The caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering and unfirmiliar person
The distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs
Smiliing in response to other individuals
The intentional search for information about others feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events
Knowlege and beliefs about how the mind works and how it affects behavior
An emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person
The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual
Ainsworth strange situation
A sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between a child and his or her mother
Secure attachment pattern
A style of attachment in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present; when she leaves they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns
Avoidant attachment pattern
A style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother; after the mother has left, they seem to avoid her when she returns as id they are angered by her behavior
Ambivalent attachment pattern
A style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers; they show great distress when the mother leaves, but upon her return they may simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her
Disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern
A style of attachment in which children show inconsistent, often contridictory behavior, such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her; they may be the least securely attached children of all
The model in which infants and parents learn to communicate emotional states to one another and to respond appropriately
A process in which infants behaviors invite further responses from parents and other caregivers which in turn bring about further responses from the infants
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Human smell has often been characterized as being deficient when compared to the smell abilities of some lower organisms. Summarized below are four myths about human smell that have been contradicted by research.
Myth 1: Human smell is less sensitive than that of other animals.
Research indicates that the individual smell receptor cells in humans will respond to a single odorant molecule. The difference in overall sensitivity appears to be due to the fact that some lower organisms, such as dogs, have more smell receptors.
Myth 2: Humans have a relatively poor ability to detect changes in smell intensity.
Although earlier research indicated that the difference threshold for smell was the largest of all the senses, more recent research, carefully ...
Physiology Sense of Smell Senses Perception Nose
Interesting Facts
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Do animals see the same way we do? Do some animals have better vision than humans? The senses of animals have evolved to give members of the species an optimum chance for survival. Here are a few examples:
Some animals, such as cats, have a reflective surface ( tapetum) on the back of the eye behind the sensory receptors (left image above). When light first enters the eye, some light is detected by the sensory receptors. The light not detected by the sensory receptors continues onto the reflective surface at the back of the eye. This light is then reflected outward toward the sensory receptors, providing a second opportunity for detection. This feature produces two results. First, the outward reflection results in the shining of the cat's ey ...
Eye Anatomy Comparison Animals Humans Rods Cones Cats Fish
Interesting Facts
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The fear of heights experienced by acrophobics is no small matter; tall buildings, airplane rides, bridges, even stepladders may present a paralyzing challenge. A new therapeutic approach, however, can help to lessen the anxiety experienced by acrophobics.
Ralph Lamsen, of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Group, uses virtual reality to desensitize acrophobes to their fear. The virtual world experienced through the helmet, glove, and handgrip presents a series of challenges relevant to the phobic situation. For example, clients are presented with a plank they must cross, an experience that usually produces elevated heart rate and blood pressure. Clients are encouraged to progress at a comfortable pace, staying at the edge of the plank until read ...
Phobia Technology Virtual Reality Treatment Mental Health
Research
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"I'd better check......one more time.....just let me make sure.....I'd better go back...." In isolation these comments might come from anyone wondering whether the headlights are turned off on the car. But as the mantra of people suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) these thoughts plague their daily lives. Whether its washing one's hands 25 times a day (above, scene taken from The Aviator (2004)) or checking to make sure the stove burner is off every hour on the hour, OCD can severely hobble one's peace of mind.
More rightly, it may be a piece of brain that produces these intrusive thoughts. UCLA's Jeffrey Schwartz and his colleagues used PET scans to study the brains of obsessive-compulsive patients. They found that the orbita ...
OCD Mental Health Compulsion Psychology
Discoveries
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Did you know that the Moon's rotation is locked to its orbit around Earth by a bulge of material under the Moon's surface? This material is denser than the rest of the Moon's surface material, and Earth's gravity pulls on it especially strongly. The side of the Moon containing the bulge always faces Earth. We call it the near side and we call the other side, which we never see from Earth, the far side. People often mistakenly use the term "dark side" when referring to the far side of the Moon, forgetting that the far side is fully illuminated by the Sun whenever we see a new moon from Earth.
If we were to look from high above the Earth-Moon system, we would see the Moon rotate once per month with respect to the stars. This is its sidereal ro ...
