Which of the following is the best justification for the assertion that Galileo understood his precarious social position?

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Unit 2 AP Euro Test:

Absolutism, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, Developments of the 18th Century

One must attempt, above all, to know the special genius of the people which one wants to govern in order to know if one must treat them leniently or severely, if they are inclined to revolt.

[The Prussian nobility] has sacrificed its life and goods for the service of the state; its loyalty and merit have earned it the protection of all its rulers. In such a state no factions or rebellions need be fearedit is one goal of the policy of this state to preserve the nobility.

A well conducted government must have an underlying concept so well integrated that it could be likened to a system of philosophy. All actions taken must be well reasoned.

It is of no concern in politics whether the ruler has a religion or whether he has none. All religions, if one examines them, are founded on superstitious systems, more or less absurd. It is impossible for a man of good sense, who dissects their contents, not to see their error

- King Frederick II of Prussia, Political Testament, 1752

1. The idea expressed in this excerpt best reflects which of the following historical trends?

A. Monarchs westernized the state and society by transforming political, religious, and cultural institutions

B. Many rulers undertook enduring domestic reforms while curtailing some rights and manipulating popular impulses behind a faade of representative institutions.

C. In the eighteenth century, a number of states in eastern and central Europe experimented with enlightened absolutism.

D. Louis XIVs nearly continuous wars, pursuing both dynastic and state interests, provoked a coalition of European powers opposing him.

2. Based on this document, which of the following can be inferred as a significant effect of the renewed emphasis on science and reason in European culture?

A. Debates about female roles in the family, society, and the church intensified

B. Religion was increasingly viewed as a matter of private rather than public concern.

C. By 1800 most governments had extended tolerance to Christian minorities, and, in some states, civil equality to Jews.

D. The French Revolution resulted from a combination of long-term social and political causes, as well as Enlightenment ideas.

3. The ideas expressed in the excerpt are evidence of which of the following eighteenth-century trends?

A. Absolute monarchies limited the nobilitys participation in governance but preserved the aristocracys social and legal privileges.

B. Monarchies seeking to consolidate power faced challenges from nobles who wished to retain traditional forms of shared governance and regional autonomy.

C. Expanding empires created nationalist responses throughout Europe.

D. Conservatives developed new ideologies in support of traditional political authorities.

4. The state policy expressed by Frederick in this document was most unlike which of the following policies of his contemporary monarchs?

A. In France, Louis XIV and his finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert extended the administrative, financial, military, and religious control of the central state over the French population.

B. In Poland, the monarchys inability to consolidate its authority over the nobility led to the countrys partition by the late eighteenth century.

C. In England, the outcome of the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution protected the rights of gentry and aristocracy from absolutism by codifying the rights of Parliament.

D. In the Netherlands, the Dutch Republic developed an oligarchy of urban gentry and rural landholders that promoted trade and protected traditional rights.

It appears from all this that the person of the king is sacred, and that to attack him in any way is sacrilege. God has the kings anointed by his prophets with the holy unction in like manner as he has bishops and altars anointed. But even without the external application in thus being anointed, they are by their very office the representatives of the divine majesty deputed by Providence for the execution of his purposes. Accordingly God calls Cyrus his anointed. "Thus saith the Lord to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have holden, to subdue nations before him." Kings should be guarded as holy things, and whosoever neglects to protect them is worthy of death . . .There is something religious in the respect accorded to a prince. The service of God and the respect for kings are bound together. St. Peter unites these two duties when he says, "Fear God. Honour the king."

JacquesBenigne Bossuet, 1678

5. What philosophy of government is advocated in the passage?

A. Divine Right Monarchy

B. Constitutional Monarchy

C. Enlightened Despotism

D. Aristocratic Oligarchy

6. What did Peter the Great achieve through absolutism in Russia?

A. Insurrection from the nobility and peasant uprisings

B. Assassination attempts from other members of the royal family

C. Westernization and naval military reform

D. Resistance from the Russian Orthodox Church

7. What development in the eighteenth century did the most to undermine this form of government?

A. The Enlightenment

B. The Industrial Revolution

C. The Agricultural Revolution

D. The Scientific Revolution

8. All of the following were considered absolute monarchs of the 17th century EXCEPT

A. Louis XIV

B. James I

C. William of Orange

D. Charles I

Some years ago, as your Serene Highness well knows, I discovered in the heavens many things that had not been seen before our own age. The novelty of these things, as well as some consequences which followed from them in contradiction to the physical notions commonly held among academic philosophers, stirred up against me no small number of professors-as if I had placed these things in the sky with my own hands in order to upset nature and overturn the sciences. They seemed to forget that the increase in known truths stimulates the investigation, establishment, and growth of the arts; not their diminution or destruction. Showing a greater fondness for their own opinions than for truth, they sought to deny and disprove the new things, if they had cared to look for themselves, their own senses would have demonstrated to them. To this end they hurled various charges and published numerous writings filled with vain arguments, and they made the grave mistake of sprinkling these with passages taken from places in the Bible which they had failed to understand properly, and which were ill suited to their purposes.

Galileo Galilei, Letter to Madame Christina of Lorraine,

Grand Duchess of Tuscany, 1615

9. Based on the passage, Galileo and astronomers in the Scientific Revolution primarily focused on

A. Deducing from prior knowledge comprehensive theories of the universe

B. Careful observation of traditionally accepted astronomical phenomena

C. Sustaining accepted cosmologies to bolster the authority of and reverence for learned men

D. Systematically building on empirical discoveries to further knowledge of the universe, regardless of past learning

10. Which of the following is the best justification for the assertion that Galileo understood his precarious social position?

A. Galileo referred complimentarily on the practice of using Biblical passages in scientific works to gain support from religious authorities.

B. Galileo, in writing to the Duchess, sought noble patronage so he could defend himself if needed.

C. Galileo correctly viewed his opponents as of similar station to himself and felt free to criticize their methods as academic.

D. Galileo felt some apprehension about the number of professors against his new truths, but still felt relatively secure due to his relationship with the new pope.

Questions 7-9 are based on the following passage.

Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, void of all characters, without any ideas. How comes it to be furnished?...Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from experienceOur observation, employed either by external sensible objects or about the internal operations of our minds perceived and reflected on by ourselves, is that which supplies our understanding with all the materials of thinking

John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690

Man being born, as has been proved, with a title to perfect freedom, and an uncontrolled enjoyment of all the rights and privileges of the laws of nature, equally with any other man, or number of men in the world, hath by nature a power, not only to preserve his property, that is, his life, liberty and estate, against the injuries and estates of other men; but to judge of, and punish the breaches of that law in othersBut because no political society can be, nor subsist, without having in itself the power to preserve the property, and in order thereunto, punish the offices of all those of that society; there, and there only is political society, where every one of the members hath quitted his natural power, resigned it up into the hands of the community in all cases that exclude him not from appealing to protection from the law established by it. And thus all private judgment of every particular member being excluded. The community comes to be umpire, by settled standing rules, indifferent, and the same to all parties

John Locke, Second Treatise on Government, Section 87, 1690

11. According to the first excerpt, the source of human knowledge is depicted as