior of the gun, to obviate which, recourse time, was blown to a distance of about 100 yards, while the key of the feedis had to the inconvenient process of greasing the cartridges, and, finally, valve, which appears to have been in bis hand at the time, fell to the ground about six yards from his body. in the author's opinion, the calibre of the arms is not proportionate to “The explosion was attributed to the neglect of the deceased boiler attendant their weight, and to that which may be assumed for cartridges, and in its -an inexperienced lad of vineteen years of age--who it was stated had in the reduction consists the only means of remedying all these inconveniences. first instance allowed the water supply to run low, and then let in the feed to supply the deficiency, when the explosion immediately occurred. This view was ERRATUM.-In our last number, page 136, column 2, line 16 from thought to be corroborated by the fact that the feed-valve was found to be just top, read 3 : 2 for 3.2. opened one or two threads of the screw, and the key picked up within a few yards of the body of the poor lad, just as if he had been standing on the top of the boiler with the key in his hand, and in the act of opening the feed-valve at the very moment of explosion. The jury returned a verdict of ' Accidental MANCHESTER ASSOCIATION FOR THE PREVENTION OF STEAM Death, arising from the absence of a competent person to inspect the boilers, BOILER EXPLOSIONS. and from want of judgment or negligence of the deceased," adding that they The ordinary monthly meeting of this Association was held on May 30th, hoped that some means would be taken by the proprietor to prevent occurrences when the chief engineer presented his report, of which the following is an “ The assumption of shortness of water, and then of the sudden re-admission abstract : of the latter being examined specially, and 2 of them tested with hydraulic widely circulated and received is yet seldom correct, while it too frequently “During the last month 191 engines have been examined, and 388 boilers, 12 of the feed through the negligence of boiler attendants, forins a ready-made and stereotyped explanation of nearly every explosion that occurs, and although so pressure. Of the boiler examinations, 262 have been external, 8 internal, and 118 thorough or entire. The following defects and omissions have been found damages unfairly the character of boiler attendants, and conceals the true in the boilers examined :-Furnaces out of shape, 4; fractures, 10; blistered attendant was the victim of the explosion, not its cause, and it is unfair to blame cause of many explosions. Such is the case in the present instance. The boiler plates, 6; internal corrosions 4 (1 dangerous); external corrosion, 24 (1 dangerous): him for the bursting of a dilapidated boiler which was older than himself, and internal grooving, 8; external grooving, 2; feed apparatus out of order, 2; by which he lost his life. This will be apparent from the following :water gauges ditto, 14; fusible plugs ditto, 3 ; safety valves ditto, 2; pressure gauges ditto, 18; boilers without safety valves, 3; without glass water gauges; rent had occurred just where the plates had rested on the brickwork seating, “On examining the fragments of the exploded boiler I found that the primary 2; without pressure gauges, 14; without blow-out apparatus, 11; without feed and where they had been so reduced by corrosion for a considerable length as to back-pressure valves, 44. “ The defects in the condition of the boilers examined during the past month be as thin as a sheet of paper, so that it was a matter of great surprise that the do not call for any special remark, but the construction of some of the boilers boiler had not exploded long before. The boiler showed signs of great neglect lately enrolled in the Association has been found to be very imperfect. Three of the other side wall. It was difficult to ascertain precisely the age of the boiler, throughout, the plates being also materially corroded where they had rested on them have proved to be as much as a foot oval in the furnace flues, and six inches but it was an old one, and reported to have been down not less than twenty in the shell, the major axis being horizontal. This is a very imperfect arrange years. It had been seldom, if ever, inspected ; indeed, the external flues were ment. Both the sliells and internal Hues of boilers, unless mainly or entirely so contracted that the attendant stated he was unable to get up them to make dependent on stays, should be made truly circular, since a slight departure from this shape materially weakens them; and although, when oval, they may be able any examination, so that the boiler had just been allowed to work on until it for a time to withstand the pressure, yet a change of form takes place in them be rapidly approaching the same state, being seriously eaten away where it had burst, and the one alongside, which was uncovered by the explosion, seemed to whenever the steam is got up or let down, which has a very weakening effect; been in contact with the brickwork, at which part the plates were shaling off, and soon wears ont the plates. This, in locomotive boilers, leads to internal and were of a bright red colour from the active corrosion going on. grooving, which is so fruitful a cause of their explosion. Three other boilers, which were of the hot water circulating description, for the purpose of heating dilapidated condition of the boiler through neglect.” “There can be no question, therefore, that the explosion was due to the and ventilating, although of a large size, were not fitted with any safety-valves; while the inlet and outlet pipes could both be closed at the same time, so that the pressure could be bottled up inside the boiler while the fire was in action. Under these circumstances, with anything like a brisk fire, explosion would in a CORRESPONDENCE. very short space of time be clearly inevitable. Exposions. We cannot hold ourselves responsible for the opinions of our Correspondents. “Six explosions have occurred during the last month, by which seven persons LAKE'S DIFFERENTIAL ENGINE. have been killed, and thirteen others injured. The scene of one of these explosions has been personally visited, and the cause investigated, while particulars of To the Editor of THE ARTIZAN. most of the others have been obtained, and will be given at the earliest SIR,—Will you allow me a few lines to reply to Mr. Maw's letter in opportunity. your impression of June. His multiplication of examples, though useful “TABULAR STATEMENT OF Explosions from APRIL 22ND, 1865, To Mar to tyros, scarcely needs an equally voluminous reply, but two or three 26TH, 1865, INCLUSIVE. points demand comment on my part. Mr. Maw is wrong as to the quan. tity of steam lost in the curved passages-probably on account of his going Progressive No. General Description of Boiler. on his own data, as I gave none. The interior of each cylinder would not Killed. Injured. in practice be exposed to the open air-the mode of protecting them seemed too obvious to need illustration in the sketch. April 24. Plain Cylindrical. Mr. Maw's remark about the doubtfulness of the exhaust valve is merely Externally-fired May 1. Plain Cylindrical egg-ended an opinion, and if he will see the pumping engines at the East London or Externally.fired Kent Waterworks, he will find that a tappet motion, even when compli. Plain Cylindrical egg-ended Externally-fired cated (which that in the differential engine would not be) may he worked May 9. Plain Cylindrical egg-ended without any noise at all. Granting that the direction in which a single Externally-fired May 20. Particulars not yet fully ascertained engine starts is dependent upon its position when the steam is turned on, Locomotive... this would not be the only engine which sometimes needs to be turned May 26. before it can be started. I am, sir, yours, &c., Westminster, Jane, 1865. FRANCIS CAMPIN. “In No. 20 Explosion one person was killed and four others injured. This explosion is the second that occurred within one fortnight at the same colliery, ['This discussion has already extended over so much space that we must Particulars of the first of these were given in last month's report, under the decline inserting any further letters on the subject.-ED. “ARTIZAN.”] Page 15
7 12.6 8 10 0 8 15 0 8 15 0 9 15 0 10 7 6 4 10 0 2 14 9
19 15 0
19 15 0 20 5 0 22 0 0 26 00 19 00
19 5 0 20 5 0 22 0 0 26 0 0 19 00
13 0 0 14 15 0 18 0 0 8 0 0
1 8 0 1 14 0 1 6 6 1 2 6 1 8 0
1 80 1 14 0 1 6 6 1 3 0 1 9 0
PRICES CURRENT OF THE LONDON METAL MARKET. RECENT LEGAL DECISIONS June 3. June 10, June 17. June 24. AFFECTING THE ARTS, MANUFACTURES, INTENTIONS, &o. COPPER, £ 8. d. £ 8. d. £ 8. d. € 8. d. Best, selected, per ton 92 0 0 90 00 90 0 0 00 0 0 UNDER this heading we propose giving a succinct summary of such decisions and other Tough cake, do. 91 0 0 87 0 0 87 0 0 87 0 0 Copper wire, per lb. 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 proceedings of the Courts of Law, during the preceding month, as may have a distinct tubes, do. 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 and practical bearing on the various departments treated of in our Journal: selecting Sheathing, per ton 93 0 0 93 0 0 92 0 0 92 0 0 those cases only which offer some point either of novelty, or of useful application to the Bottoms, do. ...100 0 0 9800 98 0 0 98 0 0 manufacturer, the inventor, or the usually--in the intelligence of law matters, at least IRON. -less experienced artizan. With this object in view, we shall endeavour, as much as Bars, Welsh, in London, perton 7 15 0 7 15 0 8 0 0 possible, to divest our remarks of all legal technicalities, and to present the substance Nail rods, do. 8 10 0 8 10 0 8 10 0 of those decisions to our readers in a plain, familiar, and intelligible shape. Stafford in London, do: 8 16 0 8 15 0 8 16 0 Bars, do. 8 15 0 8 15 0 8 15 0 Hoops, do. 9 15 0 9 15 0 9 15 0 Sheets, single, do. 10 7 6 10 7 6 10 7 6 CBOOK V. JOSSE.-This was an action of trover, tried in the Court of Exchequer, for Pig, No. 1, in Wales, do. 4 10 0 4 10 0 4 10 0 certain iron castings. The plaintiff' is an ironfounder at Bolton, Lancashire, and in 1863 in Clyde, do. 2 14 9 2 15 0 2 15 6 had contracted with a firm of Ellis and Co. to send a quantity of iron curbs, which were required for the construction of a railway, to Spain. Ellis and Co., who had been paid LEAD. by the plaintiff, subsequently employed the defendant, who was a shipping agent, to transmit the goods for them. After the arrival of the curbs in Spain, Ellis and Co. English pig, ord, soft, per ton 19 10 0 became insolvent, and the defendant thereupon claimed to hold the goods for the amount sheet, do. 20 5 0 due for their carriage. After the case had been opened, Mr. Williams said he felt that red lead, do. 22 0 0 there was no substantial defence to the action, and would, therefore, consent to a verdict white, do. 26 0 0 Spanish, do. for the plaintiff. Damages, £333 118. 8d. ... 19 00 BRASS. Sheets, per lb. 009 0 0 0} 00 9} 00 93 Wire, do. 0 09 0 0 9 0 09 0 0 9 NOTES AND NOVELTIES. Tubes, do, 0 0 9 0097 0 0 93 009 FOREIGN STEEL. OUR "NOTES AND NOVELTIES" DEPARTMENT.-A SUGGESTION TO OUR READERS. Swedish, in kegs (rolled) 13 5 0 13 00 13 0 0 (hammered) 14 15 0 14 15 0 14 15 0 We have received many letters from correspondents, both at home and abroad, thanking English, Spring 18 0 0 18 0 0 18 00 us for that portion of this Journal in which, under the title of "Notes and Novelties,” Quicksilver, per bottle 8 (0 8 0 0 8 0 0 we present our readers with an epitome of such of the “events of the month preceding" as may in some way affect their interests, so far as their interests are connected with TIN PLATES. any of the subjects upon which this Journal treats. This epitome, in its preparation, IC Charcoal, 1st qu., per box 18 0 1 8 0 necessitates the expenditure of much time and labour; and as we desire to make it as IX 1 14 0 1 14 0 IC 2nd perfect as possible, more especially with a view of benefiting those of our engineering qua,, 1 6 6 1 6 6 IC Coke, per box 1 3 0 1 3 0 brethren who reside abroad, we venture to make a suggestion to our subscribers, from IX 1 9 0 1 9 0 which, if acted upon, we shall derive considerable assistance. It is to the effect that we shall be happy to receive local news of interest from all who have the leisure to collect and forward it to us. Those who cannot afford the time to do this would greatly assist our efforts by sending us local newspapers containing articles on, or notices of, any facts ON UNSINKABLE OR RAFT SHIPPING. connected with Railways, Telegraphs, Harbours, Docks, Canals, Bridges, Military Engineering, Marine Engineering, Shipbuilding, Boilers, Furnaces, Smoke Prevention, By CHARLES ATHERTON, late Chief Engineer Royal Dockyard, Woolwich. Chemistry as applied to the Industrial Arts, Gas and Water Works, Mining, MetalA paper has been recently read by Mr. Atherton at the Royal United lurgy, &c. To save time, all communications for this department should be Iressed “19, Salisbury-street, Adelphi, London, W.C." and be forwarded, as early in the month Service Institution on the subject of Unsinkable or Raft Shipping, wherein as possible, to the Editor. the author sets forth the qualifications of vessels which, instead of possessing their buoyancy by reason of their bollow form, owe their floating MISCELLANEOUS. capabilities to their being constructed chiefly of materials of less specific POLLUTION OF RIVERS.-Instructions have been issued from the Home-office to the gravity than water. He proposes to construct the vessels so that, with commissioners appointed to inquire into the pollution of rivers directing then to take selected river basins, illustrating different classes of employment and population, with a the exception of cavities for the reception of machinery and coals, they view to ascertain whether a measure absolutely prohibiting the discharge of the refuse of will be solid up to a level somewhat above the logged water line, the towu sewage on to the lands, might not be remedying one evil at the cost of an evil still mines and manufactories into rivers, or absolutely compelling town authorities to carry materials used being so combined as to give the requisite strength with more serious in the shape of injury to health and damage to manufactures. The Secre tary of State suggests that the following river basins might be taken :-Ist, the Thames sufficient buoyancy. Thus, layers of 10in. of cork might be alternated Valley, both as example of an agricultural river basin, with many navigation works, such with others iron '08in., or oak 1.05in., as bonding. as locks and weirs, and mills affecting the flow of water, and many towns and some manu factories discharging their sewage and refuse into the stream from which is mainly deMr. Atherton's object was to show the suitability of vessels of this class rived the water supply of the metropolis, 2nd, the Mersey Valley, including its feeders, particularly the Irwell, as an example of the river basin, most extensively polluted by all for the purposes of war, as, however much riddled with shot they may be, forms of manufacturing refuse, particularly that arising from the cotton manufacture, they cannot sink, but will still afford some refuge for those on board who, example of the same class, particularly in connection with the woollen and iron manu and processes connected therewith. 3rd, the Aire and Calder Basin, as an additional in the case of the sinking of ships of the ordinary construction used in factories: 4th, the Severn Basin, for the same reason, but in particular connection with the great seats of the iron trade. 5th, the Taft Valley, in connection with mining and naval warfare, would have but a comparatively small chance of being saved. industry, applied to metals ; and 6th, a river basin, comprising the mining districts in Cornwall. Patent PNEUMATIC Loom COMPANY.-A prospectus has been issued of the Patent Pneumatic Loom Company, with a capital of £250,000, in shares of £10. The company IMPORTANT INVENTION.- The Western Morning News states that Mr. was originally incorporated in October, 1863, with a nominal capital of £100,000, and its Gale, electrician, of Plymouth, has discovered a process by which powder Continental as well as the English patents. The leading principle of the invention con proposed extension to £250,000 is consequent upon arrangements for purchasing the can be rendered non-explosive, and its combustible properties restored sists in the direct action of compressed air in throwing the shuttle in lieu of piekers, when required. The discovery possesses every element of an important the calculations in the prospectus as to the saving in power to be correct, the under shafts, &c., ordinarily employed. The works are at Salford, Manchester, and supposing and practical invention. The process is simple and effective. It cannot taking should be of vital interest to the trade of the country and profitable to all con: injure the powder. The cost is very small, and it has the advantage of cerned. The true test of the practical opinions entertained oa this point must be looked being readily applied. In five minutes a barrel of powder can be inade for in the degree of readiness with which the wealthy millowners of Lancashire may be non-explosive, and in another five minutes it can be restored to its original disposed to subscribe the required capitai. condition. We bave seen gunpowder subjected to this process and stirred IN PARIS THE IRONWORKs have still a vast number of orders on hand. One establishwith a red-hot poker without an explosion. If a shell burst in a store the central lines, and several screw steamboats of 50 horse-power for the navigation of ment is constructing thirty locomotives, of which ten are to have eight wheels, for one of filled with the prepared powder, it would not fire it. The process can be the lower Seine. An iron lighthouse of the largest size is likewise being constructed in readily applied to the largest or the smallest quantities, and it does not Paris for the Government of the Argentine Republic. It is to be placed at the confluence require any cumbersome apparatus. The invention will solve the serious of the Uruguay and the Parana, where the junction forms the Rio de Plata. difficulty which has been felt as to the storage of powder in time of peace, TRADE OF THE SOUTH WALES POETS.-During the month of May 20,122 tons of coa and in war it will avert the danger which now arises from the necessity of sponding month of last year. "Coastwise the shipments reached 57,831 tons, as com Page 16
LIST OF APPLICATIONS FOR LETTERS 1563 W.J.Purges-Reapiug machines 1370 H. B. Fox-Construction of the necks of bot 1628 M Henry-Effecting and recording teiegraphic 1504 10. Hanc ck and F. Barney-Obtaining motive tles communications PATENT. power 1571 W. W. Hulse-Tools for cutting metals or 1629 H A. Brooman-Shaping of iron iuteuded for 1505 H Aliran-Hollow cylinders used in hydrau other materials horse shoes lie apparatus 1572 G. Hascit:ne -Sewing machines 16:30 R. d. Brooman-Watches and other time 1573 W. E Godge -Penetrating or impreguating We Are ADOPTED 9506 11,111man-Iron and steel keepers woods 1631 ). H. Jolteon Lamp burbers and parts con. TAX PROVISIONAL PROTECTIONS APPLIED FOR and heating purposes 1574 J. de Hemptione-Spinning of cotton and other nected there with 1.508 T. Briusmend Exercising chair for infants fibrus substances BY INVENTORS AT THE GREAT SEAL PATENT, 1632 Cd.lamont--Desiccating eggs, aud app ratus 1509 F. Knight - Economic boiler for hot water ap. 1575 C. Vernou and W. Hodgkins-Safety valves for effecting the same OFFCR. IF ANY DIFFICULTY SHOULD ARISE for steam engines 1633 W T Wauklyn--Silk siuding ranchines, part WITH REFERRSCK TO THR NAMES, ADDRESSES, 1519 T F Wright --Steam pressure gauge 1570 J. Baher-Obtaining power when fluid pressure of lim said improvements being also applicable to 1511 'T. Hunt Construction of the permanent way is employed cleaning adi doublug in chines OR TITLRS GIVEX IN THE LIST, THK RRQUIof railway 1577 W H Harfield-Apparatus for steering ships SITE IN FORMATION WILL BE FORNISHED, FREE 1512 H. Mallet-Manufacture of lace in twist lace aud vessels inachines 1578 G. E. Meek and W. H. Howes--Fastenings for OP RIPENSR, FROM THE OFFICE, BY ADDRESSING doors 15!3 W' EX-utop-Pocket lantern DATED JUNE 17th, 1865. A LETTER, PREPAID, TO THE Editor OV 1514 W, E. Nesvtou Raising the pile of woren or 1634 W". Deltor-Preparntion of regetable fibre for "THE ARTIZAN," other fabrics DATED JUNE 10th, 1865. the manutncture of paper 1635 H. E. Chittoo-- Lip and surface shaving the DATED JUNE 2nd, 1863. 1579 J. M. Dentith-Manufacture of chromate of splitting aud bvellone up leather and other like DATED MAY 2 th, 1865. substances in shpets and strips 1515 1. Allian--Preventing te ignition of com. potash 16:35 A. Kein-Gunpowdes firmining and war 1444 C. Cotton aud F. Anderson --Puffing and press. bustible matter 138. J. Henderson-Printing wool, worsted, or other purses ! ing machine 1516 J. Notenli-Valves 1581 A. H. Gilmore--Supporting doors or windows 16:37 W. How's and W. Burley-Lamps fur railway 1445 W. Clark-Knitting machines 1517 1. Pritchard-Fornaces used in the manufac. in any required position and other citrin 1446 W, E. GudgeStav or corset busk ture of welded iron tihpg 1542 R A Booman-Furnaces 1447 J. A. Heinrich- Rotary machines to be used as 1639 G. Payu-Improvements in purifying coiton 1518 R. A. Bromun-Electro-magnetic clocks aud 1583 D Spiuk-Prope.liug Vessels seed ou Steam engines otlier timekeepers 158.J. Glazebrok, M. N. Mills, and B. R. Mills- 1639 1448 R. Canham-Furnace. R. Crampton-Roadways, floorings, and 1519 W. Gadd and J. Moore-Manufacture of pile Sewing machines other surfaces 149 G Elliot and R. P. Clark-Loading and dis. fabrics 1640 E Byerley--Communication between passen charging cargo from ships 152 G. Kun And W. H. West-Apparatus nscd gers and fund 1450 C.B. Smeth-Extinguishing fires when boiling milk DATED JUNE 12th, 1865. 1641 G. Haseltine-Sewing machinery and stitch 1451 M. Cohen-Construction of furnaces or fire. 1521 H. E. Niton-Steain boilers torined by the name places 152: F. J. Boltou aod H. Matheson-- Producing 1535 E. T. Hughes, -Violet of rosaniline which is 1612 V Baker-Arrying and utilising water power printing surfices solubl. in water aud in courpressing air, and in the meaus to be 1523 J. Shepherd -Steam boilers 1386 J E. Poyuter-Iinprovements in purifying pa- employed therein DATED MAY 27th, 1665. raffine 1587 G, Haseltine-Cutting and excavatiug rock for 1452 C. Frazer-Sawing machines Darer JUNE 3rd, 1865. railway tunnels 1453 S. Sequelin-Purifying animal or vegetable 1588 G. Bou-li-Applying photography to the ef DATED JUNE 19th, 1863, oils 1524 T. Firetrt and J. Eckersler-Inoms fects of inicroscopical anmated images 1454 I.. Brierler-Ornamenting japanned surfaces 1525 A. lane interBierchond ng fire-arms 1599 G. Speight-Machine for curling or carring 1643 H. Defries-Enabling the guards of railway 1455 J. M. Roman-Railway tyto 1526 W. Holden-Putting twist ia all fibrous sub. collars and cuffs 1456 R. A. Brooman-Manufacturing oil from fatty 1590 R A. Brooman-Furnaces trails 10 paks from oue part of a railway train to Another hatters 1527 C, Taylar--Tube cutters and screw stocks 1591 J. Thomas-Purification of heating and light | 1614 E, Whalley-Twisting, doubling, and laying 1457 R. A. Brooman-Reproducing or producing 1528 E. Enntman--Measuring the human tigure for ing gases all kinds of yarns copies of writings garments 1592 J. Hayes-Improved construction of sewing 1645 C. Hok' aud A. Peace-Prupellers for ships 1458 R. A. Broomau-Measuring gas and other machines aud other ve sels fluida 1593 W.J. Hixon-Permanent way of railways and 1459 T. Bourop_-Turning and finishing bodies of a DATED JUNE 5th, 1865. 1616 G. Smith-wcomctive engines and railway in locomotives carriages spherica: furi 1460 L Moser -Steel, and in furnaces tised in the 1529 J. Stephenson-l'mbrellas 1647 J. H. Johnson-Treatment and preservation of many freture 1530 W. Townend-Twisting yarns whereby much the hair DATED JUN 13th, 1865. 1 461 T Binsell-Breech-loading fire-arms, and in waste is resepted 1615 W. Clay-Ventilating railway carriages and in sights for rifles 1531 C. de Bergue--Bending and straightening irou the apparatus employed bars 1591 A. Robinson-Apparatus for firing and curing 1462 L Diele-locking or fastening tiers or sets of tea drawers 1532 C, de Bergue--Iron erections 1595 G, Hageltine-Improvements in fases for shells for ordnanc- DATED JUNE 20th, 1865. employed in and for thr manufacture of paper 1619 P. Mingaud--Ohtaiping jellies aud other proDATED MAY 29th, 1865. 1536 A. J. Aspinail-Haud stamp for printing 1597. C. A. Hemingway-Improved caged splint for ducts from the Arbutus Ubedo, kuown as the Arbutus 1464 J. A Heinrich-Washing raw materials worked 1537 J A. Woodbury--Paper or cluth lined paper 1593 J J. Bodmer-Partitions, walls, floors, and 1650 G. C.ars-Protecting bottles, jars, and other out or unworked to be employed in the manufac routs of buildings collars ture of fabrics fragile articles 1538 J. Robertson--Actuating the slide valves of 1399 W. J. Hopkins-Force dispeller or spring buto 1465 H. Tipper-Shirts 1651 A. Colly-Improvements applicable to breechmarine stram engines ting apparatus 1466 W. Setile--Bottle stopper loading tire-arang 1539 J. H. Johnson --Corks or bungs for stopping 1600 c. J. Collins-A new or improred artificial fuel 1652 W E. Gedgc-Improved elastic mattress or 1967 P. A. Le Comte de Fontainemoreau-Manufac. butiles 1601 J. H. Johnson-Whecls for locomotives and spring brd 1653 P. Carlevatis-Producing a light applicable to 1468 H. Mosels-Machine to be driven by the pres. 1511 W. E Newton--Photo-electrotyping process oth-r purposes photographic and other purposes Bure of a suid 1512 F. Tolhausen-B.eak applicable to various de 1602 1. Routledge and W. H. Richardson-Paper 1469 P. Young-Fornaces 1654 1. Baigs-Improvements in electric telegraph scriptions of stram engines and paper stock instruments 1470 H. Son-Keyless watches 1513 A. 1. L. Gordon---Telegraphic communication 1603 S. Horridge-Communicating signals in rail. 1655 E, G. Brewer---Improvements in the construc1471 B. Myers nud J. Stodart-Preventing downward on railwnis way trains tion of tnpa or valves draught in chimdess 1544 J. Kennedy-Submerging telegraphic cables 1601 J. Griffiths--Self-acting break for four-wheeled 1656 W, Clark-Apparatus and means for genera1472 W Johnson-Vicer 1545 C. H. Wansbrough-Condensing pans used in carriages 1473 F. A. Pagei-Locking screws and the puts of ting motive power 1605 F A. Laurent and J Casthelaz-Manufacture the coudensation of milk bolts of phthalic acid 1657 J. Parrish, C. Thatcher, and T. Glaskcock Preventing the forcius or wedging open of iroa 1474 C. H. Murray-Cutting off wooden piles below safes water DATEN JUNE 6th, 1865. 1658 J. Scholl-Invention of improvements in gas 5475 W. T. Hamilton-Circular saws, commonly burners DATRD JUNE 14th, 1865. called drunken saws 1546 G. Haseltide-Breech-loading fire-arms and in 1659 W. Hensou--Communication between passencartridges for the same 1606 H. G. Fairburn-Compressing and solidifying gers and guard 1547 D. Barker--Artificial fuel DATED MAY 30th, 1865. 1549 H. H. hrom.chrurder and J. F. Kromschrorder 1670 M. Audinwood - Improvements in reaping ma1607 B. Massey and S, Massey-Hammers and other chines -Dry ras meters 1476 S. Davis-Dog leash or slip machiors actuated by steam 1549 R. A. Broomon-Reservoirs for storing petro. 1661 D. McGlasham --Sewing machines, and in the 1477 W. Smith-Self-delivering road-scraper 1698 C de Vendeuvre-Spring stoppers to chain leum audiather vils apparatus connected there with 1478 W. H Stanley-Wickets cables 1554 R. A. Brooman-Combi gwool 1602 E, l'iguier-Distilling avd rectifying, and in 1479 J. Hare-Cleaning the interior of tubes or kol. 1609 A. E. Brae--Conducting electric currents 1551 A. Pemberton and A. W. Pemberton-Twisting the apparatus employed low cylinders throngh railway trains fibrous myterinis 1663 E, Dupont-Improved system of wheels for 1480 J. Hibell-Annealing pots and saucers 1610 W, Edson-Indicating the hygrometric condi. 1552 6. Haseitiue-Fuses and projectiles for rifled railway carriages 1181 J. Jopling-Strering vessels tion of the atmosphere ordnance 14°2 W Martin-Brooms 1611 G B. Keats and J. Keats-Improrements in 1483 M. Meisel-Spinuing machinery 1553 J. Howaith-Distilling coal shule and other sewing machines carbonaceous subs ances 161: W. R. Mulley-Improvements in sheathing DATED JUNE 21st, 1865. iron ships holes DATED JUNE 7th, 1865. 1613 S. Courtauld and C. W. Atkinson-Opening 1664 J. Busfield and 'S. B. Walmsles-Combing 1486 R. H. Collyer-Materials for the manufacture and shutting carriage windows wool and other fibrous materials of paper 1554 A. C. Henderson-Tanniog hides, and in ape 1614 H. Ormson-Improvements in multitubular 1665 W. Clark - Typographic and lithographic 1487 J. Calvert-Locks paratus connected th-rewith hot water boilers printing 1666 W. I Gedge-Fire escape, applicable to other 1556 F. Forster-Oil feed is thod of moulding wheels purposes 1557 W Tunge-Machinery for combing fibrous DATED JUNE 15th, 1865. 1667 M. Henry-Improvements in Apparatus for materials measuring fluids DATED MAY 31st, 1865. 1538 T. Smith-Tools having a hole for receiving a 1615 S. Heleman-Pastening shirt collars and other1668 C. H. Gardner-l'olishing, smoothing, and handle articles frciug stone 1489 T. Spencer-Paints applicable to iron and other 1559 W. Sim and A. Barff-Gencrating heat, and in 1669 C. T. Porter--Surface condensers for stean whips' bottoms 1616 8. Helcman-Stud for fastening shirts and the apparatus for effecting the same engines other articles 1490 T A. Browne and J. Knight-Hair brushing 1560 J. Fergusu sud R. Miller-Steel 1670 W. C. Rickman-Rigging of sailing boats and by machinery 1617 J. F. Dubois-Bit for stopping runaway or res1561 W, B, Newton-Governors Vessels 1191 P. Pilkington-Steam hammers, partly appli. tire horses cable to steam engines 1618 V. Poitevin-Steam plough 1671 W. Roberts ---Improvements in machinery for 1492 R. Howarth --Apparatus for increasing the cutting dovetails DATED JUNE 8th, 1865. 1619 T. Rothwell-Rubbing or rolling woollen or safety of ra lway passengers cotton cardings 1493 1. Rogers--Signalling on railway trains 1562 J. R Cooper--Central fire breech-londing fire 1620 R. A. Broomau-Furnaces 1494 H. Monier-Gas burner 1621 W. C ark-Preventing collisions and other ac DATEN JUNE 22nd, 1865. 1495 F. Hizeldine-Carto employed for transporting 1563 S. B. Tucker-Heated air engines cidents on railways furniture 1564 H Hunt and R. Hunter-Frames for looking. 1622 M. P. W. Buulton-Improvements in genera. | 1672 S. Godfrey-Improvements applicable to fur 1496 W. A. Brown-Mechanical arrangements for tiur steam nace bars glasses steering ships 1565 8. Stell, T. Broughtou,and F. Hali-Preparing 1623 G. E. Way-Improvements in the manufacture 1673 N. de Becker-Improvements in urnbrellas and 1497 P. N Giubourne-Indicating the pressure of and spinuintibrous substances of pianofortes parasols steam or liquids in gauges 1674 E. K Dution-Measuring aud indicating the 154;6 J. Dreport-Sewing machines 1624 P. Lawrence and G. Jeffreys-linprovements in 1198 T. Summerson--Foundry cupolas copying presses flow of liquids 1567 BS Cohen-Sheathing or coating the bottoms 1499 W, E. Newton-Carpets 1625 J. Hartlry-Corn screens 2675 J. M. Abrams-apparatns for the reception of coin 2500 J. Petrie-Washing wool and other fibrous 1568 G.' Haseltine--Sifting flour and other sub 1626 H. A. Bonneville-Facilitating the tractiou of substances 1676 M. Siegrist-Apparatus for signalling va rail. stances Page 17
Machinery adapted to Coal Mines.
THE ARTIZAN, [ Aug. 1, 1865.
5 and 6 enlarged sections of the keel at lines 0 and 34 respectively of the bad atmosphere, during the whole day's work; a good man holes at the shear plan, and Fig. 7 an enlarged horizontal section of the keel. rate of a yard an hour, three feet deep. NOTE.—We now give a corrected diagram of the way to construct the The earliest attempts of engineers to apply machinery to mining is of blades of rotarypumps, comparatively late date. The first I will notice is a plan patented by Mr. Waring, in 1852. He placed a number of cutters round a wheel, our paper that projecting beyond the rim; this wheel, worked by steam, air, or water, subject, owing to in. was forced into the face of the coal, and, further, had a transverse advertence the motion, so that, when set in motion, a continuous channel was cut. part of our wood engraver. A number of plans similar to this have been proposed since, but none of We should state, also, that those them, as far as I am aware, have been practically successful. Designs pumps were con- for cutting with saws, cutters on endless chains, &c., have all in their structed by Messrs. turn been tried, but none of these have been so successful as to merit Hick and Sons, of Bolton, to whose couro my taking up your time describing them more particularly. tesy our readers are The first class of machine that has met with anything like practical indebted for the inte success, is that in which the holing is accomplished by picking. Ridley resting plate which we were able to give in and Rothery obtained a patent for a pick machine, in 1861 ; this is the our last issue. first, as far as I am aware. Since then, many improvements have been made; these I will mention as we proceed. (To be continued.) The essential features in all pick machines are these :-A pick is mounted on a vertical shaft, free to move in a horizontal plane; the shaft is supported by bearings in a strong frame, or carriage, mounted on ON MACHINERY ADAPTED TO COAL MINING. wheels, so that it may be run along the face of coal. The carriage (Illustrated by Plate 284.) carries a cylinder, with piston, piston rod and stuffing box, and a suitable The following paper by Mr. George Lauder, C.E., was recently read arrangement of valves, to admit the motive poszer-compressed air. before the Liverpool Polytechnic Society :-In this paper it is proposed The piston rod is connected to the vertical shaft carrying the pick, a to treat of some of the methods that have been suggested and put into vibratory motion is by this means effected. The pick being placed in operation for mining coal by machinery; the object being to explain, as proper position, the holing is thus performed :-A hand wheel is proclearly as possible, the main features of the machines, rather than go into vided, geared with the wheels of the carriage, by which the attendant any lengthened description of detail, and further, to describe more par: back part of the carriage, the hand wheel and valve gear being placed in moves it forward as the holing proceeds. The attendant is seated on the ticularly an American invention for this purpose, and which is illustrated in the accompanying Plate. position conveniently reached by him. In working beds of coal, two distinct plans have been adopted by mining | be at work successfully at West Ardsley Colliery, holing 100 yards length Frith and Dormisthrope's machine, one of the class described, is said to engineers, according to the nature of the roof and thickness of seam, of face, 3 ft. deep, per day of eight working hours; when tried at Redding viz., “long wall,” and “post and stall,” or “stoop and room" methods. Colliery, Scotland, the results were not so satisfactory, the rate being In the first plan, a clear opening is made along the whole face of the coal only five yards per hour. to be got, the coal being removed entirely as the work proceeds, the roof is supported by props of timber, a sufficient distance from the working with an endless screw, by which means he is enabled to turn the pick in Jones' machine has a toothed wheel, fitted on the rocking shaft gearing, face to allow the miner room to work; as the coal is extracted, these props are withdrawn and advanced, allowing the floor and roof to come toge any required direction. Nisbet's machine differs from the others in having the piston rod ther, which it does, in many cases, as if the bed of coal had never existed. attached to a separate shaft, and similar to the crank shaft of an ordi. In the latter method, a system of galleries are driven from the foot of the shaft, at right angles, or nearly so, to each other ; as the work pro- from this to the shaft carrying the pick. The relative position of the nary steam engine; an adjustable connecting rod communicates motion ceeds, these galleries increase in number, so that in a pit that has been pick and piston can thus be easily altered, and the pick made to deliver sometime in operation, the plan of the workings presents a similar appear its stroke when the piston is at its maximum velocity. A self-acting ance to a draught-board. When the limit of distance from the foot of traversing motion is added, likewise a self-acting motion to work the the shaft is reached, the stoops, or posts of coal that have been left in valves for the return stroke. working forward, are removed as far as practicable-the mining now pro In all these machines, the motive power employed is compressed air, ceeding from the remote part towards the shaft; this operation is attended the compression being effected at the surface, or at the foot of the shaft, usually with very great danger, from the great difficulty experienced in and the air led by pipes to the machine at the working face. A consupporting the roof effectively. siderable loss is entailed by this method; all the heat generated in the The long wall method is that best adapted for the application of mining compression is lost during the transmission, which is just so much loss of machines. mechanical energy, and announts to a considerable per centage of the In both methods the coal is extracted by "holing” or “undercutting ;" whole power employed. A good deal has been said of the advantages this consists in cutting a continuous channel in the lowest part of the coal, of having a stream of cool fresh air issuing at the working face; but the or in the stratum immediately below it; when this is done, the coal, in opinion of most of the practical colliery managers I have heard on the some cases, falls by its own weight, in others, it has to be wedged down subject is against having their ventilating arrangements interfered with. froom the roof, wbile in others, blasting with gunpowder, has to be A supply of air, necessarily intermittent, cannot be taken into consideraresorted to. The holing is at present performed by hand labour, and is tion in ventilating arrangements, and may interfere prejudicially with the what we hope in future to see done by a machine, which, while doing the regular currents. work cheaper, will relieve the men from the hard and physically debili. The next machine I have to notice is Carrat's; it differs in its printating labour. To accomplish the holing, the miner has to lay himself on ciple of action from the pick machines, and also in the motive power emhis side, his shoulders only sufficiently raised from the floor to admit of ployed. The holing is performed by a set of three cutters, mounted on his working the pick; in this position he continues, frequently in a very a strong iron rod, worked to and fro by a hydraulic engine, mounted on a Page 18
Law of Density of Saturated Steam.
This formula was directly obtained from the Table of pressures adopted quantities P, V, or PV may be expressed in terms of either of the other by M. Regnault, through observing that the differential co-efficient of log two quantities. In order to express V in terms of P, we obtain, by P, at any temperature t, was always represented by dividing log. V by log. P, log. V *03365 log. T αφ log. P 1 the exponent (= n + 1) being equal to the number 2-302585, 1 939944; k 1.06389 which is the lyperbolic logarithm of 10. The first and only satisfactory observations made for determining by consequently V experiment the density of saturated steam at various temperatures, are those of Messrs. William Fairbairn and Thomas Tate. They are published and PV = P + in the “ Philosophical Transactions ” of the year 1860. The difficulties are great in the way of making correct observations on the density of Similarly may be obtained saturated steam in free communication with water. Such steam has not P= V – 1.0638), yet been obtained in a pure state, there being always an admixture of and water with such steam. Part of the water is suspended in the form of PV = V - •06389. cloud or mist, and part is pressed as a film of Auid against the sides of the containing vessel. Messrs. Fairbairn and Tate appear to have overcome According to the notation herein used, the quantities P, V, and PV the chief impediments to correct observation by the use of their “satura- represent ratios of pressure, volume, and expansive force at absolute tion-gauge." On examining the results obtained, it will be found that the temperature (a + t) to similar quantities at absolute temperature (a) law of progression according to temperature for the density as given by degrees. That is to say P, V, and P V are used to represent quantities these observations, is not much less regular than the law of progression usually represented by P V PV and Po' Vo for pressure as given by the observations of M. Regnault. It will be found the quantities Po, Vo, and Po Vo that the function of the variable t involved in the law of density is iden- Po V, being constants determined of, or assumed to be determined, by tical with the function of the variable t involved in the law of pres observation for the absolute temperature (a) degrees. The theoretical The differential co-efficient of log P has already been found to be numbers contained in the four annexed Tables have been obtained by adopting the absolute temperature 376° (corresponding to 100° C.) as the + a ( fixed point from which the variable (t) is measured. At this point Po 2116-4 lbs. to the square foot, as determined by observation. At the It will now be found that the differential co-efficient of log v is same temperature, V: = 26-36 cubic feet occupied by 1 lb. weight of water when converted into steam. And at the same temperature, P, Vo = 2116-4 * 26:36 = 55788 ft. Ibs. expansive force exerted by 1 lb. al (1+ :) weight of saturated steam. These three constants, Po, Vo, and (PV)o, may, bowever, be more conveniently denoted by the letters H, K, The constant a for pressure at temperature 100° C. was found to and H. be + •03580. The new constant ai for volume at the same temperature, In Table I. are exhibited the results of twenty out of the twenty-three will be found to be - .03265. In the investigation of the law of pressure above referred to, it has been Table I.-Volumes of a unit weight of saturated Steam at different Tem. shown (“ Philosophical Magazine,” Vol. xxix., p. 179) that for any given peratures, as deduced from the experiments of Messrs. Fairbairn and interval of temperature, the logarithm of the pressure P of saturated Tate, compared with the volumes given by the new formula and by Dr. steam is a simple function of the logarithm of the expansive force p of a Rankine's theory respectively. unit weight of a perfectly elastic vapour maintained at a constant volume. The quantity p being Specific Volume of one pound weight Temperature. Pressure of 1 + according to efi, relative according it was there shown that cording to Fahren. Centi- Regnault. Diffe- New Rankine. d. log. P heit, grade. = a a pun formula, a a e-ly = a a e-log. p. and Tate. d. log. P By integration was obtained for value of hyp. log. P, atmospheres cub. ft. cub. ft. cub. ft. cub. ft. aas 1368 582 82753 132:56 -49 123.07 132.20 log. Psa { 155-3 68:5 •288 5333-5 8544 39 85-05 85:10 If we put 159:4 70-8 317 4920-2 78.82 - 1.19 7753 77'64 170.9 77.2 en los.”}; .415 3722:3 59.63 + 56 60:19 60-16 o log. p = { 171.5 77-5 •421 3715:1 59:51 *08 59:43 59:43 we get 174.9 794 455 3138:1 55.08 + 12 55-20 55-20 log. P= a o log. P, and P = e a plog. P. 182:3 835 *537 3051'0 48.87 - 1:57 47:30 47.28 The formula for the pressure of saturated steam being P = ea q log. Po 1883 86:8 611 2623.4 42:02 17 41.85 41.81 the formula for volume is V = e-a log. p.; and the formula for the ex. 1988 92.7 pansive force of a unit weight of such steam is •764 2149-5 34:43 *50 33.93 33.94 242.9 117.2 1•793 943:1 15-11 15:23 15:25) PV = e (a - a) o log. P = ea,, log. P. 244-8 118.2 1.855 908.0 14:55 + 20 14-75 14:77 The value of a in the formula for pressure has been shown to be *03580, 245-2 118.5 1.869 892-5 14:30 + 34 14:64 14.67 which represents the rate of increase per degree (Centigrade) of the pressure at the absolute temperature 376°, or at 100° on the Centigrade 2555 1242 2.238 759.4 12:17 + 19 12:36 12:39 scale. In order to represent the law of volume, we have to put (for the 263.1 128.4 2-548 6192 10:40 + +54 10-94 10.96 same temperature) a, •03365; and to represent the law of expansive 2672 13007 2.728 635:3 10:18 force we have to put a,, = + .00215. + *08 10:26 10-29 We thus obtain the following ex. ressions for pressure, volume, and expansive force, reckoned from 100° 2692 131.8 2.819 6057 9:70 + 25 9.95 9.98 Centigrade: 2748 134:9 3.017 5814 9:36 9:14 9:16 P = ea o log. 1, and log. P = + '03580 ° log. p. , 282-6 1392 3.500 4972 7.96 + 16 8:12 8.14 V = 6 - a, plog. P, and log. V - 03365 o log. p. 237.2 141.8 3.767 4583 7:34 + 24 7058 7.60 plog. P, and log. P V = + .00215 q log. p. 2925 144:7 4.086 4331 8.94 + '08 7.02 7.04 By the aid of the three foregoing equations any one of the three * Instead of 15:01, stated in error by Dr. Rankine. Page 19
Lowe's Patent Boring Machines, &c.
INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS. straight as it bores, as a vein of quartz., &c., will invariably cause the tool to go to one side, and jam it if not secured. The Council have awarded the following premiums : 7th, That the tool should reciprocate with the piston, as the hole can be 1. A Telford medal, and a Telford premium, in books, to Joseph William Ba- the piston, as experienced in the case of Westmacott's machine at Allenheads easier kept free from debris than if the tool is stationary and receives blows from zalgette, M. Inst. C.E., for his paper « On the Metropolitan System of Drainage, and elsewhere. and the Interception of the Sewage from the River Thames.” 8th. The carriage-frame should be so constructed that it can be brought to 2. A Telford Medal, and a Telford premium, in books, to Callcott Reilly, Assoc. work again immediately after a set of holes have been blasted—(a jet of air being Inst. C.E., for his paper “On Uniform Stress in Girder Work, illustrated by left open near the face at the time of explosion soon dilutes and clears off the reference to two bridges recently built.” gases resulting from the explosion of the powder)—and before the debris is re3. A Telford Medal, and a Telford premium, in books, to Edward Hele Clark, moved, which can be done whilst the inachine is at work, being carried or thrown for his “ Description of the Great Grimsby (Royal) Docks, with a Detailed Account through the machine. This will save the time, whicli is so much lost at Mont of the Enclosed Land, Entrance Locks, Dock Walls, &c.” Cenis, removing the debris before the machine can be set to work. 4. A Telford medal, and a Telford premium, in books, to Capt. Henry. Whatley and tear resulting from the quartz and rock dust. 9th. The working parts should be as much covered as possible, to prevent wear Tyler, R.E., Assoc. Inst. C.E., for his paper “On the Festiniog Railway for Passengers; as a 2ft. Gauge, with Sharp Curves, and worked by Locomotive sible, to prevent shocks so destructive, and, if possible, a steam-moved valve 10th. The motion for working the valve should be effected as gently as posEngines.” should be adopted. 5. A Telford premium, in books, to John England, M. Inst. C.E., for his paper 11th. The best system for rapid driving of tunnels, &c., is by boring holes and Giffard's Injector.' blasting, as so much time is occupied in cutting either a rectangular or circular 6. A Telford premium, in books, to Thomas Hawthorn, for his “ Account of trench, there being so much cutting ground to go through; whereas if a hole is the Docks and Warehouses at Marseilles.” bored in a right direction, a single blasting will displace a large amount of debris, 7. A Telford premium, in books; to Edward Fletcher, for his paper “On the and the smoke will be cleared in a few minutes it compressed air is used. It Maintenance of Railway Rolling Stock.” may be, however, found, that in very soft stone, such as sandstone, grit, &c., that 8. A Telford premium, in books, to Edward Johnston, M. Inst. C.E., for his Gay's, machine will drive a tunnel as rapidly, if not quicker. 12th. A strong water jet should be always used to clear the hole of debris, to The Chey-Air Bridge, Madras Railway.” prevent the tool from jamming. 9. A Telford premium, in books, to Godfrey Oates Mann, M. Inst. C.E., for 13th. The advancing of the tool should be done without any propelling gear, his paper “On the Decay of Materials in Tropical Climates, and the methods such as screws, worm, and worm-wheels, ratchets, levers, &c. T'he want of employed for arresting and preventing it.” such appliances greatly increases the durability of the machine, and for this 10. A Telford premium, in books, to William Jerry Walker Heath, Assoc. Inst. cause it is preferred to dispense with the turning gear and turn the tvol by C.E., for his paper “On the Decay of Materials in Tropical Climates, and the hand. methods employed for arresting and preventing it.” I will now describe the first boring cylinder which Mr. Low constructed, 11. A Telford premium, in books, to Joseph Taylor, Assoc. Inst. C.E., for his before the present kind, and which, with its tool, is but 4 feet 9 inches long. paper on - The River Tees, and the Works upon it connected with the Navi- in which the cylinder moves), the tool being telescopic, and is propelled from the The chief peculiarities are, that the cylinder is stationary (unlike all others, gation." piston (by a screw which goes up inside the piston-rod) in the progress of boring, 12. The Manby premium, in books, to Henry Burdett Hederstedt, Assoc. Inst. and is actuated by a diagonal slot attached to the cylinder by a roller ratchet C.E., for his “ Account of the Drainage of Paris.” wheel. The screw, therefore, receives the blows centrally, thus obviating the danger of the tool leaning to either side. Although provision is made that the tool travels at four different rates, proportionate to the hardness of the rock, this being regulated by the position of the diagonal propelling slot, which can be INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERS IN SCOTLAND. placed with a greater or less slope, so as to actuate either oue, two, three, or four teeth, and thus to move the screw with tool more or less quickly, it required ON LOW'S PATENT BORING MACHINES, &c. too much attention; and this, coupled with the crystallisation and gradual By Mr. Jonn DoWNIE. loosening of the screw and other parts, induced Mr. Low to construct one to do away with screws and gearing altogether, and to propel self-acting, according to The title of the paper read by Mr. Do nie was, “On Low's Machinery, as the rate that the tool is then cutting, and which, I am happy to say, Mr. Low applied to Working in Rock or Minerals, in Tunnelling, Driving Adits, Perpen has accomplished, and according to recent trials, granite was bored by it at the dicular and Inclined Shafts for Mines; Working against Face and Surface of rate of 14 inches in seven minutes, and 3 inches in 55 seconds; and the average Quarries ; Open Rock Cuttings for Railways or other purposes ; to Coal Cutting, rate at which it bores the rock at the Dublin Corporation Water-works Tunnel, Roundwood (which is excessively hard, so much so that the miners have someand to Mining operations generally, in lieu of the very slow, laborious, and un- times used from 24 to 36 tools to complete one hole 24 inches deep), composed healthy method of executing the above kind of work by hand; with a few of green hornblende interspersed with white quartz veins is one inch per minute. remarks on some of the other most recent appliances for Mining purposes.” The advancement of the tool as it bores, requires no attention, and Mr. Low has considered it best also to do away with the turning motion, and effect the same Having given a brief notice of different boring and coal-cutting machines, the by hand, as the very great rapidity of the blows is rather severe upon the turning author returned to the main subject of the paper, and described Mr. Low's motion. I may here mention that they can bore quicker, and keep the edge on machinery; first, stating what he thought to be the essential conditions of a tool better, by striking less hard, and to make up for not cutting so deep, the good boring machine, derived from actual experience, and which are fulfilled in blows have been increased from 250 to 500 or 600 blows per minute; conse quently the result is, that they have been enabled to bore one hole with two tools Mr. Low's new boring cylinder. without sharpening, instead of using five or six as formerly, and with one tool These conditions are: a hole 26 inches deep has been bored in the Roundwood granite without 1st. That the boring part, or the boring cylinder with tool, should be as short sharpening. as possible, so as to allow it to transit in any direction in the tunnel, and so TABLE I.-Giving the rate of working of the New Improved Boring Cylinder enable it to be set to bore at any angle, no matter how acute, and in the most in the specimen of Granite erhibited. favourable position and direction, so that the blast of such hole may displace the Distance largest amount of debris. No. of Hole. Time. Tool changed. bored. 2nd. That the carriage-frame carrying such cylinder should allow the same to be set easily in any position, so as to work in any direction, or at any inches. angle. 3 55 seconds First New tool. 3rd. That the reciprocating parts should be as few as possible, and no screws, FIRST levers, &c., should be used, as they work loose in time, and in the direct line of 7 minutes Second HOLE percussion there should not be more than the piston and rod, in one piece 7 3) Third of steel, and the tool, which should be secured in the piston so as to allow no New tool. play. 4th. That the advancement of the tool should be exactly in the same ratio as the tool is cutting, however variable may be the nature of the rock. For instance, 211 11 min. 10 sec. 8. 7 minutes Fourth SECOND New tool. that it may not over-feed or under-feed itself. HOLE 5th. In order to prevent crystallisation of the part exposed to the direct 11 71 Fifth New tool. concussion, a cushion of air should be provided, if possible, at the back of cylinder, which will also relieve the carriage-frame from the shocks of the blows. 193 14 minutes 6:b. The outer end of tool should be guided in a bearing to compel it to go Page 20
Again same wire and vibrator RECENT LEGAL DECISIONS From initial amplitude 20 to 10 ...... 103 vibrations (mean of eight trials). AFFECTING THE ARTS, MANUFACTURES, INVENTIONS, &c. This remarkable result suggested the question (d). (d) Only one comparison was made. It showed in a wire which was kept vibrating nearly all day, from day to day. after several days, very much more under this heading we propose giving a succinct summary of such decisions and other molecular friction than in another kept quiescent except during each experi. proceedings of the Courts of Law, during the preceding month, as may have a distinct ment. Thus two equal and similar pieces of wire were put up about the 26th of and practical bearing on the various departments treated of in our Journal: selecting April, hanging with equal and similar lead weights, the tops and bottoms of the those cases only which offer some point either of novelty, or of useful application to the two wires being similarly fixed by soldering. No. 2 was more frequently vi manufacturer, the inventor, or the usually--in the intelligence of law matters, at least brated than No. 1 for a few days at first, but no comparison of viscosities was -less experienced artizan. With this object in view, we shall endeavour, as much as made till May 15. Then possible, to divest our remarks of all legal technicalities, and to present the substance No. 1 subsided from 20 initial range to 10 in 97 vibrations. of those decisions to our readers in a plain, familiar, and intelligible shape. No. 2, the same subsidence in 77 vibrations. SYvonds r. Foxwell.-- This was an action tried in the Court of Queen's Bench, to During the greater part of May 16 and 17, No. 2 was kept vibrating, and No. 1 recover remuneration for services rendered as a skilled or scientific witness in a cause. quiescent, and late on May 17 experiments with the following results were made :-- It was an action by Captain Symonds, who of late years has practised as a civil engineer as the surviving partner in the late firm of Richard Roberts and Co., to recover the sam vibration, of £124 158. 6d., the amount of their charges as consulting engineers, for services renNo. 1. Subsided from 20 to 10 after 99 vibrations in 237 seconds.. 2:4 dered to the now defendant in a suit by him in the Court of Chancery against a Mr. Bog 98 235 2:4 tock, in which Mr. Foxwell sought to establish the validity of certain patents for sewing, 235 machines. The particulars claimed that sum. 98 The defendant paid into court £50, and 2-4 No. 2. Subsided from 20 to'lo after 58 denied any further liability. The present case had arisen out of the " great sewing142 2.45 machine patent case,” which was tried before the Lord Chancellor in the early part of 60 147 2:45 last year. In that case, of course, questions arose as to whether in truth a sewing- 56 139 2:45 machine could be made to work under the specification of Mr. Foxwell, and also, with 60 147 2 15 reference to other and prior patents, whether the process was new and was really his own invention. These questions were necessarily in a great degree, indeed, mainly mecha[Addition, May 27, since the reading of the paper.)--No. 1 has been kept at nical, and involved mechanical skill and experience'; and, as is usual, various eminent rest from May 17, while No. 2 has been kept oscillating more or less every day, engineers and mechanists were engaged as witnesses on either side. On the part of Mr. till yesterday, May 26, when both were oscillated, with the following results : Foxwell, the engineers, Mr. Bovill and Mr. Paul Hodge, were engaged. In the course of the hearing, about the date first mentioned in the particulars, it appeared to them desirable that Mr. Roberts should be called to give a governing opinion upon the vibration, No. 1. Subsided from 20 to 10 after 100 vibrations in 242 seconds mechanical questions involved, and he was accordingly called in. At that time, being in 2:42 weak health, he was, for the purpose af restoration, down at Aberystwith, in Wales, and 2. 44 or 45 vibrations 2:495 he came up to London for the purpose of the case, had various consultations, and attended (To be continued.) the court from day to day in orier to be examined as a witness, if necessary. It occurred, however, to the Lord Chancellor, that the validity of the specification might be determined as a question of law, and legal construction upon the face of it, without resort to external evidence as to mechanical action, and upon that point his Lordship ultimately decided; and, in point of fact, Mr. Roberts was not actually examined in court, though BOOKS RECEIVED. in attendance for that purpose. In the result, the Lord Chancellor decided against Mr. Foxwell that his patent was invalid on account of the insufficiency of his specification. He, of course, had to pay costs, as an unsuccessful suitor, to the opposite party in Chan“Society of Engineers. Transactions for 1861." London : E. and F. N. cery, and he would also have to pay his own witnesses at the ordinary rate allowed on Spon. 1865. taxation of costs-that is, in the case of professional men, three guincas a day. The question, however, was as to their extra charges as "skilled witnesses.” Mr. Roberts had since died, and the present action was by his surviving partner, ('aptain Symonds, who was examined as a witness in support of the claim which he said he had made out partiy from the diary of Mr. Roberts and partly from his information, and that there was no INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION FOR THE CITY OF London.-A crowded meeting distinction between the remuneration to be received as scientific witnesses and the general has been held in the Sussex Hall, Leadenhall-street, in connection with the pre- beyond the sum paid into court, making altogether the sum of £68 6e. business of the firm. The jury found a verdict for the plaintiff for the sum of £18 68. posed Working Classes Industrial Exhibition for the City of London. The EVIDENCE IN COMPENSATION CasFS.-At the Lord Mayor's Court, on the 24th ult., Lord Mayor presided. It was resolved, “ That a Working Classes Industrial Ex- in a railway compensation case,"Smee v. the Metropolitan Railway Company," a claim was made for some houses in Liverpool-street and Broad-street buildings, in the city, erhibition for the City of London is most desirable ; and that this meeting pledges ceeding £33,000, which, with the customary 10 per cent., for a forced sale, would exceed itself to adopt means for the furtherrnce of this object.” A committee was £14,000. There was a railway tavern on the property which was let at £550, and, as it £30,000. On the part of the company, the valuation was, with the 10 per cent., under appointed. is near four different railway stations, it was stated to be worth a premium of £5,000. On the part of the company, the evidence was that the rent was excessive, and that it would THE DISEASES OF EsglisH WORKMEN.-A contemporary, in an article upon fetch no premium. 'Withont the railways the house was not worth more than £50 a year. the last annual report of the Incorporated Society of Amalgamated Engineers, / Other evidence was given as to the value of property in the city of London, and it was stated that it was still increasing. Further, it was stated that ground rent which three refers to the enormous death-rate from consumption or lung diseases, amongst years ago was worth only £2,000, would now fetch £1,000. Mr. Commissioner Kerr, in the English workmen who are in the prime of years, stating that no doubt its placing the case before the jury, declared that it was an extraordinary case, and would form a model compensation case. What were they to think of the value of the evidence fatal effect is as dependent on the sanitary condition of houses and workshops as in such cases, when there was such a remarkable conflict ? The jury retired, and at six is that of the zymotic complaints to which so much attention has been very pro- o'clock returned with a verdict for £29,000. perly given, and hints that advantage would result if those able and clear-headed men who have assisted in drawing up the report of the Amalgamated Engineers NOTES AND NOVELTIES. were to form a supplementary health committee who would inquire into those matters. No doubt they would, if needful, be able to get useful information OUR "NOTES AND NOVELTIES" DEPARTMENT.-A SUGGESTION TO OUR READERS. from the medical attendants of the branch societies, &c., and some valuable hints might be given in the yearly reports at but little additional cost to the We have received many letters from correspondents, both at home and abroad, thanking as for that portion of this Journal in which, under the title of "Notes and Novelties," society. we present our readers with an epitome of such of the “events of the month preceding" The RAILWAY Over Mont CENIS.—Captain Tyler has made a report to as may in some way affect their interests, so far as their interests are connected with the Board of Trade on the railway proposed by Messrs. Brassey and Co. for any of the subjects upon which this Journal treats. This epitome, in its preparation, necessitates the expenditure of much time and labour; and as we desire to make it as crossing the Mont Cenis, and for improving the communication with Italy, perfect as possible, more especially with a view of benefiting those of our engineering Egypt, and the East. The report is a lengthy one, and in it Captain Tyler states brethren who reside abroad, we venture to make a suggestion to our subscribers, from that the proposed line will save 233 miles in the route from Paris to Genoa, which, if acted upon, we shall derive considerable assistance. It is to the effect that we and 433 miles from Paris to Turin. The new route would save thirty-eight shall be happy to receive local news of interest from all who have the leisure to collect and forward it to us. Those who cannot afford the time to do this would greatly assist hours in the journey from England to Egypt; and Captain Tyler remarks :- our efforts by sending us local newspapers containing articles on, or notices of, any facts - This would be of importance in faciltating the communication between this connected with Railways, Telegraphs, Harbours, Docks, Canals, Bridges, Military country and India, and in the transmission of the Indian mail, though it is to Engineering, Marine Engineering, Shipbuilding, Boilers, Furnaces, Smoke Prevention, be observed that there would necessarily be a change of vehicles at St. Michel Chemistry as applied to the Industrial Arts, Gas and Water Works, Mining, Metal lurgy, &c. To save time, all communications for this department should be addressed and Susa.” In conclusion, Captain Tyler says, “After going with Mr. Fell "19, Salisbury-street, Adelphi, London, W.C." and be forwarded, as early in the month through the different calculations and considerations which are involved in the as possible, to the Editor. undertaking, I find that he has, during three years of labour, treated them with the utmost care and caution; and I have no doubt of his being able, it he MISCELLANEOUS. obtains as he hopes to do in the course of a few weeks—the necessary authority CONSUMPTION OF FUEL IX FRANCE.-In a paper addressed to the Academy of Science from the French Government, to carry it forward to a successful issue. M. Becquerel gives some curious prrticulars concerning the quantities of fuel consumed in France at various periods, both for domestic and manufacturing purposes taking into Page 21
20 27 22 23 22 19 18 21 23 22 25 32 23
The total amount estimated to be required for the undertakings, as now sanctioned, will LigutHOUSES.—The lights on land, or lighthouses which are at the highest elevation, reach £77,500,000. The number of shareholders at the end of the year 1861, was with the distances they command in clear weather, are given in the following table, com£29,303 in England, and 777 in India, the latter number consisting of 384 Europeans, piled from the general return published by the Admiralty: and 393 natives. There were also 6,453 debenture holders. Up to the end of 1861, the Year when erected. Height of Lantern Distances at which Government had advanced £13,161,539 to the railway companies for guaranteed interest, above high water. the lights are seen. but about 2:3,300,000 had been paid back out of the earnings of the railways, leaving Feet. Miles. nearly £10,000,000 still due to the Government. The charge upon the Government was Lizard 22. £2,567,713 in the past year, and by the 1st of January next it will probably have increased Needles 1786 469 to £2,700,000; bnt the recipts from the traffic which go in diminution of this,'and which Beachy Head 1828 2-3 in the year 1863-64 amounted to about £1,000,000, will in 1861-65 probably reach South Foreland. 1793 372 £1,300,000. Year by year the revenues will approach nearer and nearer to the amount of Cromer 1719 274 the guaranteed interest, and at last the Government will not only be relieved of the annual Flamborough Head... 1806 214 payment altogether, but the railways will begin to earn more than the guaranteed rate, Iuchkeith 1804 220 and to discharge their debt for previous advances out of half the exess profits above 5 Isle of May. 1516 2-10 per cent. Although it will be some time before the Government will receive back the Dunnet Head 1931 316 large sum due to them, there is enough in the present condition of the lines to encourage Sumburgh Head 1921 300 the hope that ultimately it will be paid, an in the meantime the State obtains advan- Cape Wrath 1828 400 tages which fully compensate for the liability it has incurred. Mr. Danvers holds that Barra Head.. 1833 680 no country in the world will derive greater advantages from railways than India; that kintyre 1787 297 the traffic on the main lines may be expected to be enormous, and when they earn 6, 8, Mull of Galloway 1830 325 or 10 per cent, the difficulty which now exists in inducing capitalists to promote public Calt' of Man.... 1818 375 works in India will be removed. St. Bec's Head 1718 333 Lundy Island. 1820 510 1817 Cape Clear 455 RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. Clare Island 1806 319 27 AN ACCIDENT TO THE EXPRESS Train to Norwich on the Great Eastern Railway, took Skellig's Rock 1926 372 MINES, METALLURGY, &c. Lakenham viaduct, when the driver felt the engine give a violent jerk. He had just previously shut off steam, but was running at from 30 to 40 miles per hour. When he felt COAL IN ALGERIA.-It is reported that a large vein of coal, 14 kilometres (nearly the jerk he at once gave titree whistles to the guard to apply his break, and the fireman 5 miles) in extent, has been discovered near Philippeville. If this be true, France may proceeded to put in force the tender break. The leading wheels of the engine remained reap much greater benefit than ever she expected from her colony; and, perhaps, only as on the line, but the driving wheels tore up the permanent way, breaking the chairs and a beginning of this, coals via Marseilles will not cost 50fr, a ton in Paris. ploughing in the ballast. After running about 120 yards the train approached a long MINERAL WEALTI Or Bolivia.-Mr. Vice-Consul Joel states that in the neighbour. wooden bridge which carries the line over a shallow steam and some swampy ground on hood of Calama, 135 miles to the eastward of the port of Cobija, there are almost ines. either side. On reaching the bridge all the wheels of the engine left the metals, and a haustible veins of copper of excellent quality, and of lead containing a hizh per centage scene of confusion ensued. The locomotive plunged across the bridge; but although of silver. But the cost of transporting the ore by pack inules to the coast is so great, the rails were torn up and bent, and the driving wheels ploughed and ground into the from there being no vegetation and no water for a distance of 90 miles, that until i road timbers, the engine wa- land on the other side, where the ballast recommenced. Then for wheeled vehicles be made, the immense mineral wealth of that locality will lie dor. it flung itself across the up-line, the wheels became embedded in the ballast, and its mant. The same causes militate against the exportation of borax, fields of woich, miles progress was at last stopped. The train has been dragged somehow across the bridge, in extent, exist near Ascotan, at the foot of the Andes, about 100 miles east of Calama. notwithstanding the tearing up of the rails by the engine, and, marvellous to relate, not The projected railway from Iquique, in Peru, to the interior of the Republic, for which one of the carriages was thrown into the stream below, and no one seriously hurt. Messrs. Peto and Betts entered into a contract with the Bolivian Gorernment, has been ACCIDINT ON THE GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY.---An accident occurred on the 22nd ult. for the time abandoned, in consequence of the late revolution which overthrew the connear the Twyford station, and but for the precaution of the engine driver might have been stitutionally-elected President. attended with serious cousequences. It appears that the through train for Exeter, leaving The Trx Plate TRADE.-The quarterly meeting of the members of the trade was held Paldington at two o'clock, and which is not timed to stop until it reaches Reading, at 2:55 on the 5th ult. Fifteen or sixteen makers were either present or represented. It was reproceeded safely until within two hundred yards of the Twyford station. At that point a ported that the trade upon the whole was in a more satisfactory state than for several gang of platelayers were employed on the down line, and they had out some cross timbers, years past, and contident hopes were expressed that before long ihere would be an active known as “ transoms," when the train came in sight, running at full speed. The engine demand from the United States , which formerly wers such large customers in tin plates. driver saw there was danger, and his presence of mind prevented what must have been a Buyers were represented 10 show remarkable readiness in giving out orders, which was serious accident, for no less than eight carriages ran of the inetals and tore up the per- an encouraging feature in the trade. Stocks in the hands of makers have been mate. manent way, but the train was broncht to a stand till before the platform was reached rially reduced, and are at present smaller than for the past four or five years, and this and the carriages which had been dislodged were thus prevented from coming into colli: fact, coupled with the increased demand and the decrease in the make in conscquence of sion with the stonework of the platform. The passengers were much shaken, but not the hot weather, was considered of sufficient inportance to justify an advance of2s. per box. injured. THE PRECIOUS METALS.—The following interesting items are from M. Rygwag's new DOCKS, HARBOURS, BRIDGES. work on the subject, entitled Les métaux précieur. From the year 1500 to 1815 Annerica yieldert 27,122 millions of franes in silver, and 10,028 millions of franes in gold. These Opening OF TVE RADALE VALLEY Beidge, SCARBOROUGH.-The greatest proces. numbers comprise 13,771 millions of silver drawn from Mexico, 43,059 froin Pera and sional demonstration ever made in Scarborough was on the occasion of opening the Ramsdale Valley Bridge, which recently took place. The fallen girders of the iron lattice Bolivia, 230 from Chili, and 55 from New Grenada. As to gold, the share of Brazil iras 4,625 millions of francs ; that of Grenada, 1,952; of Mexico, 1,311; of Peru and Bilivia, bridge arross the Ou-e at York were used in its construction. The contract for the work 1,172 ; of Chili, 862; and of the United States, 76. Europe during the same period only was taken by Mr. Ald. Cabry, of York, under the direction of Mr. E. Clarke, the engineer. Produced 2,330 millions of franes in silver, and 1,600 ditto in gold. Afri'a yielded 2,500 The bridge is now completed, with the exception of a few minor details, and it has been millions from Guinea. Hience the total quantity of precious metals existing in 18B, in. opened as a public toll-bridge. cluding 1,000 millions supposed to exist before 1500, formed a total of 11,578 millions of THE NEW BRIDGE AT BLACKFRIARS.---This new bridge which is about to span the franes--viz., silver, 30,152, and gold, 14,426. From 1818 to 1957 the stock of precious Thames at Blackfriars will be a very stately edifice, resembling in its general features metals has been increased by 2,170 millions of franes of silver, and 6,001 of gold." of the and in its creat width and easy inclination that at Westminster, but ditfering in orna- latter, California has produced 2,508 millions, and the rest of America 415. Australia nentation and in some respects in the mode of construction. It will be of five arches, has yielded 1,095, and Europe 713, including Russia for 678 millions. Asia has contri. ::d 963ft. in length from bank to bank, the width being 75ft., or 9ft . less than that of buted 505 millions, and Africa 10%. Of silver, Australia has yielded 9 millions; America, Westminster-bridge. The enti waterway available for navigation will be 811ft., as 1,827 : Europe, 321 ; and Asia, 22, forming a total of 2,179 millions of fra cs. There concompared with 787ft., which the old bridge gave, and below the centre arch there will be sequently exist at present in the world 32,331 millions of franes of silver, and 20,130 of 25ft. of headway above Trinity high-water mark. The steepest inclination will be 1 in cold. The ratio of gold to silver, which before 18 19 was as 1 10 2, is now as 2 to 3. In 40, that of the old bridge being 1 in 18, and it will be 10ft wider. The foot ways on cach weight there existed before 1818 about 31 kilogrammes of silver for every kilogramme of side will be 15ft, wide, or exactly double the width of those of the old bridge, while the gold; in 1856 this proportion had fallen to less than 24 kilogrammes of silver for one carriage-way will be 45ft. broad, as compared with 27ft. 6in. It is estimateů to cost in kilngramme of gold. Since 1856 the total annual increase of the precious metals may be all about L320,000 including £30,000 in respect of the erection and eventual removal of stated at 249 millions of francs of silver, and 500 of gold, being more than double the the present temporary structure. The foundations of the new bridge will be laid by former. means of iron caissons, of which there will be six in each pier, four of them 36st. in A MOUNTAIN OF SILVER.-Silver Peak, states the New York Journal of Commerce, length by isst. wide. All the principal caissons will be sunk to an average of more than is believed to be as pre-eminent over all silver mountains as the Iron Mountain of Mis: 20ft, below the bed of the river, and itft. below Trinity high-water mark. The cutwater souri is superior to all other iron deposits. Silver Peak is situated east of San Franpart of each pier will also be borne on caissons. The piers will all be of granite, orna: cisco, on the eastern side of the Sierra Nerada, and nearly one degree south of the city of mented with columns of red polished granite, having bases and capitals of Portland stone. The massive abutments at either end of the bridge will also be constructed of above ocean level. Near Silver Peak is an extensive deposit of salt, and not far distant Austin. It is some two miles from Castle lount, an old extinet crater about 5,000ft. granite and enriched with cornices of Portland stone. Each of the two land arches will a hill of pure sulphur. The whole country has a naked appearance, being quite destitute have a span of 1551t., the two next of 1751t. cach, and the centre arch one of 1814t. The of vegetation, and bristles with mountains scattered over a plain of great ertent. The bridge will be precisely parallel with the new viaduct of the London, Chatham, and dreaded “Valley of Death,” upon the plains of which, along the "old Spanish trail," Dover Railway, and the piers of each will correspond in position, so as to offer the least travellers have suffered so much, lies but a short distance to the south-cast of the crater of possible obstruction to the navigation. The arches will be wholly of wrought iron: The Silver Peak. Little Salt Lake, in Southern Utah, lies directly east of Silver Peak. At bridge will be surmounted by an iron balustrade, 31t. 9in, in height, from the foot pave- first the searchers after deposits of the precious metals contined their searches to the ment, on each side, from end to end. Pacific side of the Sierra Nevada, but discoveries in New Mexico, Arizona, and Virginia A PORTION OF THE DOUBLE BRIDGE AT Paris by which the Auteuil Viaduct of the city induced a thorough examination of the east side of the Sierra Nevada. This recircular railway traverses the Seine, at the Pointe du Jour, was opened for the traffic of sulted in great success; the most brilliant of which is found in the neighbourhood of vehicles on the 1st ult. The structure consists of two series of arches, one over the other, Austin, on the line of the great overland mail, where a city has sprung up within three the upper one carrying the railway, and the lower one serving for general circulation. years which, Senator Nyc says, contains a population of 10,000. From along this line of The latter is composed of five semi-elliptical arches, of 99st. lin. span each, and two land exploration the miners are rapidly extending their operations, both north and south. arches, one at each end, of 65ft. 7} in. span. Above this stands the viaduct, the level of Recently (within six months) they came upon this immense deposit near Castle Mount. rails being 67ft. 3in. o:er the water: it commences at the Auteuil station, and terminates Twelve exceedingly rich lodes, or “ledges," as the miners call them, were discovered on on the left bank of the river, about a kilometre from the bridge, and throughout its whole that single mountain This discovery in an unexpected region is believed to be the length there is a double arcade for foot passengers. At the base of the viaduct on the most valuable yet developed. The specimens-a great number of which have been lower bridge a roadway on each side, 23it. wide, bordered by a footpath, 6ft. 6in. wide, brought to New York by Colonel Catherwood--are certainly very remarkable, and merit has been constructed for vehicles, the bridge being 116ft. 1000. wide between parapets, and the attention of the whole financial community. If tbere is no mistake-and with the 36ft. 5in. high over the water. One of these passages is the portion opened a short time specimens actually before us we do not see how there can be a new deposit, superior since; it places Auteuil in direct communication with the Route de Sovres and the inilie even to the Comstock lode, which has furnished so many millions of silver, is about to tary road of the fortifications, pour into our market its limitless supply of this precious metal. Page 22
Mersey Docks and Harbour.
them—Capt. Evans says, “ In compliance with your lordships' instruc- “In stating these facts, I do not presume to say that similar results tions, I have examined the evidence given before a committee of the will take place in conseqnence of the increased velocity obtained by honourable the House of Commons, on the Birkenhead Docks Bill, in walling in Wallasey pool; but I am quite certain that the increased order to ascertain if the objections to the proposed works, stated in a velocity will compensate for the loss of water which the erection of docks letter of Mr. Bramley-Moore's to your lordships, were sustained by emi. on both sides the river will occasion. I think your lordships will feel nent civil engineers. that I am justified in this couclusion when I state that all parties admit, “After a careful perusal of the evidence pro. and con., I find it of such in the evidence recently given before the Liverpool Dock Committee, that, a conflicting nature that I think I shall best meet your lordships' views judging from ancient surveys, the channels into Liverpool are in a better by a simple statement of the facts of the case, leaving your lordships to state than they ever have been, notwithstanding that, in the construction draw your own conclusions. of the Liverpool Docks, 10,000,000 cubic yards of tidal water were dis“The objections of the trustees of the Liverpool Docks appear to me to be placed, the entrance of the river considerably contracted, and a pool, as follows, namely, that if the proposed works at Wallasey Pool be carried similar to that of Wallasey, dammed up." into effect, the abstraction of the water contained in the pool will to a “A great portion of the evidence relates to the novel plan Mr. Rendel serious degree endanger the navigation of the river Mersey, but most has introduced for scouring the tidal basin. On this subject the greatest particularly the sea channels of the port. This seems to me to be the diversity of opinion exists amongst the most eminent of the civil engi. vital question at issue, but I think Mr. Bramley.Moore's chief objection neers, but as the plan has never been tried there can be no certainty as to is easily disposed of on the known principles of tidal action in estuaries. its results, therefore I shall not trouble your lordships on the subject “In the first place, your lordships will perceive, on reference to the plan, more than by stating that Mr. Rendels object, as appears from his evithat the river wall to be constructed across Wallasey Pool, does not con. dence, is to keep up such a state of agitation as not to let sediment tract or narrow the inlet of the estuary, inasmuch as Seacombe Point subside, but holding it in suspension until the ebbing tide allows it to extends further into the river than the proposed wall. The tidal wave, escape out of the river. The effect which the water to be sluiced into the entering the narrows at Seacombe, will, is confined by this wall, increase river by this novel plan may have on the general scour is described in a in velocity and tend to keep the channels above and below Liverpool great variety of ways by the engineers ; but, as I have already informed clearer of deposit than they are at present, for the following reasons :- your lordships, it will be of very little use as a scour, owing to its being When the tidal volume now passes the narrows at Seacombe Point, it so charged with silt, for thus the benefit which the additional volume of suddenly expands into Wallasey Pool, thereby diminishing the velocity water might cause to the scouring effect of the ebb tide will be neutralised and creating an eddy, which past experience shows will, in the course of by the deposit of silt it contains, as occurs in scouring out the tidal time, silt up the pool, with the exception of a narrow channel sufficient basins of Liverpool. to discharge the water of the land drainage. “ Mr. Walker states, and every engineer agrees on this subject, that "I do not think that, in approving of the plan of those works, your there is no place in Liverpool where docks would be made without aba lordships looked for compensation for the water abstracted from Wallasey stracting water; and Mr. Page's late experiments on the set of tides, pool, to any quantity that may be reserved in those works for the purpose which I myself witnessed, prove that it is the water on the Liverpool side of being sluiced out at a later period of the tide, for the more effectual that passes throngh the Victoria Channel, all his floats from Wallasey scouring of the sea channels, as the quantity so sluicer out would be barely pool having passed out of the Rock Channel or over the banks. These sufficient to carry away the silt with which it would be charged, but that facts are very material, as it appears that, independent of the beneficial your lordships were guided in your approval by the same motives that effects, as already described, attending a continuous river wall along the inflaenced your decision in favour of the Liverpool Dock Bill, namely, front of Wallasey pool, it will prevent any further displacement of water that the river wall would, in both cases, compensate for the displacement ever taking place, should the necessity of commerce require dock extension of the tidal waters, by giving a more direct course and greater velocity to at Birkenhead, as all docks hereafter made at that place will add to the the tide, and thus improving the navigation of the river." water space, for they must be made within the line of the river wall “In the course of the evidence it has been asserted by some, and denied where there is ample room and the ground peculiarly adapted for such by other engineers that an increased velocity in the narrows would force purposes." greater quantity of water into the estuary above Liverpool; but as This very lucid report, of which we have reproduced those portions ouly your lordships, in approving of the plan for both sides of the river, never which minister to our immediate objects, shows at any rate that the cona expected any compensation from such a source, I shall, as the subject has servators of the Mersey treated the matter wholly as an imperial question, been mooted, simply state my views of the case. It is a well-known and steered clear of or ignored all local or party squabbles, and we point fact in all parts of the world that a tidal wave, if obstructed or confined this fact out more particularly, because we do not think that Parliament in its progress, will rise in height and proportionately increase in velocity. took as wise a course in the legislation which was necessitated upon this Seamen find this law universal; but, to those unacquainted with the same subject at a later period. To the conservators of the Mersey it was theory of tides, the river Severn and the bay of Fundy afford convincing of little importance whether the proposed low water basin could be kept practical proofs of it. In both those estuaries we find a greater volume clear by means of scouring, or whether it would require dredging: that of tidal wave admitted at the entrance than at that of any other known was a question wbich affected only the financial prospects of the Dock estuary; and we also find that, in its progress to the suinmit of both, the Company, hence it is referred to incidentally only, and there very properly tidal wave is confined and obstructed. The result is well known, namely, considered as a novel experiment; it was eminently one bowever for the that at Chepstow it is heaped up to 60ft., and above Anapolis Royal serious consideration of Parliament. Mr. Rendel's argument that the sea to 75ft. : channels would derive some benefit from the volume of water drawn out of SPRING TIDES. the float at low tide for the purpose of scouring the low water basin is very Chepstow....... 60ft. Chigneto Bay 75ft. Lundy Isle 27 ft. Grand Manan well disposed of by Captain Evans, but it is somewhat remarkable that 25ft. that argument was not met, either by him, or before the committee by the Difference 33ft. Difference 50ft. engineers, by this most incontrovertible answer that the Victoria Bar being This shows that, in both those instances, the water is forced to more thirteen miles distant from Wallasey pool; the actual difference of time than twice the height at the summit of the estuary to what it is found to between similar tidal periods in the estuary being 1 h. 45 min. in 25 miles, rise at the entrance, without taking into consideration the difference of or about 55 min. in 13 miles, according to Captain Denham, the tide would level between the entrance and the summit." be running in over that bar at a velocity of about two miles per hour, while Page 23
STAR ARTIZAN, Sept. 1, 1865.
ON THE DETAILS OF WATERWORKS. sufficient water for a six weeks' supply, the total quantity will amount to INTRODUCTORY. 400,000 x 42 (days) 16,800,000 gallons, and there being 6.232 gallons to a cubic foot the contents of the reservoir will be nearly 2,700,000 cubic In the ensuing series of papers on the details of waterworks, our object feet, so that if its depth be assumed as 15 feet, the aren covered by the is not to give an exhaustive account of the general arrangements of reservoir would be about four acres, and taking it to be square each side waterworks, as this course of procedure has been sufficiently often taken would be 424 feet, if the reservoir were made upon level ground it would in works touching upon the subject ; but we propose to treat of specialities , probably have about 7 feet of its depth below the ground level , and 8 feet showing by what means particular circumstances are met, so, as in fine. above in embankment, let us see what would be the pressure on such an to set forth rather the best ways of overcoming those difficulties which Water weighs about 62.32lbs. per cubic foot, and the pressure of liquids constantly beset hydraulic engineers, than the first principles by wbich being equal in all directions, it follows that the pressure per square foot ordinary undertakings are dealt with. upon the retaining wall or dam at any point will be equal to the weight of a cubic foot of water multiplied by the depth of such point below the In this place, however, it appears desirable to examine the causes of surface of the water in the reservoir; hence, in the present case, the pres. those difficulties with which we have to contend when executing hydrulic sure per square foot at the bottom of the embankment will be 62.32 x 8 works of any extent. In many localities the sources of supply have, = 498:56 lbs., that at the top of the embankment being nil; the average 498.56 + 0 within the last few years, changed remarkably; thus, at the Kent Water pressure will therefore be 219:28 lbs. per square foot. The works, at Lewisham, formerly the supply of water was derived from the area of one wall or dam is in the vertical plane 424ft. x 8ft. 33.93 Ravensbourne River, and, accordingly, filter beds were constructed, in square feet, which, multiplied by the average pressure of 249-28 lbs. per order to remove such organic matter as might be held in suspension (for square foot, gives as the total pressure on the embankment 845,558 lbs., it may be well to observe here that the sand filter beds only remove such nearly which is equal to about 377 i: tons. The wall to resist this pres sure must be of such weight that it shall not be overturned, of such ma. matters as are held in suspension, affecting in no way the chemicale terials that it shall not be broken, and npon such a foundation that it qualities of the water). Now these filter beds are disused, the main shall not slide. When the data are given all these points may be easily supply being drawn from Artesian wells, reaching the cretaceous strata, determined by calculation; but the danger exists of not obtaining accu. which at that locality does not lie very deep; thus one well only 100ft. hence it is very desirable, as a general rule, to keep the embankments as rate information whereon to work, especially as regards the foundation ; deep yields about one million gallons of water per diem. Hence it is highly low as possible; but even then it is very necessary to be particular about important, in constructing waterworks, to consider carefully their ultimate te substrata, because they have to support the bottom of tbe reservoir prospects, by which means excessive or useless expenuliture may frequently upon which, when fall, there is a pressure of about 75,000 tons, being 934:8 lbs. per square foot. be avoided. For instance, if it had been decided to open Artesian wells From these observations it will be seen how very important are the at the outset for the supply of the Kent Waterworks, the cost of the forces to which dams for storing large quantities of water are subjected ; filtering beds would have been avoided; and it should have been known and the peculiar searching character of these forces demands that the that water was easily obtainable, from the cretaceous strata in that locality Thus, the foundations having been carefully bored, so as to ascertain the actual execution of the dams should be effected with the utmost care. in almost unlimited quantities. nature of the soil, iż should first, when levelled, be carefully covered To pass to another question, many difficulties arise when drainage water with a sufficiently thick layer of puddle, made of stiff clay, and, in has to be dealt with, as its quality varies most notably with the seasons, applying this, it should not be used very wet, but merely sufficiently and in fact, when drawn from peat land, we think it but a very unreliable moistened to allow the whole mass to become homogeneous when it is source of supply. Of course the water may be stored and filtered, but it because in that state it works more easily), then, as it dries, large cracks well rammed or punned. If it be applied very wet (as is sometimes done, will in many cases require a very large filtering surface to render it fit for and seams will open in it, which will require to be closed by punning, human consumption, more especļally in the autumn months, when the de- and, of course, the wider these cracks are the more difficult will they be caying foliage contaminates our rivers, crowding them with organic strata, especially, is it necessary to watch constantly the progress of the to close, and the greater will be the danger of leakage. On loose, rocky matter wbich, although in suspension, cannot be easily eliminated. Some puddling, and the subsoil itself offers no resistance to the passage of the years since it was regarded as impracticable to purif: Thames water in water. October, but the practicability was proved by the construction of the As an instance of the serious results accruing from the neglect of this Kew Branch of the Grand Junction Waterworks, where, by allowing ample point, we may mention a square reservoir, 200 feet in length on the side, surface for filtration, the organic matter in suspension was most effectually which was constructed upon the top of a hill , about 350 feet above the level of the sea. disposed of. The substrata was of broken oolite, with large crevices. It is now sufficiently evident that in dealing with water supply no The engineers resident on the works not being sufficiently attentive only general rule can be laid down, as in almost every practical case some pe; necessary. When the reservoir came to be filled a leak occurred in the two or three inches of puddle were put down where at least 18 inches were culiarities of either source of supply, or situation arise which require special inodes of treatment, and it is our object to supply, as far as possible, such bottom and all the water filtered away through the subsoil. The work information as may guiie the engineer in dealing with localities exhibiting pudille is spread a stratum of concrete varying from three to six inches in had, of course, to be taken up and done over again. Upon the layer of peculiar difficulties. thickness according to the nature of the work, but this should never be SECTION 1.-COLLECTING AND STORING WATER. applied until the puddle beneath has become perfectly bard, dry, and There is probably no branch of engineering which for its successful solid, all the cracks in it having been closed by puuning. When the con. practice requires a knowlerlge so thoroughly practical as that which deals crete is applied care must be taken to have it of good quality in order to with water-subtle in its advance, irresistible in its power. The mere insure stability, some of our best hydraulic engineers have found that the leakage through a cranny in a rock may ere long become a current scoop proportion of 11 parts of gravel to 2 parts barrow lime produces a very ing for itself a channel below its point of effluence. Similarly a sliglit good and durable concrete. Upon the concrete in all cases the sides overflow across the top of a dam will commence the work of tearing down should be bricked, although it is not aiways necessary so to cover the the bank, nor will the mischief cease until utter destruction has ensued. bottom (which will nearly always have water upon it), for it has been Where water for the supply of towns is collected from a drainage surface observed that even when the concrete used is of the best quality the it will require filtration, and it must be stored in the rainy seasons in alternate exposure to air and water will greatly deteriorate it, and frereservoirs in order to maintain the supplies during the months of drought. quently in the course of a few years render it unreliable and rotten. In For large towns it is obvious storage reservoirs of great extent will be one or two instances we have observed that brick courses have been laid required, and in the construction of these the greatest care is necessary dry (i. e., without mortar or cement), in order to protect the subjacent to prevent the recurrence of such terrible catastrophes as have from concrete, but such a proceeding is almost useless as both the water and the time to time appalled the villages in the vicinity of storage reservoirs. air penetrate to the concrete and gradually destroy it. In one instance It may be desirable to give some idea as to the quantity of water requi. which came under our notice the concrete at the bottom of the reservoir site as a reserve for the supply oi a town of moderate dimension when the was perfectly sound, offering a considerable resistance to the pick, but at source is such as above mentioned. Take the population as 20,000 in the water line and thereabouts it was friable, so that a stick migiit easily habitants, it is usual to allow 20 gallons of water per head per diem, and be thrust through it into the bank behind. 20,000 20 = 400,000 gallons per diem, supposing it is decided to store (To be continued.) Page 24
foundation of his future castle; and of such material is it that it effectually pro- By referring to the accompanying woud-cut illustration, the internal arrangetects the living animal from actual contact with any poison that may be com- ment of the mechanical power will be better comprehended than upon the pounded with the paint upon which he may happen to settle down. But suppose model. that he was affected by the poison, and that soon after he adheres to the vessel he dies ; say that the first colony of settlers all die, another colony, just as numerous, would immediately settle down on their remains, and before two or three such liad perished, the ship would present a perfect covering of them, E which would preserve the last comers from harm, so that, even in that case, PU we should still have a bountiful crop on the ship. Then, his position is always at right angles with whatever he has attached himself to, so that really he is in little danger of even coming disagrecably near it. In a very shiort time his shell is complete, and he sets up as a fisherman on his own account, for he really is a fisherman, and the manner in which the Cirrhopoda fish is very remarkable. Some animals, like the Sea Anemones, hang out a net and await the approach of prey, and whatever happens to touch thein, if not too large, they will fold up without discrimination, and stuff it in their stomach ; other creatures hang out fishing lines, like the fresh water Hydra ; others, again, chase their prey through the water, and capture it by superior swiftness or cunning; but the Balanus H employs none of those methods. He is furnished with a veritable casting net, which ever and anon he throws, expanded into the water, and retracts when closed. The action of a man throwing an ordinary casting net is much the same as that of the Acorn-shell. In the drawing on the table, the animal is seen А extracted from the shell, and the cirrhi, or net of jointed horn and long stiff M hairs, is seen to advantage. These hairs cross each other at equal distances, and really form a beautiful network, which permits none but the smallest sab: stances to pass between them. When the animal is in this state, also, he is perfectly protected from whatever his shell may be, adhering to, and quite out The line A A A is an outline of the right side of the sledge, the left side being of reach of all the drugs in the pharmacopæia. removed to show the interior. B is an upright fixed to the crossbar, C, by the It is not the poisonous nature of copper which prevents these creatures from ring bolt, D. To this fixed base, the other two sides of a triangle, E , are fixing upon it, for indeed they do fix upon it, as fast as upon any other substance; attached, but jointed and moveable, while the lower side of the triangle, G, passes but it is its rapid oxidation or scaling off which prevents their remaining after through double sheeves, beyond the base, ending in an eye for the attachment of they do fix. It is therefore my opinion that, if ever a covering is found to pro- the scraper-rope at H, Upon the apex of this triangle, at I, the scraper-blade is tect an iron ship from fouling, it will be a pigment of some sort that will fixed, being set at right angies with the shaft, and the long ears at K being at possess the same property as yellow metal or copper-namely, of scaling off and right angles with the edge of the blade. continually cleaning itself. As is shown by the dotted lines, L, M, when the rope H is hauled upon the It was in this direction that I first extended my inquiries, and my proposal scraper, leaves its position at K and descends to L, where, being beneath the was to cover the iron plates with copper to a considerable depth before building level of the frame, it comes hard in contact with the plates of the ship. the ship, and to give the two metals a metallic connection, so that there should The lever being still farther hauled upon at the fulcrum at O, its longest end be no galvanic connection evolved between them. These two metals, however, pushes forward the bar, B, making the machine travel forvard on the lines, P, have no affinity. They will not weld together as iron will, and therefore it was which pass through the double lines at Q Q, while the scrape blade at L con: with considerable difficulty that I succeeded in uniting them. By a certain tinues its course over the ship’s plates, sweeping everything before it. chemical process, however, it was done, as you will see from some small samples By constructing the long ears of the blade at right angles with the edge, they there being still some mechanical difficulties in the way which I have not as yet it is seen at M. They also form an inclined plane for leading the edges over the on the table . Whether vessels may ever be built in this way I do not know, perform the threefold office of keeping the blade within the frame while passing over a hollow at the bow, or the quarter where the blade requires to descend, as been able to remove. But on this question I will not dwell, for although pre: landings of the plates, so that it is not impeded in its vertical course from the vention is said to be better than cure, the question of prevention is as yet a questio vexata on which not two are found to agree, but which, in the absence keel upwards to the bulwarks. They also prevent the edge of the scraper from of facts, may continue to be a fair field for experiment ond speculation. going too deep and injuring the paint on the plates, as the edge can never go cannot prevent these colonising fishermen from squattin on our property, what adjusting it; the latter, as will be seen on the model, is for hauling the machine Let us, therefore, now look at another phase of the subject-namely, since we deeper than the parallel of these inclined planes. The ropes, S and T, are used, the former for lowering down the machine and is the best way of ejecting them? I answer at once, by mechanical means alone. This, in my opinion, is the most effective plan and the cheapest. Many down to the keel against the natural Hotation of the frame. attempts have been already made in this direction. Some shipmasters have As to the power of scrape which the machine possesses, it can be regulated to tried the friction of a chain on the bottom, others a series of wooden bars, with almost any amount consistent with the strength of the materials of which it is pieces of iron upon them. One machine, at present at use in the Navy, is called made. By keeping a gentle strain upon the back rope at T, the machine will be no Hog," and consists of a circular brush, shaped like a barrel, and which they. tionately increased ; or by slacking the rope at T, and also throwing the guide harder to push along at B, and the power of scrape at L or M will be proporcause to revolve beneath the vessel longitudinally from stem to stern. Another machine has been tried in Liverpool, consisting of a rope-ladder, the steps of ropes slack, PP, the machine will be relieved from the pressure against the sides which are broad pieces of wood, one side being covered with bristles, forming a of the ship, and will be consequently easier pushed along at Q, and the scrape on series of brushes, while on the other there is a piece of iron, forming a series of the ship at L or M will be lightened in proportion as these ropes are slackened. scrapers . This is placed round the vessel, and is wrought by a sort of see-saw against the topgallant rails of the ship, are merely for the purpose of holding The other wooden frames or fenders which stand at the keel, the bilge, and motion, rubbing up and down. I have reason to know, however, that neither of these plans have given satis- the ropes that guide the machine, and for carrying the running tackle through faction, and whoever has examined the degree of tenacity with which these double sheeves, and so preventing the friction and abrasion of the ropes against the plates. creatures cling to the iron, must know that it is not the soft persuasion of a brush, nor yet even a gentle rub, that will induce them to lose their hold! Such is a brief outline of the mechanism of this instrument. It is exceedingly Nothing, indeed, but a sharp steel edge , equal to that employed by the hand, can and aft the ship by fleet lines attached to the fender at the keel. It is thus simple in its construction, and easily managed in its working. It is moved fore ever make any impression upon them. The extent to which all I a 'coating of these animals retard a vessel's progress is perfectly under command, and can be sent down to any part of the ship's bottom, something very considerable, ranging from two to as many as six knots an hour and if it is at any time desirable merely to try the condition of the plates, it is It was a conversation with a ship's captain on this subject which first turned only necessary to attach a bag of thin cloth or small mesh-net to the instrument my attention in search of a machine to clean vessels while afloat, before they at the part from I to Q, and it will bring to the surface whatever it takes from had started on their homeward voyage. He was a fine specimen of a high- the bottom; so that you may always know whether you are taking anything off, minded, generous sailor, who só completely identified himself with his ship that or whether there is anything to take off. her honour was to him a personal matter , and her disgrace he held as a personad that they only inhabit the shallow waters. If, therefore, a vessel be gone over From the glance that we took at the natural history of the barnacle we saw reproach. He said, in going out he could overhaul al he could see, and passed with this scraper immediately before leaving a foreign port, and perhaps get ne large number of vessels, but in coining home the circumstances were sadly another going over, while waiting for wind in the tropics, she will come home reversed. His ship was foul and would not sail , and every other ship went past comparatively clean, nearly as clean as when she went out. If so, then the Heresse Hang it,” said he, “ I was so mad, that when I sawar vessel coming up object so much desired will bs gained. Iron ships will acquire that ascendancy I used to go below, and stop till they had passed and gone out of sight; for I could not bear to see my ship disgraced !" in point of speed which the material of their construction ought to confer upon The mechanical appliance for cleaning vessels afloat which I have the honour thein, while the expense of keeping them clean will be less than the putting of of submitting to you this evening, consists of what may be shortly described as copper on a vessel of wood; and thus it is hoped another step will be gained in a travelling lever fixed in a moveable frame. The working model before you is the great march of industrial progress ! precisely the same as the actual instrument, only it is made to a scale of one 1988 ali prisilien inch to a foot, or oth of the actual size. The frame is a wooden sledge, held REMARKS ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LLOYD'S AND THE close to the side of the ship by two guide lines, upon which it travels as upon a LIVERPOOL UNDERWRITERS' RULE FOR IRON SHIPS.1! railway, down to the keel and bark. It is wrought vertically over all the ship, By Mr. John FERGUSON. Osa first except upon the quarter, where it should be angled towards the stern, to allow This subject is of some importance to our members and shipowners who have it to go into the “run" of the ship. iron ships classed at Lloyd's and the Liverpool Registry. Page 25
TAR ARTIZAN,? Sept. 1, 1865.
are all of a dull white or lead colour, but one of them is always more distinet than the burden, 475-horse power, and 100ft. Jong over all, accompanied the Agincourt for a short others, and is sometimes the only one observed. This line appears to be situated close distance at full speed, but it appeared that the Agincourt had the advantage. The Queen to Frauenhofer's line E. has, however, been built for carrying capacity rather than for specd. After leaving the The SWANSEA Town Council and Handore Trust have just taken a very wise step Bell-buoy the 1gincourt, with the tide in her favonr, ran a distance of 55 nautical miles on the suczestion of Mr. Joshua Williams, the general manager of this section of the in 4 hours 20 minutes, or at the rate of 12+ knots an hour. Making the usual allowance Great Western, and that is to reduce the shipping dues on pig-iron, &e. Unquestionably the register of the patent log. The engines are of 1,350 nominal horse-power, and are for the tide, the actual speed would be at the rate of 11} knots. This corresponded with the trade of the port will be materially benefitted by the reductions made. THE Copper SPOKE QUESTION.--Messrs. Vivian and Sons have determined on adopting 101in. in diameter, and have a stroke of 4ft. 6in. The steam is supplied by 10 boilers, on the double piston-rod principle, having return connecting rods. The cylinders are the patent of a Germau chemist to utilise the obnoxious copper smoke, and gigantic heated by 40 furnaces, which will consume on the average 100 tons of coal a day. The works and furnaces are now being erected in order to carry out the invention. Mr. H. I engines made from 19 to to revolutions a minute, with a vacuum of 26in., and a pressure H. Vivian, J.P., stated publicly that he considered the invention one of the greatest diss of 791b. of steam. There was no inconvenience or stoppage of any kind, and no indicacoveries of modern times, and he hoped, before long, to be able to manufacture 1,000 tions of heated bearings. The vibration, too, promises to be very slight in proportion to tons per week of sulphuric acid from copper smoke. her power. She answered her helm admirably. Tuomas DuNY AND Co. (LIMITED).- The Prospectus has been issued of Thomas Dunn and Co., Limited, Windsor Bridge Iron Works, Manchester. Capital £120,000, in True " HERCULES.”—The following are the principal dimensions of the new iron-cased 6,000 shares of £20 cach, with power to increase. Full particulars will be found in our frigate Hercules, of 1,100 horse-power (nominal), which is about to be commenced at advertising columns. Chatham Dockyard, from the designs of Mr. E. J. Reed, the Chief Constructor of the Navy. Length between perpendiculars, 305ft. ; extreme breadth, 5911.; depth of hold, 20ft. 7in.; · HYDRAULIC Bersa.—A very ingenious contrivance has recently been patented in burden in tons, 1,913 11-94. Her sides are proposed to be constructed of a thickness America. It is a circular brush, having at the back a small turbine ivheel, which causes greater than any vessel nuw afloat, in order to render her as nearly as possible invulnerit to revolve when a stream of water is admitted into the flexible tube connected with able to the heaviest description of ordnance she may be called upon to face. For this its hollow handle. Vot only is this brush, on account of revolving, and its supply of purpose the Herculez will be plater with a thickness of no less than 11}in. of iron, in water very effective, but it lasts much longer, as it is worn quite uniformly. additition to 32in. of timber backing at the water-line, and in immediate contiguity to her Mersey STEEL AND IRON COMPANY (LIMITED).-The first meeting of shareholders gun battery. Her armour-plates will be composed of the best description of rolled iron, has been held at Liverpool, Mr. T. B. Horsfell , M.P. (the Chairman), regretted that the Sin. thick, in addition to which a double skin of iron-plating, composed of plates 1} in, in dividend would only be 6 per cent., which was owing to the unprecedented dulness of the thickness, will be worked behind the 10-inch teak backing, to which the armour-plates iron trade during the past six months; in fact, that trade had not been so bad for the last will be bolted. Behind these again will be 22in, of timber, and finally the ordinary fin. twenty years, but he trusted they had seen the worst. In answer to Jr. Cunningham, inner plating, or skin of the frigate. Contrasting these with the corresponding figures in Mr. Clay, the managing director, said the new Besseiner works would cost £29,000, being the Minntaur, Warrior, and others of our ironclads, the Hercules will have a thickness £2,000 below the estimate, of this amount £20,000 had already been spent, and they of iron-plating more than double that of either of the vessels named. In the case of the were now erecting a new forge at a cost of £6,000, and sinking a well at the cost of Warrior the iron armour-plates are only 4 in. in thickness, and in the Minotaur 5din., £2,000, as they had hitherto had to pay £500 a year for water. while along a portion of her broadside the Bellerophon carries armour-plates of bin, in thickness, with an inner plating of' 1din, in thickness behind the 10in. timber backing. MANUFACTURE OF Salts of CHROMIUM.--Mr. J. K. Leather, of St. Helen's, proposes Like the Bellerophon, the Hercules will be built on the cellular principle, with a double to mould the chrome ore and lime into blocks, and heats thes: blocks with as little ex. bottom, the Bellerophon being the tirst vessel in the British Navy constructed on that posure to the flame as possible (the reverse is the usual practice), as he finds it to be plan. In her construction steel will be used for her stronger plates and in other parts practically impossible to get an oxidising flame free from the reducing flame in the re- where experience has shown that it is advisable to employ that substance. The Hercules verberatory furnace. will be commenced in the second dock, in which the Lord Warden wooden armour-plated Motive Power ENGINES FOR CUTTING COAL.-An invention has been provisionally frigate is now being fitted for sea. specified by Mr. T. Taylorson, of Woodfold Park, Blackburn, which consists in rendering the apparatus self-acting in reversing the valves at any part of the stroke according to TESTING STEEL PLATIS.-In order to test the quality of the steel plates which have the depth of cut. To effect this he applies an ordinary governor, and so connects it with been sent into Chatham Dockyard, as supplied by the Cammell Company Sheffield, who the pick that in the forward stroke of the pick rotary motion is given thereby to the have taken the contract from the Admiralty, a certain number were selected, at hazard, governor, causing the balls to expand, and immediately on the delivery of the blow the from the stock now in store, and, with the consent of the authorities, tested at the Go? rotation of the governor ceases, the balls collapse, and operate a catch lever, which vernment rifle range at Vilton, where the troops from Chatham yarrison undergo their actuates a suitable arrangement of levers and weights to reverse the valve for another course of ball practice, the ranges at which the plates were fired at varying from 50 to stroke. By this means both time and air are, it is claimed, economised. 300 yards. Each plate was struck by about 100 balls, and they have now been returned to the dockyard for the purpose of enabling an examination to be made for the effects of AT A RECENT MEETING OF THE HOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE, Lord Caithness in effect the shot upon each plate. Taking one of the țin. steel plates, of the same kind as those declared that the art of cloek-making was going out of England. Statistics prove that which form the upper deck of the ironclad frigate Belleropon, the marks of about 80 France and America are doing for us the work which we should do and profit by at shots are visible on its surface, a label showing the range at which each was fired. In home. From Switzerland especially the importation of watches, from France of Ormolu the inajority of cases so excellent is the steel that the effects of each shot are mere clocks, and from America of brazen clocks, has, of late years, enormously increased, and splashes,” while in only some few cases have the minutest indentations been made, the this cannot be without its effect upon our artisan classes. opposite side of the plate being in the same state as before the experiments were comTHERMO-BATTERY.- At a meeting of the Royal Institution. Mr. Ladd exhibited in the menced. In the case of shots which have struck the extreme edge, the plate in the library a powerful thermo-electric battery, made in the manner discovered by Marcus, immediate locality slightly bent, while a minute examination fails to detect th least of Vienna. Although the instrument consisted of but ten pairs, and the means of appearance of lamination, showing the plate to be in all respects perfect. The same kind heating it by a row of gas jets had been hastily devised, yet on making and breaking of experiments were also made with one of the half-inch ordinary iron “skin” plates of the circuit å spark was readily obtained. The current from this thermo-battery, sent the Bellerophon, and in this case also the results were equally satisfactory. As in the trials round an electro-magnet, and lifted a very considerable weight. with the steel plates the ranges at which the half-inch iron plate was tested varied from STEAM OMNIBUSES.- The first trial of a new machine constructed for the purpose of 50 to 300 yards, but in no case does the slightest appearance of the plate being penetrated establishing steam omnibuses on the ordinary road has recently been made at Nantes. present itself, the majority of the shots making indents of only about one-sixteenth of The engine, of eight-horse power, weighs seven tons with its coal and water, and an inch. The results of the trials establish the superiority of the iron of which the measures over 1sft. in length, and is nearly bit, wide outside the wheels. The jouruey Bellerophon's plates are made. was performed without interruption, with the exception that in one place too short a THE “Helicon," 837 tons and 250 horse-power nominal, left Portsmouth on the 8th ult., turn was taken, and the locomotive had to be unhooked from the omnibus before the to complete her trials, in charge of the usual officials of the steam factory and reserve of error could be rectified. The twenty-nine kilometres between Vantes and Viort were the port, drawing 10ft. 3in. of water aft and 9ft. 10in. forward; half an inch mean im. performed in two hours, the locomotive stopping twice to take in water, The steam mersion in excess of her load draught when complete in all respects for service at sea. omnibus is to ply regularly between the two towns. The force of wind and the state of the sea were about equal to what existed when the Salamis was tried. The runs over the measured mile gave the following results :-With NAVAL ENGINEERING. tull boiler power-No. 1 run, 14:575 knots; No. 2 run, 11•285 knots; No. 3 run, 14:815 THE “LORD WANDEN".- The large gun.metal eleaver-shaped weapon, which is to form means:-14.130 knots, 14.550 knots, 14.166 knots, 14.559 knots, 14*123 knots. Second knots; No. 4 run, 14:118 knots; No. 5 run, 15000 knots; No. 6 run, 13:846 knots. First the under-water portion of the stem of the iron-cased frigate Loril Warden, at Chatham, means:-14.190 knots, 11.508 knots, 14:512 knots, and 14-191 knots. Mean of means, or has been successfully cast in the foundry at the dockyard, the previous efforts to make speed of the ship, 14.500 knots; revolutions of engines-maximum, 35; miuimum, 25; load the casting having failed. This formidable weapon, which on leaving the foundry weighed between nine and ten tons, and is the largest casting of the kind ever made at Chatham With half-boiler power, four runs were made, which gave knots per each run, 14:220, on safety valve, 25lbs.; pressure of steam in boilers, 27lbs.; vacuum in condensers, 25in. Dockyard, has the appearance of an enormous wedge. Placed as it will be at the most 10:114, 11:118, and 11:111; first means, 12-317 knots, 12-316 knots, and 12 614 knots; prominent part of the protruding swan-shaped stem of the Lord Warden, below the water, second means, 12-316-12-165 knots; mean of means, or speed of the ship, 12:390 knots; it will prove a powerful auxiliary in runnivg down and cleaving open any hostile vessel, revolutions of the engines--maximum, 30; minimum, 29.5. As the Salamis made her trial, should it ever be necessary to use the frigate as a ram. The prow has been placed in its as the trial vessel of the Helicon, at as nearly as possible the same displacement, &c., we position, and although the operation was attended with some difficulty, and required considerable care, it was cffected under the directions of the officiais connected with the ever, with the remark that the indicated horse-power of the IIelicon's engines has rot we append here the general results of her trial at full boiler power, premising it, how. master shipwrights' staff ' without accident. The work of fitting and preparing the Lord been given from want of time on the trial to work it out on the indicator card diagrams: Warden for sea is being pushed forward as rapidly as the resources of the dockyard will - Vican speed of Salamis, 13'699 knots; revolutions of engines--marinum, 32:5; minimum, permit, nearly 1,000 mechanics and other workmen being employed on her. 31 916; indicated horse-power, 1,385-24. Comparing, therefore, the full boiler power AMONG THE NEW MACHINES ORDERED BY THE Lords of THE ADVIRALTY to be trials of the two ships, it will be seen that the Helicon, with her prolonged bow, has erected at Chatham Dockyard to meet the constantly increasing requirements of that made nearly a knot greater speed than the Salamis accomplished with her old hatehedestablishment, is one large steam crane, capable of lifting weights up tv 25 tons. It is to shaped bow, notwithstanding that such hatched-shaped forms had hitherto been con. be erected on one of the vacant wharves, at a cost of £1,910, togeiher with tko 10-ton sidered the “clippers." of Whitehall . Mr. Reed may, therefore, be fairly congratulated cranes, at an outlay of £2,169. Messrs. J. Taylor and Co., of the Britannia Works, have on his success with the Helicon, and especially so as he explicitly declared previous to received orders to supply the dockyard with two trazelling crancs, each capable of lifting her launch off the stocks, that his chief anticipations of the proved success of the 10-ton armour plates, at a cost of £1,150. The same tirni will also supply to steam Helicon over her sister despatch vessels would " be at sea among waves" rather than rivetting machines at a sum of £895. Among the other steam machinery ordered for the at the measured nile. Witli regard to the shaped metal facing to the Helicon's stem, general service of the establishment is a new 5-ton steam hammer, to be supplied by it was found that there was a considerably less sheet of water spinning up her stem Messrs. Tannett and Walker at a cost of £1,350. Several other new machines are also when she was at full speed as compared with the last time she was under weigh, and ordered to be fitted up in Chatham Dockyard, the whole involving an expenditure on this there was also a somewhat less volume of leaped up or broken water in front of the plant alone of between £9,000 and £10,000. the bows, the difference in the latter respect being, as nearly as could possibly be ascer. THE ARMOUR-PLATED SCREW FRIGATE AGINcourt, built by Vessrs. Laird Brothers, tained under the cireumstance, as 2ft. above the surrounding water level on the last of Birkenhead, for the Government, left the Mersey on the 12th uit., under the command occasion to 18in. on the present. The working of the engines and boilers was most of Capt. Paynter, R.N. In passing slowly down the river she received a salute of satisiactory, and give credit to the makers, Messrs. Ravenhill, Salkeld, and Co. gins from the battery attached to Messrs. Laird's works. Shortly after she had passed the THE "LIVERPOOL," SCREW FRIGATE, 35, Captain R. Lambert, underwent a trial Bell-buoy she was joined by the National Steam Navigation Company's steamer Quecil, of her machinery at the measured mile in Stokes Bay, on the 4th ult., under the built by Mossrs. Laird on the slip next adjoining the dock in which the algincourt was supervision of the officials of Portsmouth Steam Reserve and Factory. The ship's constructed, and launched a month after the Agincourt. The Queen, which i-3,500 tons ! draught of water on weighing her anchor from Spithead was 21st. 5in.' forward, and Page 26
LIST OF APPLICATIONS FOR LETTERS 1982 W. Clark-Apparatus to be used 10 swimming 2054 W. R. Corsoo-Construction of shop fronts and 2132 M. Cartwright and A. Dale-Elastic material other buildings for boots PATENT. PATRD AUGUST 1st, 1865.' 2035 T. G. Messenger-Cutting of screw threads on 2133 P. Lawrence-Boots pipes 2134 J. L. Clark-Recovering submerged telegraph cables 1983 T. W. Tohin and Colonel Stodare-Apparatus 2056 w. Rock--Printing machines W. Mark PANOPTRD for illusory exhibitions 2037 J. Gale-Rendering gunpowder unerplosive 2135 A and W. Young-Type distributing and comA NEW ARRANGEMENT OP 1984 F. R. Wello-Producing photographic images 2058 $. Middleton-Brushing hair by machinery posing machines Tax PROVISIONAL PROTRCTIONS APPLIED FOR on metal plates 2059 J. H. Radcliffe-Lubricating spindles 2136 W E. Gedge-Reducing the thickness of parts of bides BY INVENTORS AT THE GRRAT SRAL PATENT, 1985 T. B. Paton-Manufacture of lineu or other Varns or thrrads 2137 R. A. Brooman-Sterl OFFICK. IY ANY DIYFICULTY SHOULD ARISE 1986 W. la Penotipre-Coating the bottoms of iron DATEN AUGUST 9th, 1865. 2138 G. Howard-Oronmenting walls WITH RRFERRNCR TO THR NAMRS, ADDRESSES, And wooden huips 2139 J. L. Naish-- Apparatus for illustrating astro1987 A. Doull-Construction of Atmospheric railways 2060 G. Harvey and a. Harvey-Screwing bolts and nomical phenomena OR TITLES GIVEN IN THE LIST, THN REQUI. 2140 A Walt-Soap SITE IN FORMATION WILL BE FURNISHED, FREE 1933 W. Singletou-Cutting scales, and forming 2012 H. Cartwright-Sernin engines 2461 T. R. Shaw-Looms for weaving 2141 J. Hope-Packing cases OP EXPENSE, FROM THE OFFICE, BY ADDR RSSINO metaifwebs for kniver 2142 I. Bernbrd- Artifcial saltpetre 2063 S. Law-Breech-loading tire-arms 1989 A. Noble-Fuses for shells A LETTRR, PREPAID, TO THE EDITOR OY 206+ C West-Apparatus for giving immediate 1990 L. E, C, Martin-Locomotive and other tubular warning of undue heat D TED August 19th, 1865. “TRB RTIZAN." boilers 2065 A. Budenberg - Adjusting levels 2143 W. Wood and J. W. Wood-Pomfret cakes 1991 F. Ransom-- Roofing tiles 2056 W. Astan-Buttons 1992 M P. W. Boulton-Obtaining motive power by 2144 J S. Wntson, A. Horwood, and c. Brunflt 2007 B. Russ and E. Gandell-Sewing machines DATED JULY 25th, 1865. Giving alarm in case of fire heat 2068 J. W. Sumner and C. A Scott-Bricks 2145 G. Whitford-A toy or game called Flying1923 M B. Schumann-Recept "cle to contain aerated 2069 J. W. Longstaff-Relieving slide valves of back fish liquids DATED AUGEST 2od, 1815. pressure 2146 C. Edkins, J. Newman, and T. Greaver-Manu. 1924' J. Rigs-Railwar carriages 2070 L. Schad- Production of violet culours from fucture of buttons 1925 L. Petre & E. S. Tucker-Cruet frames, flower, 1993 A. Ford-Forming india rubber, gutt, percha, maginta or such like balls 2147 R A. Brooman-Twisting threads egg. and other stands 2148 J. E. Marsh-Punknhs 1926 T. J. Mayall - Parts of military and other 1995 T Audrew and J. W. Taylor-Fastenings for 1994 H. Lesy-Testing alloys of gold 2149 W.E. Newton-Bricks outfits DATED AUGUST 10th, 1865. doors 2150 J. B Austin-Stopping bottlrs 1927 M. J. Rnherts-Producing friction or adhesion 1996 J. McEwen and W. Neilson--Drawing and 2071 M. H. Blanchard--Manufacture of terra cotta between pulleys 215! W. Soper-Breech-loading fire arts forcing water or vitreous stone 1928 W. Zbyszewski-Applying mineral oils for 1997 J. G. Teal-Communication between passengers 2072 T. F. Henley-Henting generating steam 2073 J. Ingham, H. Ingham, and J. Bruadley DATED AUGUST 21st, 1865. 1929 J. Juckes and J. Swinburne- locomotive steam And guards furances 1998 J. Crean and C. J. Barr-Giring alarm in cases Jooms for weaving 2152 J. Bowden-Forges 1930 H. Wright- Improved shank for buttous, studs, 2153 G G DennisTuper matches and solitaires 1999 F.C Dear-Communicating between passen. 2075 C, J. R. Jabus-Mounting telescopes and mi. 2154 W. Shakspear--Retarding or stopping railway 1931 J. H. Johnson-Lacing boots and otser articles 2000 J. Pickin and R. Bailey-Signalling and giving gers and guards trains 2076 A. Mendel-Paper upited by Inces alarm on railways 2155 F. Jenkin--Telegraph cables 1932 J. H Johason-Washing or cleansing wool and woollen fabrics 2001 H. Frankenburg-Construction of travelling of or rods and other bags 2078 J. Fareu-Mchinery for cleaning China grass 1933 A. P. Price-Manufacture of carbonate of am. DATUD AUGUST 22nd, 1865. and flax 2002 W. W. Burdon-Reducing vegetable fibre to monia pulp 2019 W. E. Newton-Machinery for making eyelets 2156 D. G. and S. Staight-Pianoforte keys 2003 R. Bailey-Locks 2157 J. A. Turner-Covering for rollers DATED JULY 26th, 1865. 2004 C. Hodg-ou-l'reating pent in bogs and obtain- 2158 J. Jockwood-Furnaces ing it therefrom DATED AUGUST lith, 1865. 1934 M. Kenney-Opening bridges 2159 F.C. B. Robinson-Couplings for railway car*1935 T. Spencer- Preparation of soils to promote 2005 W. H. Petitjenn and E. McNally-Railway 2080 W. T. Cole, H. S. Swift, aad A. Soares-Pro. ringes general vegetation carriages 2160 M. J. Lopez-y. Munoz-Cigarettes pulsion of machinery 1936 W. Richards and J. Richards-Manufacture 2006 H. Allman-Rurg'ar proof safes 201 P.C. Kj-llderg-Firing safes 2161 C. Marmen-Telegraph cables of srl-ammoniac 2007 J. H. Tyler-Rolling leather 282 R. D. Morgan--Coupling of railway carriages 2163 J. G. Aver) -Composition to be used as a sube 2162 !). O.Jones-Cleaning ships' bottoms 1937 J. Belieard-Pile fabrics and trucks stitute for paint 1833 G, T. Bousfield-Liquids for generating steam Dater AUGUST 3rd, 1865. 2003 R. A. Bronman-Trenting and printing threads 2164 G. Little-Combing fibrous materials And other purposes employed in Weavi 2008 J. W. Perkins-Refining of hydro carbon or 2165 H. Willis and G Rice-S:wing machines 1939 E. Spicer-Compositions similar to gunpowder 2084 R. W. Armstrony-Machinery for moulding paraffin oils for blasting hollow articles in earth 1940 S. Lusty-Fluid meters 2009 E. 8. Horridge-Railway signala 285 J. H. Johnson-Candles DATED A VOUST 23rd, 1865. 1941 A V Newton-Sewing machinery 2010 F. Cnto-Knees fris ships' fastenings 1912 W E Newton-Planing metals 2011 W. H. Brookes-Securing the tongurs or reeds 2080 T. E. Stephens-Passing from one compartment 2166 J. H. Scott-Annealing iron 1o another in a railway train of fog horns 1943 F Pulman and R. Ginman-Composition for 2012 E. Sabel - Machinery to be used in the madu. 2007 H, Jee--Salt 2167 J. Newton-Stench trap 2169 L. J. Levisohn-Syphuus coating ships' bottoms fncture of place or sheet iron 2088 H. R. Guy-Submarine telegraph enbles 2169 D. Macpherson-Sewing machines 21:0 D. McKe.lur-Lithographic and copper-plate and ronger 2014 H. D. P. Cunnin, ham-Working guns 1945 J. Jacques, S. Wenk, and A. A. Mathieu-Pre DATED AUGUST 12th, 1865. printing 2015 R L. Ransome--Paints 2111 E. H.C. Monekton-Manafacture of rye straw renting railway accidents 2016 W. H. Preece-Railway electrical signal appa2009 J. Tatham and J. Smith-Preparing cotton into fibre 1946 T. Pepper-Manufacture of anti-inflammable 2090 J. Knowles-Luhricating ratu 2172 J. G. Tonghe-Shearing horses 2 starch. 2017 L. Anderson-Horse-shoes and other similar 2091 W Bullough-100's for wraving 2173 J. Mooily-Floating lights articles 2042 W. E. Newton-Burglar proof sates DATED JULY 27th, 1865. 2093 W. Betts-Capoules DATED AUGUST 24th, 1865. 1917 P A. F. Bohæuf-Preparation and application DATRD AUGUST 4th, 1865. 2094 H. Woodward-Gas burners 2045 H. Woodward-Carburetting coal gag 2174 ). Davier-Stearn hammers 2096 R. A. W. Westley-Discharging certain fluids 2175 W. C Cambridge-Steel and other metals suit1918 R. Mortimer-Marking or impressing railway 2019 . Robertson-Brewing and distilling, also in tor sunitary purposes ible for bearings tickets drying yeast 2176 F. Thoinas-Henting kitchen ovens 1949 W. B. Yewton-Bolt screwing machines 2020 A. Sleigh-Motive power 2177 F. Ayekbourn-Stockings 1950 T. Brown-Tra pots, urns, and other vessels for 2021 W Clark-Apparatus applicable as a motive DATED A'GUST 14th, 1865. 2178 W. E. Newton-Well sinking tubes domestic purposes power engine 1951 A. Chetlins-Sewing machines letters 1952 H Sherwood --Treating animal and vegetable 20:22 J. Gaukroger and J. Dodgeon-Drying fibrous fibrous materials |
State two advantages of a top air discharge condenser over a side air discharge condenser
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