Which medication may be prescribed for a patient with osteoporosis who has demonstrated a low tolerance?

Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Endocrine Society et al (2011) Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(7):1911–1930
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA et al (2011) The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(1):53–58
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Dudenkov DV, Yawn BP, Oberhelman SS et al (2015) Changing incidence of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d values above 50 ng/mL: a 10-year population-based study. Mayo Clin Proc 90(5):577–586
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Leslie WD, Schousboe JT, Morin SN et al (2020) Fracture risk following high-trauma versus low-trauma fracture: a registry-based cohort study. Osteoporos Int Jun 31(6):1059–1067
CAS Google Scholar
Mackey DC, Lui LY, Cawthon PM, Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) and Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS) Research Groups et al (2007) High-trauma fractures and low bone mineral density in older women and men. JAMA 298(20):2381–2388
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yang J, Cosman F, Stone PW, Li M, Nieves JW (2020) Vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) for osteoporosis screening in US postmenopausal women: is it cost-effective? Osteoporos Int. Dec 31(12):2321–2335
CAS Google Scholar
Hillier TA, Lui LY, Kado DM et al (2012) Height loss in older women: risk of hip fracture and mortality independent of vertebral fractures. J Bone Miner Res 27(1):153–159
PubMed Google Scholar
Bilezikian JP, Brandi ML, Eastell R (2014) Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the Fourth International Workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99(10):3561–3569
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Glowacki J, Hurwitz S, Thornhill TS, Kelly M, LeBoff MS (2003) Osteoporosis and vitamin-D deficiency among postmenopausal women with osteoarthritis undergoing total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 85(12):2371–2377
PubMed Google Scholar
Bernatz JT, Brooks AE, Squire MW, Illgen RI 2nd, Binkley NC, Anderson PA (2019) Osteoporosis is common and undertreated prior to total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 34(7):1347–1353
PubMed Google Scholar
Anderson PA, Morgan SL, Krueger D et al (2019) Use of bone health evaluation in orthopedic surgery: 2019 ISCD Official Position. J Clin Densitom 22(4):517–543
PubMed Google Scholar
Bynum JPW, Bell JE, Cantu RV et al (2016) Second fractures among older adults in the year following hip, shoulder, or wrist fracture. Osteoporosis Int 27(7):2207–2215
CAS Google Scholar
Siris ES, Adler R, Bilezikian J et al (2014) The clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis: a position statement from the National Bone Health Alliance Working Group. Osteoporos Int 25(5):1439–1443
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Adler RA, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Bauer DC, Camacho PM et al (2016) Managing osteoporosis in patients on long-term bisphosphonate treatment: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res 31(1):16–35
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
National Osteoporosis Foundation (2014) Clinician’s Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis. National Osteoporosis Foundation, Washington, DC
Cauley JA, Lui LY, Ensrud KE et al (2005) Bone mineral density and the risk of incident nonspinal fractures in black and white women. JAMA 293(17):2102–2108
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Liu XS, Walker MD, McMahon DJ, Udesky J, Liu G, Bilezikian JP, Guo XE (2011) Better skeletal microstructure confers greater mechanical advantages in Chinese-American women versus white women. J Bone Miner Res 26(8):1783–1792
PubMed Google Scholar
Shin MH, Zmuda JM, Barrett-Connor E, Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Research Group et al (2014) Race/ethnic differences in associations between bone mineral density and fracture history in older men. Osteoporos Int 25(3):837–845
PubMed Google Scholar
Cauley JA, Chalhoub D, Kassem AM, Fuleihan G-H (2014) Geographic and ethnic disparities in osteoporotic fractures. Nat Rev Endocrinol 10(6):338–351
PubMed Google Scholar
Nelson DA, Beck TJ, Wu G et al (2011) Ethnic differences in femur geometry in the women’s health initiative observational study. Osteoporos Int 22(5):1377–1388
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wright NC, Looker A, Saag K et al (2014) The recent prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass based on bone mineral density at the femoral neck or lumbar spine in the United States based on bone mineral density at the femoral neck or lumbar spine. J Bone Miner Res 29(11):2520–2526
PubMed Google Scholar
Viswanathan M, Reddy S, Berkman N et al (2018) Screening to prevent osteoporotic fractures: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 319(24):2532–2551
PubMed Google Scholar
Burge R, Dawson-Hughes B, Solomon DH, Wong JB, King A, Tosteson A (2007) Incidence and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States, 2005-2025. J Bone Miner Res 22(3):465–475
PubMed Google Scholar
Benjamin EJ, Virani SS, Callaway CW et al (2018) American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2018 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 137(12):e67–e492
PubMed Google Scholar
American Cancer Society. Surveillance research (2019) Available at: https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2019/estimated-new-cases-for-the-four-major-cancers-by-sex-and-age-group-2019.pdf Accessed January 2019.
Lewiecki EM, Ortendahl JD, Vanderpuye-Orgle J et al (2019) Healthcare policy changes in osteoporosis can improve outcomes and reduce costs in the United States. JBMR Plus 3(9):e10192
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Office of the Surgeon General (US) (2004) Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the Surgeon General. Office of the Surgeon General (US), Rockville
Roerholt C, Eiken P, Abrahamsen B (2009) Initiation of anti-osteoporotic therapy in patients with recent fractures: a nationwide analysis of prescription rates and persistence. Osteoporos Int 20(2):299–307
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Liu SK, Munson JC, Bell JE et al (2013) Quality of osteoporosis care of older Medicare recipients with fragility fractures: 2006 to 2010. J Am Geriatr Soc 61(11):1855–1862
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kim SC, Kim MS, Sanfélix-Gimeno G et al (2015) Use of osteoporosis medications after hospitalization for hip fracture: a cross-national study. Am J Med 128(5):519–26.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.014
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lewiecki EM, Wright NC, Siris E et al (2018) Hip fracture trends in the United States, 2002 to 2015. Osteoporos Int 29(3):717–722
PubMed Google Scholar
Khosla S, Shane E (2016) A crisis in the treatment of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 31(8):1485–1487
PubMed Google Scholar
Roux C, Briot K (2018) Osteoporosis in 2017: addressing the crisis in the treatment of osteoporosis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 14(2):67–68
PubMed Google Scholar
Svedbom A, Borgstöm F, Hernlund E et al (2018) Quality of life for up to 18 months after low-energy hip, vertebral, and distal forearm fractures-results from the ICUROS. Osteoporos Int 29(3):557–566
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Abrahamsen B, van Staa T, Ariely R, Olson M, Cooper C (2009) Excess mortality following hip fracture: a systematic epidemiological review. Osteoporos Int 20(10):1633–1650
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Colón-Emeric C, Kuchibhatla M, Pieper C et al (2003) The contribution of hip fracture to risk of subsequent fractures: data from eight longitudinal studies. Osteoporos Int 11:879–883
Google Scholar
Lewiecki EM, Laster AJ (2006) Clinical review: clinical applications of vertebral fracture assessment by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. J Clin Endo Metab 91(11):4215–4222
CAS Google Scholar
Johansson L, Svensson HK, Karlsson J et al (2019) Decreased physical health-related quality of life-a persisting state for older women with clinical vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int 30(10):1961–1971
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Crandall CJ, Hovey KM, Cauley JA, Andrews CA, Curtis JR, Wactawski-Wende J, Wright NC, Li W, LeBoff MS (2015) Wrist fracture and risk of subsequent fracture: findings from the Women’s Health Initiative Study. J Bone Miner Res 30(11):2086–2095
PubMed Google Scholar
Wright NC, Hooker ER, Nielson CM et al (2018) The epidemiology of wrist fractures in older men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. Osteoporos Int 29(4):859–870
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Crandall CJ, Hovey KM, Andrews CA, Cauley JA, Manson JE, Wactawski-Wende J, Wright NC, Li W, Beavers K, Curtis JR, LeBoff MS (2015) Bone mineral density predictor of subsequent wrist fractures: findings from the Women’s Health Initiative Study. J Clin Endo Metab 100(11):4315–4324
CAS Google Scholar
Rozental TD, Deschamps LN, Taylor A et al (2013) Premenopausal women with a distal radial fracture have deteriorated trabecular bone density and morphology compared with controls without a fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Am 95(7):633–642
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Harper CM, Fitzpatrick SK, Zurakowski D, Rozental TD (2014) Distal radial fractures in older men. A missed opportunity? J Bone Joint Surg Am 96(21):1820–1827
PubMed Google Scholar
Rozental TD, Makhni EC, Day CS, Bouxsein ML (2008) Improving evaluation and treatment for osteoporosis following distal radial fractures. A prospective randomized intervention. J Bone Joint Surg Am 90(5):953–961
PubMed Google Scholar
Greenspan SL, Singer A, Vujevich K et al (2018) Implementing a fracture liaison service open model of care utilizing a cloud-based tool. Osteoporos Int 29(4):953–960
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Naranje SM, Erali RA, Warner WC Jr, Sawyer JR, Kelly DM (2016) Epidemiology of pediatric fractures presenting to emergency departments in the United States. J Pediatr Orthop 36(4):e45–e48
PubMed Google Scholar
Finkelstein JS, Brockwell SE, Mehta V et al (2008) Bone mineral density changes during the menopause transition in a multiethnic cohort of women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(3):861–868
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rizzoli R, Bianchi ML, Garabédian M, McKay HA, Moreno LA (2010) Maximizing bone mineral mass gain during growth for the prevention of fractures in the adolescents and the elderly. Bone 46(2):294–305
PubMed Google Scholar
McClung MR (2017) Sclerostin antibodies in osteoporosis: latest evidence and therapeutic potential. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 9(10):263–270
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dempster DW, Shane E, Horbert W, Lindsay R (1986) A simple method for correlative light and scanning electron microscopy of human iliac crest bone biopsies: qualitative observations in normal and osteoporotic subjects. J Bone Miner Res 1(1):15–21
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Camacho PM, Petak SM, Binkley N et al (2020) American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis—2020 update. Endocr Pract 26(1):1–46
PubMed Google Scholar
Balasubramanian A, Zhang J, Chen L et al (2019) Risk of subsequent fracture after prior fracture among older women. Osteoporos Int 30(1):79–92
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sheer RL, Barron RL, Sudharshan L, Pasquale MK (2020) Validated prediction of imminent risk of fracture for older adults. Am J Manag Care 26(3):e91–e97
PubMed Google Scholar
National Osteoporosis Foundation (2003) Health professional’s guide to rehabilitation of the patient with osteoporosis. National Osteoporosis Foundation, Washington, DC
American Geriatrics Society, British Geriatrics Society, and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Falls Prevention (2001) Guideline for the prevention of falls in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 49:664–672
Google Scholar
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2019) STEADI (Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths & Injuries) tool kit for health care providers. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/steadi/index.html/. Accessed November 2019
van den Bergh JP, van Geel TA, Geusens PP (2012) Osteoporosis, frailty and fracture: implications for case finding and therapy. Nat Rev Rheumatol 8(3):163–172
PubMed Google Scholar
Watts NB, Adler RA, Bilezikian JP, Endocrine Society et al (2012) Osteoporosis in men: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(6):1802–1822
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
International Society for Clinical Densitometry (2019) ISCD OFFICIAL POSITIONS – ADULT. Available at: https://iscd.org/learn/official-positions/adult-positions/ Accessed October 2019
Kanis JA, Melton LJ 3rd, Christiansen C, Johnston CC, Khaltaev N (1994) The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 9(8):1137–1141
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bouxsein ML, Eastell R, Lui LY, FNIH bone quality project et al (2019) Change in bone density and reduction in fracture risk: a meta-regression of published trials. J Bone Miner Res 34(4):632–642
PubMed Google Scholar
Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H (1996) Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ 312(7041):1254–1259
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tenne M, McGuigan F, Besjakov J, Gerdhem P, Åkesson K (2013) Degenerative changes at the lumbar spine--implications for bone mineral density measurement in elderly women. Osteoporos Int. 24(4):1419–1428
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Okano I, Salzmann SN, Jones C et al (2020) The impact of degenerative disc disease on regional volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) measured by quantitative computed tomography. Spine J. 20(2):181–190
PubMed Google Scholar
Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, US Preventive Services Task Force et al (2018) Screening for osteoporosis to prevent fractures: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA 319(24):2521–2531
PubMed Google Scholar
Ross PD, Davis JW, Epstein RS, Wasnich RD (1991) Pre-existing fractures and bone mass predict vertebral fracture incidence in women. Ann Intern Med 114(11):919–923
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
El Maghraoui A, Rezqi A, Mounach A, Achemlal L, Bezza A, Ghozlani I (2013) Systematic vertebral fracture assessment in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Bone 52(1):176–180
PubMed Google Scholar
Lenchik L, Rogers LF, Delmas PD, Genant HK (2004) Diagnosis of osteoporotic vertebral fractures: importance of recognition and description by radiologists. Am J Roentgenology 183(4):949–958
Google Scholar
Buckley L, Guyatt G, Fink HA et al (2017) 2017 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 69(8):1521–1537
PubMed Google Scholar
Schousboe JT, Ensrud KE, Nyman JA, Kane RL, Melton LJ 3rd (2005) Potential cost-effective use of spine radiographs to detect vertebral deformity and select osteopenic post-menopausal women for amino-bisphosphonate therapy. Osteoporos Int 16(12):1883–1893
PubMed Google Scholar
Kanis, J.A., McCloskey, E.V., Johansson, H. et al. (2010) Development and use of FRAX® in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 21, 407–413
Imerci A, Yalın Kılınç C, Aydogan NH, Karalezli MN, Savran A (2017) Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX®) results calculated with and without bone mineral density values for the evaluation of fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. J Clin Densitom 3. pii:S1094-6950(16)30259-1
Greenspan SL, Perera S, Nace D et al (2012) FRAX or fiction: determining optimal screening strategies for treatment of osteoporosis in residents in long term care facilities. J Am Geriatr Soc 60(4):684–690
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Roux S, Cabana F, Carrier N et al (2014) The World Health Organization Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) underestimates incident and recurrent fractures in consecutive patients with fragility fractures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99(7):2400–2408
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tosteson ANA, Melton LJ 3rd, Dawson-Hughes B et al (2008) National Osteoporosis Foundation Guide Committee. Cost-effective osteoporosis treatment thresholds: the United States perspective. Osteoporos Int 19(4):437–447
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dawson-Hughes B, Tosteson ANA, Melton LJ 3rd et al (2008) National Osteoporosis Foundation Guide Committee. Implications of absolute fracture risk assessment for osteoporosis practice guidelines in the U.S.A. Osteoporos Int 19(4):449–458
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Johansson H, McCloskey E (2008) FRAX® and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK. Osteoporos Int 19(4):385–397
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Albert SG, Reddy S (2017) Efficacy of drugs for treatment of osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Endocr Pract 23(7):841–856
PubMed Google Scholar
Kanis JA, Harvey NC, Cooper C, Johansson H, Odén A, McCloskey EV, Advisory Board of the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (2016) A systematic review of intervention thresholds based on FRAX: a report prepared for the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group and the International Osteoporosis Foundation. Archives of Osteoporosis 11(1):25
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lewiecki EM, Wright NC, Singer AJ (2020) Racial disparities, FRAX, and the care of patients with osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 31:2069–2071
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Martineau P, Leslie WD, Johansson H et al (2017) Clinical utility of using lumbar spine trabecular bone score to adjust fracture probability: the Manitoba BMD Cohort. J Bone Miner Res 32(7):1568–1574
PubMed Google Scholar
Goldman AL, Donlon CM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Copeland T, Yu CY, LeBoff MS (2018) VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) bone health ancillary study: clinical factors associated with trabecular bone score in women and men. Osteoporos Int 29(11):2505–2515
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Couraud G, Souffir C, Gaigneux E, Kolta S, Roux C, Briot K (2017) Adjusting FRAX® on TBS for identification of subjects at high risk of fractures. Bone 101:214–218
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Shevroja E, Lamy O, Kohlmeier L, Koromani F, Rivadeneira F, Hans D (2017) Use of trabecular bone score (TBS) as a complementary approach to dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for fracture risk assessment in clinical practice. J Clin Densitom 20(3):334–345
PubMed Google Scholar
Leslie WD, Shevroja E, Johansson H et al (2018) Risk-equivalent T-score adjustment for using lumbar spine trabecular bone score (TBS): the Manitoba BMD registry. Osteoporos Int 29(3):751–758
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
McCloskey EV, Odén A, Harvey NC et al (2016) A meta-analysis of trabecular bone score in fracture risk prediction and its relationship to FRAX. J Bone Miner Res 31(5):940–948
PubMed Google Scholar
Su Y, Leung L, Hans D, Lamy O, Kwok T (2017) The added value of trabecular bone score to FRAX® to predict major osteoporotic fractures for clinical use in Chinese older people: the Mr. OS and Ms. OS cohort study in Hong Kong. Osteoporos Int 28(1):111–117
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey EV (2011) Guidance for the adjustment of FRAX according to the dose of glucocorticoids. Osteoporos Int 22(3):809–816
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lenchik L, Weaver AA, Ward RJ, Boone JM, Boutin RD (2018) Opportunistic screening for osteoporosis using computed tomography: state of the art and argument for paradigm shift. Curr Rheumatol Rep 20(12):74
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Karjalainen JP, Riekkinen O, Töyräs J, Jurvelin JS, Kröger H (2016) New method for point-of-care osteoporosis screening and diagnostics. Osteoporos Int 27(3):971–977
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Keaveny T, Clarke B, Cosman F et al (2020) Biomechanical computed tomography analysis (BCT) for clinical assessment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 31:1025–1048
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Burch J, Rice S, Yang H et al (2014) Systematic review of the use of bone turnover markers for monitoring the response to osteoporosis treatment: the secondary prevention of fractures, and primary prevention of fractures in high-risk groups. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) 18(11):1–206
Google Scholar
Bauer DC, Black DM, Bouxsein ML, Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) Bone Quality Project et al (2018) Treatment-related charges in bone turnover and fracture risk reduction in clinical trials of anti-resorptive drugs: a meta-regression. J Bone Miner Res 33(4):634–642
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA et al (2011) The 2011 dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin d: what dietetics practitioners need to know. J Am Diet Assoc 111(4):524–527
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium; Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, editors (2011) Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56070/ Accessed August 2018
Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Women’s Health Initiative Investigators et al (2006) Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med 354(7):669–683
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Larsen ER, Mosekilde L, Foldspang A (2004) Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents osteoporotic fractures in elderly community dwelling residents: a pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study. J Bone Miner Res 19(3):370–378
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Weaver CM, Alexander DD, Boushey CJ et al (2016) Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and risk of fractures: an updated meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int 27(1):367–376 (Erratum in: Osteoporos Int 27[8]:2643-2646)
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Calcium: fact sheet for health professionals. Available at: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-HealthProfessional Accessed October 2019
Prentice RL, Pettinger MB, Jackson RD et al (2013) Health risks and benefits from calcium and vitamin D supplementation: Women’s Health Initiative clinical trial and cohort study. Osteoporos Int 24(2):567–580
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Reid IR, Bolland MJ (2012) Calcium supplements: bad for the heart? Heart 98(12):895–896
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A, Gamble GD, Reid IR (2011) Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women’s Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis. BMJ 19:342
Google Scholar
Moyer VA, Preventive Services Task Force US (2013) Vitamin D and calcium supplementation to prevent fractures in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 158(9):691–696. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-158-9-201305070-00603
Chung M, Tang AM, Fu Z, Wang DD, Newberry SJ (2016) Calcium intake and cardiovascular disease risk: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 165(12):856–866
PubMed Google Scholar
Manson JE, Cook NR, Lee IM, VITAL research group et al (2019) Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J 380(1):33–44
CAS Google Scholar
Heaney RP (2005) The vitamin D requirement in health and disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 97(1-2):13–19
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Heaney RP, Dowell MS, Hale CA, Bendich A (2003) Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. J Am Coll Nutr 22(2):142–146
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Vieth R, Holick MF (2018) Chapter 57B - the IOM—Endocrine Society controversy on recommended vitamin d targets: in support of the Endocrine Society position. In: Feldman D, Pike JW, Bouillon R, Vitamin D (eds) In, vol 1, 4th edn. Biochemistry, physiology and diagnostics, Academic Press. Elsevier Inc, London
Holick MF, Siris ES, Binkley N et al (2005) Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy among postmenopausal north American women receiving osteoporosis therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(6):3215–3224
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Orav EJ et al (2016) Monthly high-dose vitamin D treatment for the prevention of functional decline: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 176(2):175–183
PubMed Google Scholar
Sanders KM, Stuart AL, Williamson EJ et al (2010) Annual high-dose oral vitamin D and falls and fractures in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 303(18):1815–1822
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
LeBoff MS, Hawkes WG, Glowacki J, Yu-Yahiro J, Hurwitz S, Magaziner J (2008) Vitamin D-deficiency and post-fracture changes in lower extremity function and falls in women with hip fractures. Osteoporos Int 19(9):1283–1290
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Looker AC, Pfeiffer CM, Lacher DA, Schleicher RL, Picciano MF, Yetley EA (2008) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of the US population: 1988-1994 compared with 2000-2004. Am J Clin Nutr 88(6):1519–1527
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF (2000) Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 72(3):690–693
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chung M, Lee J, Terasawa T, Lau J, Trikalinos TA (2011) Vitamin D with or without calcium supplementation for prevention of cancer and fractures: an updated meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 155(12):827–838
PubMed Google Scholar
Newberry SJ, Chung M, Shekelle PG et al (2014) Vitamin D and calcium: a systematic review of health outcomes (update). Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 217:1–929
Google Scholar
Avenell A, Mak JC, O’Connell D (2014) Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post-menopausal women and older men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 14(4):CD000227
Google Scholar
Reid IR, Bolland MJ, Grey A (2014) Effects of vitamin D supplements on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 383(9912):146–155
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A (2018) Effects of vitamin D supplementation on musculoskeletal health: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 6(11):847–858
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
LeBoff MS, Yue AY, Copeland T, Cook NR, Buring JE, Manson JE (2015) VITAL-Bone Health: rationale and design of two ancillary studies evaluating the effects of vitamin D and/or omega-3 fatty acid supplements on incident fractures and bone health outcomes in the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL). Contemp Clin Trials 41:259–268
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
LeBoff MS, Chou SH, Murata EM, Donlon CM, Cook NR, Mora S, Lee IM, Kotler G, Bubes V, Buring JE, Manson JE (2020) Effects of supplemental vitamin D on bone health outcomes in women and men in the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL). J Bone Miner Res 35(5):888–893
Google Scholar
Donlon CM, LeBoff MS, Chou SH, Cook NR, Copeland T, Buring JE, Bubes V, Kotler G, Manson JE (2018) Baseline characteristics of participants in the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): Effects on bone structure and architecture. Contemp Clin Trials 67:56–67
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
LeBoff MS, Murata EM, Cook NR, Cawthon P, Chou SH, Kotler G, Bubes V, Buring JE, Manson JE (2020) VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): effects of vitamin D supplements on risk of falls in the US population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 105(9):2929–2938
PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ et al (2012) Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (9):CD007146
Khaw KT, Stewart AW, Waayer D et al (2017) Effect of monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation on falls and non-vertebral fractures: secondary and post-hoc outcomes from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled ViDA trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 5(6):438–447
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Uusi-Rasi K, Patil R, Karinkanta S et al (2015) Exercise and vitamin D in fall prevention among older women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internl Med 175(5):703–711
Google Scholar
Ayo-Yusuf OA, Olutola BG (2014) Epidemiological association between osteoporosis and combined smoking and use of snuff among South African women. Niger J Clin Pract 17:174–177
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Waugh EJ, Lam MA, Hawker GA, McGowan J, Papaioannou A, Cheung AM (2009) Risk factors for low bone mass in healthy 40-60 year old women: a systematic review of the literature. Osteoporos Int 20:1–21
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Benson BW, Shulman JD (2005) Inclusion of tobacco exposure as a predictive factor for decreased bone mineral content. Nicotine Tob Res 7:719–724
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Krall EA, Dawson-Hughes B (1999) Smoking increases bone loss and decreases intestinal calcium absorption. J Bone Miner Res 14:215–220
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mikosch P (2014) Alcohol and bone. Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift 164(1-2):15–24
PubMed Google Scholar
Burrows M (2007) Exercise and bone mineral accrual in children and adolescents. J Sports Sci Med 6(3):305–312
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Giangregorio LM, Papainoannou A, MacIntyre NJ et al (2014) Too fit to fracture: exercise recommendations for individuals with osteoporosis or osteoporotic vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int 25:821–835
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Senderovich H, Tang H, Belmont S (2017) The role of exercises in osteoporotic fracture prevention and current care gaps. Where are we now? Recent updates. Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal 8(3):e0032
PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tricco AC, Thomas SM, Veroniki AA et al (2017) Comparisons of interventions for preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 318(17):1687–1699
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sherrington C, Fairhall N, Wallbank G et al (2019) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community: an abridged Cochrane Systematic Review. Br J Sports Med
Watson SL, Weeks BK, Weis LJ, Horan SA, Beck BR (2015) Heavy resistance training is safe and improves bone, function, and stature in postmenopausal women with low to very low bone mass: novel early findings from the LIFTMOR trial. Osteoporos Int 26(12):2889–2894
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Greenway KG, Walkley JW, Rich PA (2015) Impact exercise and bone density in premenopausal women with below average bone density for age. Eur J Appl Physiol 115(11):2457–2469
PubMed Google Scholar
Katzman WB, Vittinghoff E, Lin F et al (2017) Targeted spine strengthening exercise and posture training program to reduce hyperkyphosis in older adults: results from the study of hyperkyphosis, exercise, and function (SHEAF) randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int 28(10):2831–2841
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Brault MW (2012) Americans With Disabilities: 2010. Report number P70-131. Available at https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2012/demo/p70-131.html. Accessed 12/20
Salpakoski A, Törmäkangas T, Edgren J et al (2014) Walking recovery after a hip fracture: a prospective follow-up study among community-dwelling over 60-year old men and women. Biomed Res Int 2014:289549
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jager TE, Weiss HB, Coben JH, Pepe PE (2000) Traumatic brain injuries evaluated in U.S. emergency departments, 1992–1994. Academic Emergency Medicine 7(2):134–140
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hayes WC, Myers ER, Morris JN, Gerhart TN, Yett HS, Lipsitz LA (1993) Impact near the hip dominates fracture risk in elderly nursing home residents who fall. Calcif Tissue Int 52:192–198

CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wainwright SA, Marshall LM, Ensrud KE, Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group et al (2005) Hip fracture in women without osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:2787–2793
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (2020) Web–based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/fatal.html/ Accessed March 15, 2020
de Souto Barreto P, Rolland Y, Vellas B, Maltais M (2018) Association of long-term exercise training with risk of falls, fractures, hospitalizations, and mortality in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med Published online December 28 2018
Granacher U, Gollhofer A, Hortobágyi T, Kressig RW, Muehlbauer T (2013) The importance of trunk muscle strength for balance, functional performance and fall prevention in seniors: a systematic review. Sports Med 43(7):627–641
PubMed Google Scholar
Sherrington C, Whitney JC, Lord SR, Herbert RD, Cumming RG, Close JC (2008) Effective exercise for the prevention of falls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 56(12):2234–2243
PubMed Google Scholar
Choi M, Hector M (2012) Effectiveness of intervention programs in preventing falls: a systematic review of recent 10 years and meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc 13(2):188.e13-21
Liu-Ambrose T, Davis JC, Best JR et al (2019) Effect of a home-based exercise program on subsequent falls among community-dwelling high-risk older adults after a fall: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 321(21):2092–2100
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sherrington C, Fairhall NJ, Wallbank GK et al (2019) Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1(1):CD012424
LaMonte MJ, Wactawski-Wende J, Larson JC, Mai X, Robbins JA, LeBoff MS, Chen Z, Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Ockene JK, Hovey KM (2019) Cauley JA (2019) Association of physical activity and fracture risk among postmenopausal women. JAMA Netw Open. 2(10):e1914084
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
NOF (2021) Medication and Treatment Adherence: The Hows and Whys of Osteoporosis Medications. Available at http://www.nof.org/patients/treatment/medicationadherence/
Saag KG, Emkey R, Schnitzer TJ et al (1998) Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis Intervention Study Group. Alendronate for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. NEJM. 339(5):292–299
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Black DM, Cummings SR, Karpf DB et al. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Study Group (1996) Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Lancet 348(9041):1535-1541
Cummings SR, Black DM, Thompson DE et al (1998) Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial. JAMA 280(24):2077–2082
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chesnut CH 3rd, Skag A, Christiansen C et al (2004) Oral Ibandronate Osteoporosis Vertebral Fracture Trial in North America and Europe (BONE). Effects of oral ibandronate administered daily or intermittently on fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 19(8):1241–1249
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Eastell R, Devogelaer JP, Peel NF et al (2000) Prevention of bone loss with risedronate in glucocorticoid-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients. Osteoporos Int 11(4):331–337
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
McClung MR, Benhamou CL, Man Z et al (2013) A novel monthly dosing regimen of risedronate for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: 2-year data. Calcif Tissue Int 92(1):59–67
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Barrionuevo PM, Kapoor E, Asi N et al (2019) Efficacy of pharmacological therapies for the prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women: a network meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 104(5):1623–1630
PubMed Google Scholar
Reid IR, Horne AM, Mihov B et al (2018) Fracture prevention with zoledronate in older women with osteopenia. N Engl J Med 379(25):2407–2416
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2017) Reclast (zoledronic acid): drug safety communication - new contraindication and updated warning on kidney impairment. [Correction in: Endocr Pract. 2017 23(12):1488. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-new-contraindication-and-updated-warning-kidney-impairment-reclast Accessed August 2018.
Patel DV, Bolland M, Nisa Z et al (2015) Incidence of ocular side effects with intravenous zoledronate: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int 26(2):499–503
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL et al. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators (2002) Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principle results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288(3):321-333
Crandall CJ, Hovey KM, Andrews C et al (2017) Comparison of clinical outcomes among users of oral and transdermal estrogen therapy in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study. Menopause 24(10):1145–1153
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Eastell R, Rosen CJ, Black DM, Cheung AM, Murad MH, Shoback D (2019) Pharmacological management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 104(5):1595–1622
PubMed Google Scholar
Manson JE, Allison MA, Rossouw JE, Carr JJ et al WHI and WHI-CACS Investigators (2007) Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification. N Engl J Med 356:2591–2602
The NAMS (2017) Hormone Therapy Position Statement Advisory Panel (2017) The 2017 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 24(7):728–753
Google Scholar
Cobin RH, Goodman NF; AACE Reproductive Endocrinology Scientific Committee (2017) American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology position statement on menopause-2017 Update. Endocr Pract 23(7):869-80. (Erratum in: Endocr Pract 2017 23[12]:1488)
Cobin RH, Goodman NF: AACE Reproductive Endocrinology Scientific Committee (2017) American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology position statement on menopause-2017 UPDATE. Endocr Pract 23(7):869-880
Cauley JA, Norton L, Lippman ME et al (2001) Continued breast cancer risk reduction in postmenopausal women treated with raloxifene: 4-year results from the MORE trial. Multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation. Breast Cancer Res Treat 65(2):125–134
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Martino S, Cauley, JA, Barrett-Connor E et al. CORE Investigators (2004) Continuing outcomes relevant to Evista: breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal osteoporotic women in a randomized trial of raloxifene. J Natl Cancer Inst 96(23):1751-1761
Vogel VG, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL et al. National Surgical Adjuvent Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) (2006) Effects of tamoxifen vs. raloxifene on the risk of developing invasive breast cancer and other disease outcomes: the NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial. JAMA 295(23):2727-2741
Barrett-Connor E, Mosca L, Collins P et al. Raloxifene Use for The Heart (RUTH) Trial Investigators (2006) Effects of raloxifene on cardiovascular events and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 355(2):125-137
Gennari L, Merlotti D, De Paola V, Martini G, Nuti R (2008) Bazedoxifene for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 4(6):1229–1242
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lindsay R, Gallagher JC, Kagan R, Pickar JH, Constantine G (2009) Efficacy of tissue-selective estrogen complex of bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens for osteoporosis prevention in at-risk postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 92(3):1045–1052
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mirkin S, Komm BS, Pan K, Chines AA (2013) Effects of bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens on endometrial safety and bone in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 16(3):338–346
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pinkerton JV, Pickar JH, Racketa J, Mirkin S (2012) Bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens for menopausal symptom treatment and osteoporosis prevention. Climacteric 15(5):411–418
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Saag K, Shane E, Boonen S (2007) Teriparatide or alendronate in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 357(20):2028–2039
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR et al (2001) Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 344(19):1434–1441
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kendler DL, Marin F, Zerbini CAF et al (2018) Effects of teriparatide and risedronate on new fractures in post-menopausal women with severe osteoporosis (VERO): a multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 391(10117):230–240
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Eli Lilly and Company. FORTEO — teriparatide injection, solution. Highlights of prescribing information. Revised: 4/2021. Available at: https://uspl.lilly.com/forteo/forteo.html#pi/ Accessed December 2021.
Miller PD, Hattersley G, Riis BJ et al. ACTIVE Study Investigators (2016) Effect of abaloparatide vs placebo on new vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 316(7):722-733
Cosman F, Miller PD, Williams GC et al (2017) Eighteen months of treatment with subcutaneous abaloparatide followed by 6 months of treatment with alendronate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results of the ACTIVExtend Trial. Mayo Clin Proc 2017 Feb 92(2):200–210
CAS Google Scholar
Cummings SR, San Martin J, McClung MR, FREEDOM Trial et al (2009) Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 361(8):756–765 (Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2009;361[19]:1914)
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zaheer S, LeBoff M, Lewiecki EM (2015) Denosumab for the treatment of osteoporosis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 11(3):461–470
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bilezikian JP, Lin CJF, Brown JP et al (2019) Long-term denosumab treatment restores cortical bone loss and reduces fracture risk at the forearm and humerus: analyses from the FREEDOM Extension cross-over group. Osteoporos Int 30(9):1855–1864
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Papapoulos S, Lippuner K, Roux C et al (2015) The effect of 8 or 5 years of denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the FREEDOM Extension study. Osteoporos Int 26(12):2773–2783
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Watts NB, Roux C, Modlin JF et al (2012) Infections in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with denosumab or placebo: coincidence or causal association? Osteoporos Int 23(1):327–337
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Choi NK, Solomon DH, Tsacogianis TN, Landon JE, Song HJ, Kim SC (2017) Comparative safety and effectiveness of denosumab versus zoledronic acid in patients with osteoporosis: a cohort study. J Bone Miner Res 32(3):611–617
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Prolia® (denosumab) highlights of prescribing information. Available online at: https://www.proliahcp.com/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwjOrtBRCcARIsAEq4rW7usz0F7Zns1WRKvbttfSeUe10bri0Y4E6-ziiTVad5SflYzPCAYF0aAqTTEALw_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds/ Accessed 10/2019.
Cummings SR, Ferrari S, Eastell R et al (2018) Vertebral fractures after discontinuation of denosumab: a post hoc analysis of the randomized placebo-controlled FREEDOM Trial and its extension. J Bone Miner Res 33:190–198
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Leder BZ, Tsai JN, Uihlein AV et al (2015) Denosumab and teriparatide transitions in postmenopausal osteoporosis (the DATA-Switch study): extension of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 386:1147–1155
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Keaveny TM, Crittenden DB, Bolognese MA et al (2017) Greater gains in spine and hip strength for romosozumab compared with teriparatide in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. J Bone Miner Res 32(9):1956–1962
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Keaveny TM, Crittenden DB, Bolognese MA et al (2017) Effects of romosozumab compared with teriparatide on bone density and mass at the spine and hip in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. J Bone Miner Res 32(1):181–187
Google Scholar
Cosman F, Crittenden DB, Adachi JD et al (2016) Romosozumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 375(16):1532–1543
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Saag KG, Petersen J, Brandi ML et al (2017) Romosozumab or alendronate for fracture prevention in women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 377(15):1417–1427
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cosman F, Crittenden DB, Ferrari S et al (2018) Romosozumab FRAME Study: a post hoc analysis of the role of regional background fracture risk on nonvertebral fracture outcome. J Bone Miner Res 33(8):1407–1416
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
McClung MR, Brown JP, Diez-Perez A et al (2018) Effects of 24 months of treatment with romosozumab followed by 12 months of denosumab or placebo in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density: a randomized, double-blind, phase 2, parallel group study. J Bone Miner Res 33(8):1397–1406
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chesnut CH 3rd, Silverman S, Andriano K et al (2000) A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the prevent recurrence of osteoporotic fractures study. PROOF Study Group. Am J Med 109(4):267–276
CAS Google Scholar
Lyritis GP, Paspati I, Karachalios T, Ioakimidis D, Skarantavos G, Lyritis PG (1997) Pain relief from nasal salmon calcitonin in osteoporotic vertebral crush fractures. A double blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 275:112–114
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lyritis GP, Ioannidis GV, Karachalios T et al (1999) Analgesic effect of salmon calcitonin suppositories in patients with acute pain due to recent osteoporotic vertebral crush fractures: a prospective double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled. Clin J Pain 15(4):284–289
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Overman RA, Borse M, Gourlay ML (2013) Salmon calcitonin use and associated cancer risk. Ann Pharmacother 47(12):1675–1684
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Food and Drug Administration. Questions and answers: changes to the indicated population for miacalcin (calcitonin-salmon). Available online at: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/questions-and-answers-changes-indicated-population-miacalcin-calcitonin-salmon Accessed August 2018.
Khosla S, Burr D, Cauley J et al. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (2007) Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res 22(10):1470-1491
Woo S, Hellstein J, Kalmar J (2006) Systematic review: Bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaws. Ann Intern Med 144(10):753–761 [published correction appears in Ann Intern Med. 2006 Aug 1;145(3):235].
Khan AA, Morrison A, Hanley DA et al. International Task Force on Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (2015) Diagnosis and management of osteonecrosis of the jaw: a systematic review and international consensus. J Bone Miner Res 30(1):3-23
Boquete-Castro A, Gómez-Moreno G, Calvo-Guirado JL, Aguilar-Salvatierra A, Delgado-Ruiz RA (2016) Denosumab and osteonecrosis of the jaw. A systematic analysis of events reported in clinical trials. Clin Oral Implants Res 27(3):367–375
PubMed Google Scholar
Yarom N, Shapiro CL, Peterson DE et al (2019) Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: MASCC/ISOO/ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Oncol 37(25):2270–2290
PubMed Google Scholar
American Dental Association. Osteoporosis medications and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Oral Health Topics. Available at: https://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/osteoporosis-medications/ Accessed January 2019.
Fusco V, Santini D, Campisi G et al (2019) Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: MASCC/ISOO/ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Oncol 37(25):2270–2290
Google Scholar
Black DM, Abrahamsen B, Bouxsein ML, Einhorn T, Napoli N (2019) Atypical femur fractures - review of epidemiology, relationship to bisphosphonates, prevention. and clinical management. Endocr Rev 40(2):333–368
PubMed Google Scholar
Starr J, Tay YKD, Shane E (2018) Current understanding of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of atypical femur fractures. Curr Osteoporos Rep 16:519–529
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Shane E, Burr D, Abrahmsen B et al (2014) American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: Second report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res 29(1):1–23
PubMed Google Scholar
McKenna MJ, McKiernan FE, McGowan B et al (2017) Identifying incomplete atypical femoral fractures with single-energy absorptiometry: declining prevalence. J Endocr Soc 1(3):211–220
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Greenspan SL, Vujevich K, Britton C et al (2018) Teriparatide for treatment of patients with bisphosphonate-associated atypical fracture of the femur. Osteoporos Int 29(2):501–506
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Black DM, Geiger EJ, Eastell R, et al. (2020) Atypical femur fracture risk versus fragility fracture prevention with bisphosphonates N Engl J Med. Aug 20;383(8):743-753
Amgen (2020) Extension study to evaluate the long term safety and efficacy of denosumab in the treatment of osteoporosis. (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00523341) Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT00523341
Bone HG, Wagman RB, Brandi ML et al (2017) 10 years of denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the phase 3 randomised FREEDOM trial and open-label extension. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 5(7):513–523
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
van de Laarschot DM, McKenna MJ, Abrahamsen B et al (2020) Medical management of patients after atypical femur fractures: a systematic review and recommendations from the European Calcified Tissue Society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105(5):1682–1699
Google Scholar
Schilcher J, Michaelsson K, Aspenberg P (2011) Bisphosphonate use and atypical fractures of the femoral shaft. N Engl J Med 364:1728–1737
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Dell RM, Al A, Greene DF et al (2012) Incidence of atypical nontraumatic diaphyseal fractures of the femur. J Bone Miner Res 27:2544–2550
PubMed Google Scholar
Harris ST, Watts NB, Genant HK et al (1999) Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 282(14):1344–1352
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Reginster J, Minne HW, Sorensen OH et al (2000) Randomized trial of the effects of risedronate on vertebral fractures in women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. Osteoporos Int 11(1):83–91
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kanis JA, Barton IP, Johnell O (2005) Risedronate decreases fracture risk in patients selected solely on the basis of prior vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int 16(5):475–482
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH et al (1999) Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. JAMA 18 282(7):637–645 (Erratum in: JAMA. 1999;282[22]:2124)
CAS Google Scholar
Lyles KW, Colón-Emeric CS, Magaziner JS et al. HORIZON Recurrent Fracture Trial (2007) Zoledronic acid and clinical fractures and mortality after hip fracture. N Eng J Med 357(18):1799-1809
Eftekhar-Sadat B, Ghavami M, Toopchizadeh V, Ghahvechi Akbari M (2016) Wrist bone mineral density utility in diagnosing hip osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 7(5-6):207–211
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Black DM, Schwartz AV, Ensrud KE et al. FLEX Research Group (2006) Effects of continuing or stopping alendronate after 5 years of treatment: The Fracture Intervention Trial Long-term Extension (FLEX): a randomized trial. JAMA 296(24):2927–2938
Miller PD, McClung MR, Macovei L et al (2005) Monthly oral ibandronate therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis: 1-year results from the MOBILE study. J Bone Miner Res 20(8):1315–1322
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Reginster JY, Adami S, Lakatos P et al (2006) Efficacy and tolerability of once-monthly oral ibandronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis: 2-year results from the MOBILE study. Ann Rheu Dis 65(5):654–661
CAS Google Scholar
Eisman JA, Civitelli R, Adami S et al (2008) Efficacy and tolerability of intravenous ibandronate injections in postmenopausal osteoporosis: 2-year results from the DIVA study. J Rheumatol 35(3):488–497
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
McClung MR, Geusens P, Miller PD et al. Hip Intervention Program Study Group (2001) Effect of risedronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. N Engl J Med 344(5):333-340
Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R et al (2007) HORIZON Pivotal Fracture Trial Group (2003) Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Eng J Med 0. 356(18):1809–1822
CAS Google Scholar
Sorensen OH, Crawford GM, Mulder H, et al. Long-term efficacy of risedronate: a 5-year placebo-controlled clinical experience. Bone 32:(2):120-126
Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, Women’s Health Initiative Steering Committee et al (2004) Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291(14):1701–1712
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cosman F, Hattersley G, Hu MY, Williams GC, Fitzpatrick LA, Black DM (2017) Effects of abaloparatide-SC on fractures and bone mineral density in subgroups of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and varying baseline risk factors. J Bone Miner Res 32(1):17–23
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A et al (2010) The effects of a revision for the USA. Osteoporos Int 21(1):35–40
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cummings SR, Cosman F, Lewiecki EM et al (2017) Goal-directed treatment for osteoporosis: a progress report from the ASBMR-NOF working group on goal-directed treatment for osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 32:3–10
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Roux C, Briot K (2017) Imminent fracture risk. Osteoporos Int 28(6):1765–1769
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tsai JN, Uihlein AV, Burnett-Bowie SA et al (2015) Comparative effects of teriparatide, denosumab, and combination therapy on peripheral compartmental bone density, microarchitecture, and estimated strength: the DATA-HRpQCT Study. J Bone Miner Res 30(1):39–45
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Leder BZ, Tsai JN, Neer RM, Uihlein AV, Wallace PM, Burnett-Bowie SA (2016) Response to therapy with teriparatide, denosumab, or both in postmenopausal women in the DATA (Denosumab And Teriparatide Administration) Study randomized controlled trial. J Clin Densitom 19(3):346–351
PubMed Google Scholar
Lou S, Lv H, Li Z, Tang P (2018) Combination therapy of anabolic agents and bisphosphonates on bone mineral density in patients with osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open 8:e015187
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cosman F, Nieves JW, Dempster DW (2017) Treatment sequence matters: anabolic and antiresorptive therapy for osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 32:198–202
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tsai JN, Lee H, David NL, Eastell R, Leder BZ (2019) Combination denosumab and high dose teriparatide for postmenopausal osteoporosis (DATA-HD): a randomised, controlled phase 4 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 7(10):767–775
Tsai JN, Uihlein AV, Burnett-Bowie SM et al (2016) Effects of two years of teriparatide, denosumab, or both on bone microarchitecture and strength (DATA-HRpQCT study). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 101(5):2023–2030
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Haas AV, LeBoff MS (2018) Osteoanabolic agents for osteoporosis. J Endocr Soc 2(8):922–932
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Obermayer-Pietsch BM, Marin F, McCloskey EV et al. EUROFORS Investigators (2008) Effects of two years of daily teriparatide treatment on BMD in postmenopausal women with severe osteoporosis with and without prior antiresorptive treatment. J Bone Miner Res 23(10):1591–1600
Boonen S, Marin F, Obermayer-Pietsch B et al. EUROFORS Investigators (2008). Effects of previous antiresorptive therapy on the bone mineral density response to two years of teriparatide treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(3):852–860
Miller PD, Delmas PD, Lindsay R et al. Open-label Study to Determine How Prior Therapy with Alendronate or Risedronate in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis Influences the Clinical Effectiveness of Teriparatide Investigators (2008) Early responsiveness of women with osteoporosis to teriparatide after therapy with alendronate or risedronate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(10):3785-3793
Modi A, Siris ES, Tang J, Sen S (2015) Cost and consequences of noncompliance with osteoporosis treatment among women initiating therapy. Curr Med Res Opin 31(4):757-765
Hui RL, Adams AL, Niu F et al (2017) Predicting adherence and persistence with oral bisphosphonate therapy in an integrated health care delivery system. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 23(4):503–512
Raybould G, Babatunde O, Evans AL, Jordan JL, Paskins Z (2018) Expressed information needs of patients with osteoporosis and/or fragility fractures: a systematic review. Arch Osteoporos 13(1):55
Ross S, Samuels E, Gairy K, Iqbal S, Badamgarav E, Siris E (2011) A meta-analysis of osteoporotic fracture risk with medication nonadherence. Value Health 14:571–581
PubMed Google Scholar
Lewiecki EM (2010) The role of risk communication in the care of osteoporosis. Curr Osteoporos Rep 9:141–148
Google Scholar
Lindsay BR, Olufade T, Bauer J, Babrowicz J, Hahn R (2016) Patient-reported barriers to osteoporosis therapy. Arch Osteoporos 11(1):19
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Scoville EA, Ponce de Leon Lovaton P, Shah ND, Pencille LJ, Montori VM (2011) Why do women reject bisphosphonates for osteoporosis? A videographic study. PLoS One 6:e18468
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yood RA, Mazor KM, Andrade SE, Emani S, Chan W, Kahler KH (2008) Patient decision to initiate therapy for osteoporosis: the influence of knowledge and beliefs. J Gen Intern Med 23:1815–1821
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Yu J, Brenneman SK, Sazonov V, Modi A (2015) Reasons for not initiating osteoporosis therapy among a managed care population. Patient Prefer Adherence 9:821–830
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Barrionuevo PM, Gionfriddo MR, Castaneda-Guarderas A et al (2019) Women’s values and preferences regarding osteoporosis osteoporosis treatments: a systematic review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 104(5):1631–1636
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hall SF, Edmonds SW, Lou Y et al (2017) Patient-reported reasons for nonadherence to recommended osteoporosis pharmacotherapy. J Am Pharm Assoc. 57(4):503–509
Google Scholar
National Osteoporosis Foundation (2019) Patient Perception of Value in Healthcare: Osteoporosis and Bone Fragility A Patient-Oriented Value (POV™) Report. Prepared by Connect 4 Strategies, LLC, on behalf of National Osteoporosis Foundation. July 29, 2019
Lewiecki EM, Binkley N, Bilezikian JP (2019) Treated osteoporosis is still osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 34(4):605–606
PubMed Google Scholar
Black DM, Reid IR, Boonen S et al (2012) The effect of 3 versus 6 years of zoledronic acid treatment of osteoporosis: a randomized extension to the HORIZON-Pivotal Fracture Trial (PFT). J Bone Miner Res 27:243–254 (Erratum in: J Bone Miner Res. 2012 Dec;27[12]:2612)
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Black DM, Bauer DC, Schwartz AV, Cummings SR, Rosen CJ (2012) Continuing bisphosphonate treatment for osteoporosis--for whom and for how long? N Engl J Med 366(22):2051–2053
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Boonen S, Ferrari S, Miller PD (2012) Postmenopausal osteoporosis treatment with antiresorptives: effects of discontinuation or long-term continuation on bone turnover and fracture risk—a perspective. J Bone Miner Res. 27(5):963–974
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Miller PD, Bolognese MA, Lewiecki EM et al AMG Bone Loss Study Group (2008) Effect of denosumab on bone density and turnover in postmenopausal women with low bone mass after long-term continued, discontinued, and restarting of therapy: a randomized blinded phase 2 clinical trial. Bone 43:222–229
Tsourdi E, Langdahl B, Cohen-Solal M et al (2017) Discontinuation of denosumab therapy for osteoporosis: a systematic review and position statement by ECTS. Bone 105:11–17
PubMed Google Scholar
Nayak S, Greenspan SL (2017) Osteoporosis treatment efficacy for men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 65(3):490–495
PubMed Google Scholar
Smith MR, Egerdie B, Hernández Toriz N et al. Denosumab HALT Prostate Cancer Study Group (2009) Denosumab in men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 361(8):745–755
Brown-Glaberman U, Stopeck AT (2013) Impact of denosumab on bone mass in cancer patients. Clin Pharmacol 5:117–129
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Overman RA, Toliver JC, Yeh JY, Gourlay ML, Deal CL (2014) United States adults meeting 2010 American College of Rheumatology criteria for treatment and prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 66:1644–1652
PubMed Google Scholar
Compston J (2018) Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: an update. Endocrine. 61(1):7–16
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Abenhaim L et al (2000) Oral corticosteroids and fracture risk: relationship to daily and cumulative doses. Rheumatology (Oxford) 39(12):1383–1389
Donnan PT, Libby G, Boyter AC, Thompson P (2005 Mar) The population risk of fractures attributable to oral corticosteroids. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 14(3):177–186
PubMed Google Scholar
Allen CS, Yeung JH (2016) Bisphosphonates for steroid-induced osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10:CD001347
PubMed Google Scholar
Saag KG, Zanchetta JR, Devogelaer JP et al (2009) Effects of teriparatide versus alendronate for treating glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: thirty-six-month results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheu 60(11):3346–3355
CAS Google Scholar
Yanbeiy ZA, Hansen KE (2019) Denosumab in the treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Des Devel Ther 13:2843–2852
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Saag KG, Wagman RB, Geusens P et al (2018) Denosumab versus risedronate in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, double-dummy, non-inferiority study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 6(6):445–454
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Toulis KA, Anastasilakis AD (2010) Increased risk of serious infections in women with osteopenia or osteoporosis treated with denosumab. Osteoporos Int 21(11):1963-1964. Epub 2009 Dec 15. No abstract available. (Erratum in: Osteoporos Int 2010 Nov;21[11]:1965)
Curtis JR, Xie F, Yun H, Saag KG, Chen L, Delzell E (2015) Risk of hospitalized infection among rheumatoid arthritis patients concurrently treated with a biologic agent and denosumab. Arthritis Rheumatol 67(6):1456–1464
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lau AN, Wong-Pack M, Rodjanapiches R et al (2018) Occurrence of serious infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with biologics and denosumab observed in a clinical setting. J Rheumatol 45(2):170–176
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Boonen S, Black DM, Colón-Emeric CS et al (2010) Efficacy and safety of a once-yearly intravenous zoledronic acid 5 mg for fracture prevention in elderly postmenopausal women with osteoporosis aged 75 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc 58(2):292–299
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
McClung MR, Boonen S, Törring O et al (2012) Effect of denosumab treatment on the risk of fractures in subgroups of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Min Res 27:211–218
CAS Google Scholar
Boonen S, Marin F, Mellstrom D (2006) Safety and efficacy of teriparatide in elderly women with established osteoporosis: bone anabolic therapy from a geriatric perspective. J Am Geriatr Soc 54(5):782–789
PubMed Google Scholar
Greenspan SL, Schneider DL, McClung MR et al (2002) Alendronate improves bone mineral density in elderly women with osteoporosis residing in long-term care facilities. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 136(10):742–746
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Greenspan SL, Perera S, Ferchak MA, Nace DA, Resnick NM (2015) Efficacy and safety of single-dose zoledronic acid for osteoporosis in frail elderly women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 175(6):913–921
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bonnick SL (2013) Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry: interpreting reports and serial measurements. Clin Obstet Gynecol 56(4):677–685
PubMed Google Scholar
Qaseem A, Forciea MA, McLean RM, Denberg TD; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians (2017) Treatment of low bone density or osteoporosis to prevent fractures in men and women: a clinical practice guideline update from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 166(11):818–839
Google Scholar
Nishiyama KK, Macdonald HM, Hanley DA, Boyd SK (2013) Women with previous fragility fractures can be classified based on bone microarchitecture and finite element analysis measured with HR-pQCT. Osteoporos Int 24(5):1733–1740
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Viceconti M, Qasim M, Bhattacharya P, Li X (2018) Are CT-based finite element model predictions of femoral bone strengthening clinically useful? Curr Osteoporos Rep 16(3):216–223
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Oei L, Koromani F, Rivadeneira F, Zillikens MC, Oei EH (2016) Quantitative imaging methods in osteoporosis. Quant Imaging Med Surg 6(6):680–698
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Vasikaran S, Eastell R, Bruyère O et al. IOF-IFCC Bone Marker Standards Working Group (2011) Markers of bone turnover for the prediction of fracture risk and monitoring of osteoporosis treatment: a need for international reference standards. Osteoporos Int 22(2):391–420
Melton LJIII (1995) How many women have osteoporosis now? J Bone Miner Res 10:175–177
PubMed Google Scholar
Schnell S, Friedman SM, Mendelson DA, Bingham KW, Kates SL (2010) The 1-year mortality of patients treated in a hip fracture program for elders. Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil 1(1):6–14
Forsén L, Sogaard AJ, Meyer HE, Edna T, Kopjar B (1999) Survival after hip fracture: short and long term excess mortality according to age and gender. Osteoporos Int 10(1):73–78
PubMed Google Scholar
Kado DM, Duong T, Stone KL et al (2003) Incident vertebral fractures and mortality in older women: a prospective study. Osteoporos Int 14(7):589–594
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ensrud KE, Thompson DE, Cauley JA et al (2000) Prevalent vertebral deformities predict mortality and hospitalization in older women with low bone mass. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. J Am Geriatr Soc 48(3):241–249
CAS Google Scholar
Pan PJ, Lin PH, Tang GJ, Lan TY (2018) Comparisons of mortality and rehospitalization between hip-fractured elderly with outpatient rehabilitation and those without: A STROBE-compliant article. Medicine (Baltimore) 97(19):e0644

Google Scholar
Tedesco D, Gibertoni D, Rucci P et al (2018) Impact of rehabilitation on mortality and readmissions after surgery for hip fracture. BMC Health Serv Res. 18(1):701
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Latham NK, Harris BA, Bean JF et al (2014) Effect of a home-based exercise program on functional recovery following rehabilitation after hip fracture: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 311(7):700–708
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Vochteloo AJ, Moerman S, Tuinebreijer WE et al (2013) More than half of hip fracture patients do not regain mobility in the first postoperative year. Geriatr Gerontol Int 13(2):334–341
PubMed Google Scholar
Greendale GA, Barrett-Connor E (1996) Outcomes of osteoporotic fractures. In: Marcus R, Freedman D, Kelsey J (eds) Osteoporosis. Academy Press, Orlando, FL
Marottoli RA, Berkman LF, Cooney LM Jr (1992) Decline in physical function following hip fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc 4(9):861–866
Google Scholar
Dyer SM, Crotty M, Fairhall N et al. Fragility Fracture Network (FFN) Rehabilitation Research Special Interest Group (2016) A critical review of the long-term disability outcomes following hip fracture. BMC Geriatr 16(1):158
Alexandru D, So W (2012) Evaluation and management of vertebral compression fractures. Perm J 16(4):46–51
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Leech JA, Dulberg C, Kellie S, Pattee L, Gay J (1990) Relationship of lung function to severity of osteoporosis in women. Am Rev Respir Dis 141:68–71
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Leidig G, Minne HW, Sauer P et al (1990) A study of complaints and their relation to vertebral destruction in patients with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 8(3):217–229
CAS Google Scholar
Kortebein P, Symons TB, Ferrando A et al (2008) Functional impact of 10 days of bed rest in healthy older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 63(10):1076–1081
PubMed Google Scholar
Krolner B, Toft B (1983) Vertebral bone loss: an unheeded side effect of therapeutic bed rest. Clin Sci Br 64(5):537–540
CAS Google Scholar
Kato T, Inose H, Ichimura S et al (2019) Comparison of rigid and soft-brace treatments for acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture: a prospective, randomized, multicenter study. J Clin Med 8(2):198
Ware LC (1993) Internal/external fixation of wrist and distal forearm fractures In: Clark GL, Wilgis EFS, Aiello B, Ckhous D, Eddington LV, eds. Hand rehabilitation, a practical guide. New York. NY: Churchill Livingstone 1993:299–305
Rozental TD, Shah J, Chacko AT, Zurakowski D (2009) Prevalence and predictors of osteoporosis risk in orthopaedic patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res 468(7):1765–1772
PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kuo LC, Yang TH, Hsu YY et al (2013) Is progressive early digit mobilization intervention beneficial for patients with external fixation of distal radius fracture? A pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 27(11):983–993
PubMed Google Scholar
The Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee (2018) National Pain Strategy: a comprehensive population health-level strategy for pain. Available at: https://www.iprcc.nih.gov/national-pain-strategy-overview Accessed (December 2019)
The Joint Commission (2017) Pain assessment and management standards for hospitals. R3 Report|Requirement, Rationale, Reference. Issue 11, August 29, 2017. Available online at: https://www.jointcommission.org/-/media/tjc/documents/resources/patient-safety-topics/sentinel-event/r3_report_issue_11_pain_assessment_8_25_17_final.pdf?db=web&hash=938C24A464A5B8B5646C8E297C8936C1&hash=938C24A464A5B8B5646C8E297C8936C1 Accessed July 2019.
Nafziger AN, Barkin RL (2018) Opioid therapy in acute and chronic pain. J Clin Pharmacol 58(9):1111–1122
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Buchbinder R, Johnston RV, Rischin KJ et al (2018) Percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 4:CD006349
PubMed Google Scholar
Wang B, Zhao CP, Song LX, Zhu L (2018) Balloon kyphoplasty versus percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Orthop Surg Res 13(1):264
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mattie R, Laimi K, Yu S, Saltychev M (2016) Comparing percutaneous vertebroplasty and conservative therapy for treating osteoporotic compression fractures in the thoracic and lumbar spine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 98(12):1041–1051
PubMed Google Scholar
Rodriguez AJ, Fink HA, Mirigian L et al (2017) Pain, quality of life, and safety outcomes of kyphoplasty for vertebral compression fractures: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res 32(9):1935–1344
PubMed Google Scholar
Boonen S, Van Meirhaeghe J, Bastian L et al (2011) Balloon kyphoplasty for the treatment of acute vertebral compression fractures: 2-year results from a randomized trial. J Bone Miner Res 26(7):1627–1637
PubMed Google Scholar
Blasco J, Martinez-Ferrer A, Macho J et al (2012) Effect of vertebroplasty on pain relief, quality of life, and the incidence of new vertebral fractures: a 12-month randomized follow-up. controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res 27(5):1159–1166
PubMed Google Scholar
Ebeling PR, Akesson K, Bauer DC et al (2019) The efficacy and safety of vertibral augmentation: a second ASBMR Task Force report. J Bone Miner Res 34(1): 3–21
Chen Z, Wu Y, Ning S, Ma T, Wu Z (2019) Risk factors of secondary vertebral compression fracture after percutaneous vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty: a retrospective study of 650 patients. Med Sci Monit 25:9255–9261
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhang H, Xu C, Zhang T, Gao Z, Zhang T (2017) Does percutaneous vertebroplasty or balloon kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures increase the incidence of new vertebral fractures? A meta-analysis. Pain Physician 20(1):E13–E28
PubMed Google Scholar
Li HM, Zhang RJ, Gao H et al (2018) New vertebral fractures after osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture between balloon kyphoplasty and nonsurgical treatment PRISMA. Medicine (Baltimore) 97(40):e12666
Google Scholar
Voormolen MH, Lohle PN, Lampmann LE et al (2006) Prospective clinical follow-up after percutaneous vertebroplasty in patients with painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. J Vasc Interv Radiol 17(8):1313–1320
PubMed Google Scholar
Markozannes G, Aretouli E, Rintou E et al (2017) An umbrella review of the literature on the effectiveness of psychological interventions for pain reduction. BMC Psychol 5(1):31
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Eccleston C, Crombez G (2017) Advancing psychological therapies for chronic pain. F1000Res 6:461. Published 2017 Apr 11.
Kamper SJ, Apeldoorn AT, Chiarotto A et al (2015) Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ h444:350
Google Scholar
Cai G, Laslett LL, Aitken D et al (2018) Effect of zoledronic acid and denosumab in patients with low back pain and modic change: a proof-of-principle trial. J Bone Miner Res 33(5):773–782
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Paolucci T, Saraceni VM (2016) Piccinini G (2016) Management of chronic pain in osteoporosis: challenges and solutions. J Pain Res. 9:177–186
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Catalano A, Martino G, Morabito N et al (2017) Pain in osteoporosis: from pathophysiology to therapeutic approach. Drugs Aging 34(10):755–765
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lange U, Teichmann J, Uhlemann C (2005) Current knowledge about physiotherapeutic strategies in osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Rheumatol Int. 26(2):99–106
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Finnerup NB (2019) Nonnarcotic methods of pain management. N Engl J Med 380:2440–2448
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Witt CM, Jena S, Selim D et al (2006) Pragmatic randomized trial evaluating the clinical and economic effectiveness of acupuncture for chronic low back pain. Am J Epidemiol 164(5):487–496
PubMed Google Scholar
Kremer M, Yalcin I, Goumon Y et al (2018) A dual noradrenergic mechanism for the relief of neuropathic allodynia by the antidepressant drugs duloxetine and amitriptyline. J Neurosci 38(46):9934–9954
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tick H, Nielsen A, Pelletier KR et al. Pain Task Force of the Academic Consortium for Integrative Medicine and Health (2018) Evidence-based nonpharmacologic strategies for comprehensive pain care: the Consortium Pain Task Force white paper. Explore (NY) 14(3):177-211
Abe T, Shibao Y, Takeuchi Y et al (2018) Initial hospitalization with rigorous bed rest followed by bracing and rehabilitation as an option of conservative treatment for osteoporotic vertebral fractures in elderly patients: a pilot one arm safety and feasibility study. Arch Osteoporos 13(1):134
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Parreira PCS, Maher CG, Megale RZ, March L, Ferreira ML (2017) An overview of clinical guidelines for the management of vertebral compression fracture: a systematic review. Spine J 17(12):1932–1938
PubMed Google Scholar
Newman M, Minns Lowe C, Barker K (2016) Spinal orthoses for vertebral osteoporosis and osteoporotic vertebral fracture: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 97(6):1013–1025
PubMed Google Scholar
Knopp-Sihota JA, Newburn-Cook CV, Homik J, Cummings GG, Voaklander D (2012) Calcitonin for treating acute and chronic pain of recent and remote osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 23(1):17
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Jalali ZM, Farghadani A, Ejlali-Vardoogh M (2019) Effect of cognitive-behavioral training on pain self-efficacy, self-discovery, and perception in patients with chronic low-back pain: a quasi-experimental study. Anesth Pain Med 9(2):e78905
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Knoerl R, Lavoie Smith EM, Weisberg J (2016) Chronic pain and cognitive behavioral therapy: an integrative review. West J Nurs Res 38(5):596–628
PubMed Google Scholar
Andronis L, Kinghorn P, Qiao S, Whitehurst DG, Durrell S, McLeod H (2017) Cost-effectiveness of non-invasive and non-pharmacological interventions for low back pain: a systematic literature review. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 15(2):173–201
PubMed Google Scholar
Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians (2017) Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 166(7):514–530
Google Scholar
Guo Z, Chen W, Su Y, Yuan J, Zhang Y (2013) Isolated unilateral vertebral pedicle fracture caused by a back massage in an elderly patient: a case report and literature review. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 23(Suppl 2):S149–S153
PubMed Google Scholar
Huang WC, Lin MH, Lee MH et al (2018) Percutaneous dorsal root ganglion block for treating lumbar compression fracture-related pain. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 160(6):1283–1289
PubMed Google Scholar
Zuo XH, Zhu XP, Bao HG et al (2018) Network meta-analysis of percutaneous vertebroplasty, percutaneous kyphoplasty, nerve block, and conservative treatment for nonsurgery options of acute/subacute and chronic osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) in short-term and long-term effects. Medicine (Baltimore) 97(29):e11544
Google Scholar
Ohtori S, Yamashita M, Inoue G et al (2009) L2 spinal nerve-block effects on acute low back pain from osteoporotic vertebral fracture. J Pain 10(8):870–875
PubMed Google Scholar
Esses SI, McGuire R, Jenkins J et al (2011) The treatment of symptomatic osteoporotic spinal compression fractures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 19(3):176–182
PubMed Google Scholar
Hansen KA, McKernan LC, Carter SD, Allen C, Wolever RQ (2019) A replicable and sustainable whole person care model for chronic pain. J Altern Complement Med 25(S1):S86–S94
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Watson SL, Weeks BK, Weis LJ, Harding AT, Horan SA, Beck BR (2019) High-intensity exercise did not cause vertebral fractures and improves thoracic kyphosis in postmenopausal women with low to very low bone mass: the LIFTMOR trial. Osteoporos Int 30(5):957–964
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sinaki M, Mikkelsen BA (1984) Postmenopausal spinal osteoporosis: flexion versus extension exercises. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 65:593–596
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ekin JA, Sinaki M (1993) Vertebral compression fractures sustained during golfing: report of three cases. Mayo Clin Proc 68:566–570
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
National Osteoporosis Foundation (2019) Boning up on osteoporosis. National Osteoporosis Foundation, Arlington, VA
Watson SL, Weeks BK, Weis LJ, Harding AT, Horam SA, Beck BR (2018) High-intensity resistance and impact training improves bone mineral density and physical function in postmenopausal women with women with osteopenia and osteoporosis: the LIFTMOR randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res 33(2):211–220
PubMed Google Scholar
Skelton DA, Mavroeidi A (2018) Which strength and balance activities are safe and efficacious for individuals with specific challenges (osteoporosis, vertebral fractures, frailty, dementia)? 2018. J Frailty Sarcopenia Falls 3(2):85–104
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Liu CK, Leng X, Hsu FC, Kritchevsky SB et al (2014) The impact of sarcopenia on a physical activity intervention: the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Pilot Study (LIFE-P). J Nutr Health Aging 18(1):59–64
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) (2014) Report cards health plans state of health care quality 2014: osteoporosis testing in older women. Available at https://www.ncqa.org/hedis/measures/osteoporosis-management-in-women-who-had-a-fracture-omw/ Accessed January 2019
Gillespie CW, Morin PE (2017) Osteoporosis-related health services utilization following first hip fracture among a cohort of privately insured women in the United States: an observational study. J Bone Miner Res 32(5):1052–1061
PubMed Google Scholar
Conley RB, Adib G, Adler RA et al (2020) Secondary fracture prevention: consensus clinical recommendations from a multistakeholder coalition. J Bone Miner Res 35(1):36–52
PubMed Google Scholar
Boudreau DM, Yu O, Balasubramanian A et al (2017) A survey of women’s awareness of and reasons for lack of postfracture osteoporotic care. J Am Geriatr Soc 65(8):1829–1835
PubMed Google Scholar
Schuit SC, van der Klift M, Weel AE et al (2004) Fracture incidence and association with bone mineral density in elderly men and women: the Rotterdam Study. Bone 34:195–202 (Erratum in: Bone. 2006;38:603)
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Åkesson K, Marsh D, Mitchell PJ et al. IOF Fracture Working Group (2013) Capture the fracture: a best practice framework and global campaign to break the fragility fracture cycle. Osteoporos Int 24(8):2135-2152
Eisman JA, Bogoch ER, Dell R et al. ASBMR Task Force on Secondary Fracture Prevention (2012) Making the first fracture the last fracture: ASBMR task-force report on secondary fracture prevention. J Bone Miner Res 27(10):2039–2046
Bunta AD, Edwards BJ, Macaulay WB Jr et al (2016) Own the Bone, a system-based intervention, improves osteoporosis care after fragility fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 98(24):e109
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lewiecki EM, Binkley NC, Bilezikian JP (2018) Treated osteoporosis is still osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 34(4):3671
Google Scholar

Page 2

From: The clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis

Lifestyle factors
Alcohol abuse	Excessive thinness	Excess vitamin A
Frequent falling	High salt intake	Immobilization
Inadequate physical activity	Low calcium intake	Smoking (active or passive)
Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency
Genetic diseases
Cystic fibrosis	Ehlers-Danlos	Gaucher’s disease
Hemochromatosis	Hypophosphatasia	Hypophosphatemia
Marfan syndrome	Menkes steely hair syndrome	Osteogenesis imperfecta
Parental history of hip fracture	Porphyria	Homocystinuria
Hypogonadal states
Anorexia nervosa	Androgen insensitivity	Female athlete triad
Hyperprolactinemia	Hypogonadism	Panhypopituitarism
Premature menopause (< 40 years)	Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes
Endocrine disorders
Obesity	Cushing’s syndrome	Diabetes mellitus (types 1 and 2)
Hyperparathyroidism	Thyrotoxicosis
Gastrointestinal disorders
Celiac disease	Bariatric surgery	Gastric bypass
Gastrointestinal surgery	Inflammatory bowel disease including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis	Malabsorption syndromes
Pancreatic disease	Primary biliary cirrhosis
Hematologic disorders
Hemophilia	Leukemia and lymphomas	Monoclonal gammopathies
Multiple myeloma	Sickle cell disease	Systemic mastocytosis
Thalassemia
Rheumatologic and autoimmune diseases
Ankylosing spondylitis	Other rheumatic and autoimmune diseases
Rheumatoid arthritis	Systemic lupus
Neurological and musculoskeletal risk factors
Epilepsy	Muscular dystrophy	Multiple sclerosis
Parkinson’s disease	Spinal cord injury	Stroke
Miscellaneous conditions and diseases
HIV/AIDS	Amyloidosis	Chronic metabolic acidosis
Chronic obstructive lung disease	Congestive heart failure	Depression
Renal disease (CKD III, CKD IV, CKD V/ESRD)	Hypercalciuria	Idiopathic scoliosis
Post-transplant bone disease	Sarcoidosis	Weight loss
Hyponatremia
Medications
Aluminum-containing antacids	Androgen deprivation therapy	Anticoagulants (unfractionated heparin)
Anticonvulsants (e.g., phenobarbital, phenytoin, valproate)	Aromatase inhibitors	Barbiturates
Cancer chemotherapeutic drugs	Cyclosporine A and tacrolimus	Glucocorticoids (≥ 5.0 mg/day prednisone or equivalent for ≥ 3 months)
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) agonists and antagonists	Medroxyprogesterone acetate	Methotrexate
Parenteral nutrition	Proton pump inhibitors	Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Tamoxifen (premenopausal use for breast cancer treatment)	Thiazolidinediones (such as pioglitazone and rosiglitazone)	Thyroid replacement hormone (in excess)