The Constitution of the State of California was adopted in November 1849. California attained U.S. statehood in 1850. The current constitution was ratified on May 7, 1879. The constitution establishes and describes the duties, powers, structure and function of the California government. The 1879 constitution is the third longest in the world. The California Constitution strongly protects the corporate existence of cities and counties by granting them broad plenary home rule powers. Many of the individual rights clauses in the California constitution are broader than the Bill of Rights in the federal constitution. Show
The three modes of amending the California Constitution are:
Full text of California Constitution: http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/const-toc.html
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Published originally in 1867, this second edition included events that transpired during the intervening years (1867-1883). Topics covered included, but not limited to, were a eescription of California, it’s discovery, the sufferings of Cortez and his Followers, Spaniards neglect of California, the commerce of Spain disrupted by Privateers, Viscaino’s second expedition, Father Salva-Tierra at San Dionysio, the insurrection of the Pericues, earliest settlements in Upper California, the Discovery of the Bay of San Francisco, establishment of missions, Mission Delores, the state of the converted Indians, Captain John A. Sutter, Stockton subjugation of California, California ceded to the United States by Mexico, discovery of gold, California towns, Indian wars, descriptions of California landscape, mining, establishment of the Vigilance Committee, land claims, establishment of schools and churches, trade with China and other countries, railroads, Chinese, Hoodlum Riots, Pickhandle Brigade, Kearney, organization of Workingmen’s Party, the Amador War, Modoc War, development and exportation of wheat, hydraulic mining, interference with farmers’ occupation by slickens (unproductive sludge from the mining process).
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"1883 - A popular history of California _ from the earliest period of its discovery to the present time, Lucia Norman" (2019). Miscellaneous Documents and Reports. 102. Page 21
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Hittell devotes the first portion of Volume 2 to the Mexican Governors of California including Pablo Vicente de Sola, Luis Antonio Arguello, Jose Maria de Echeandia, Manuel Victoria, Pio Pico, Jose Figueroa, Mariano Chico, Nicolas Gutierrez. Juan Bautista Alvarado, Jose Manuel Micheltorena, Hittell also describes the people and circumstances leading up to the war between the United States and Mexico: John C. Fremont, Bear Flag Revolution, Texas Revolution, and Florida Treaty. The final portion of Hittell's book addressed the social and cultural aspects of life in Alta California, missionaries, physical geography, geology, botany and zoology of Alta California, Americans in Alta California, Commodore Sloat, Eugene McNamara, Robert F. Stockton, Stephen W. Kearny, Richard B. Mason, gold discovery, Bennet Riley, land titles, September 1, 1849 California Constitutional Convention, organization of the State of California, first State of California Legislature, and admission of California into the Union,
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"1885 - History of California, Volume 2, Theodore Henry Hittell" (2019). Miscellaneous Documents and Reports. 96.
The California Constitution is the fundamental governing document of the state of California. BackgroundPreambleSee also: Preamble, California Constitution and Preambles to state constitutions
Article ISee also: Article I, California ConstitutionArticle I is labeled the "Declaration of Rights." It contains 32 sections. The first section declares: "All people are by nature free and independent and have inalienable rights. Among these are enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining safety, happiness, and privacy."[2] Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article IISee also: Article II, California ConstitutionArticle II is labeled, "Voting, Initiative and Referendum, and Recall." It has 20 sections, many of which are short and even one-sentence declarations, such as Section 7 which says "Voting shall be secret."[2] Section 8, Section 10, Section 11 and Section 12 govern ballot initiatives, including defining the signature requirements for initiatives, the single-subject rule, a provision (added in 1998) that says approved initiatives must apply equally to all subdivisions once they take effect, what to do in the case of conflicting initiatives and the California Attorney General's ballot title authorities.[2] Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article III Cartoon depicting concern over the 1879 constitution. See also: Article III, California ConstitutionArticle III is labeled, "State of California." It has nine sections that lay out some basic, definitional characteristics of how the government of California is organized. It includes provisions on how to sue the state of California. It has been amended over the years to include some very specific provisions such as Section 6, which defines English as the official language of California, and Section 8, which establishes a compensation commission. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article IVSee also: Article IV, California ConstitutionArticle IV is labeled "Legislative." It has 23 sections. Article IV lays out the powers, privileges and responsibilities of the California State Legislature, the California State Assembly and the California State Senate. Section 1.5 makes a strong statement in favor of term limits, saying, "The ability of legislators to serve unlimited number of terms, to establish their own retirement system, and to pay for staff and support services at state expense contribute heavily to the extremely high number of incumbents who are re-elected. These unfair incumbent advantages discourage qualified candidates from seeking public office and create a class of career politicians, instead of the citizen representatives envisioned by the Founding Fathers. These career politicians become representatives of the bureaucracy, rather than of the people whom they are elected to represent."[2] Section 2 defines the exact nature of those term limits.[2] Section 9 says that statutes passed by the legislature can concern themselves with only one subject.[2] Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article VSee also: Article V, California ConstitutionArticle V is labeled "Executive." It has 13 sections, which go from Section 1-Section 14, with no section 12. Article V lays out the duties and authorities of the executive branch of the California government, including those of the governor.[2] Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article VISee also: Article VI, California ConstitutionArticle VI is the article of the constitution that lays out the scope, responsibilities, powers and authorities of the judicial branch of the California government. It has 22 sections.[2] Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article VIISee also: Article VII, California ConstitutionArticle VII is labeled "Public Officers and Employees." It has eleven sections. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article VIIIThere is no Article VIII. Article IXSee also: Article IX, California ConstitutionArticle IX is labeled "Education." It is numbered in Sections 1 through Sections 16. Over the years, six sections have been interpolated in the article (2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 6.5 and 7.5), while Sections 4, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 15 have been deleted. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XSee also: Article X, California ConstitutionArticle X is labeled "Water." It has seven sections.
Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XASee also: Article XA, California ConstitutionArticle XA is labeled "Water Resources Development." It includes eight sections. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XBSee also: Article XB, California ConstitutionArticle XB is labeled "Marine Resources Protection Act of 1990." It became part of the state's constitution as the result of California Proposition 132 (1990). Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XISee also: Article XI, California ConstitutionArticle XI is labeled "Local Government." It has 15 sections, which define the powers and constraints of local governments. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XIISee also: Article XII, California ConstitutionArticle XII is labeled "Public Utilities." It has nine sections. These sections define the scope of the state's Public Utilities Commission. One section (Section 7) notes that transportation companies are not allowed to "grant free passes or discounts" to any public officeholders in the state, other than the members of the Public Utilities Commission.[2] Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XIIISee also: Article XIII, California ConstitutionArticle XIII is labeled "Taxation." It is numbered in Sections 1-35, but it consists of 38 sections since three half-sections (3.5, 8.5 and 25.5) have been added over time. Taken together, the 38 sections of Article XIII lay out a number of detailed provisions about what kind of property in California is taxable, along with some property that the Article holds to be exempt from taxation.[2] Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XIII ASee also: Article XIII A, California ConstitutionArticle XIII A is labeled "Tax Limitation" and contains seven sections. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XIII BSee also: Article XIII B, California ConstitutionArticle XIII B is labeled "Government Spending Limitation" and contains 15 sections. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XIII CSee also: Article XIII C, California ConstitutionArticle XIII C is labeled "Voter Approval for Local Tax Levies" and contains three sections. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XIII DSee also: Article XIII D, California ConstitutionArticle XIII D is labeled "Assessment and Property-Related Fee Reform" and contains six sections. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XIVSee also: Article XIV, California ConstitutionArticle XIV is labeled "Labor Relations." It has five sections that lay out the powers of the legislature and regulations relating to minimum wage, overtime, workers compensation, and other labor-related provisions. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XVSee also: Article XV, California ConstitutionArticle XV is labeled "Usury." It has one section related to interest rates. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XVISee also: Article XVI, California ConstitutionArticle XVI is labeled "Public Finance" and relates to public loans, appropriations, expenditures, and other public finance-related provisions. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XVIIISee also: Article XVIII, California ConstitutionArticle XVIII is labeled "Amending and Revising the Constitution." It has four sections that relate to amending the state constitution, specifically through the process of initiated constitutional amendment, legislatively referred constitutional amendment, and Constitutional convention. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XIXSee also: Article XIX, California ConstitutionArticle XIX is labeled "Motor Vehicle Revenues" and has ten sections. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XIX ASee also: Article XIX A, California ConstitutionArticle XIX A is labeled "Loans from the Public Transportation Account or Local Transportation Funds" and has two sections. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XIX BSee also: Article XIX B, California ConstitutionArticle XIX B is labeled "Motor Vehicle Fuel Sales Tax Revenues and Transportation Improvement Funding" and has two sections. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XIX CSee also: Article XIX C, California ConstitutionArticle XIX C is labeled "Enforcement of Certain Provisions" and has four sections. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XIX DSee also: Article XIX D, California ConstitutionArticle XIX D is labeled "Vehicle License Fee Revenues for Transportation Purposes" and has one section. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XXSee also: Article XX, California ConstitutionArticle XX is labeled "Miscellaneous Subjects" relates to a variety of subjects from provisions specific to one local jurisdiction and the language to be used to swear in certain public officials to the duties and powers of the Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control and providing that the Speaker of the Assembly be an ex officio member of any state agency created to manage the state's college system. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XXISee also: Article XXI, California ConstitutionArticle XXI is labeled "Redistricting of Senate, Assembly, Congressional and Board of Equalization Districts" and has three sections. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XXIISee also: Article XXII, California ConstitutionArticle XXII is labeled "Architectural and Engineering Services." Article XXII in its entirety was added to the California Constitution in November 2000, when Proposition 35 was approved by the state's voters. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XXXIVSee also: Article XXXIV, California ConstitutionArticle XXXIV is labeled "Public Housing Project Law." It has four sections that relate to local voter approval of low-rent housing projects for which the construction or operation is at least partially by the Federal government. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Article XXXVSee also: Article XXXV, California ConstitutionArticle XXXV is labeled "Medical Research." It has seven sections. The entire article was added to the constitution in 2004 when Proposition 71, the Stem Cell Research Initiative, was approved. Click here to read this article of the California Constitution. Amending the constitutionSee also: Amending state constitutionsThe California Constitution can be amended in these ways:
Constitutional convention advocatedSee also: California constitutional conventionA constitutional convention was under consideration in 2009-2010 by some California political organizations to fix the system they argued was broken.[3][4] The hope of those who supported a constitutional convention was that it would "take on the manifold structural problems in California's budget process at a single stroke."[5] The Bay Area Council was a leading voice in favor of a constitutional convention. The group sponsored several summits and meetings to develop support for a convention. Comments from the summits included: "Drastic times call for drastic measures" and "We believe it is our duty to declare that our California government is not only broken, it has become destructive to our future."[6] Letters requesting ballot titles for two potential 2010 ballot propositions were filed with the California Attorney General in June 2009. However, in February 2010, supporters announced that a lack of funds had led them to decide to abandon the effort.
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When was the California Constitution written
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