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The Royal Australian Navy’s (RANs) initial military training is the process of preparing men and women for their careers in the military, specifically the RAN. Training is progressive and continues all the way through an individual’s career; being a mixture of mandatory, optional, individual and collective training and educational programmes. The RANs sailors and officers receive some of the best military training in the world and there are a number of stages to their training. First, they will complete Phase 1 initial (basic) military training, the purpose of which is to turn civilian recruits into partly-trained sailors (providing foundational skills). The RANs Phase 1 initial military training produces fit, motivated individuals capable of conducting a variety of naval tasks in any operational maritime environment. Those who pass are fully prepared to embark onto Phase 2 of their naval training. When individuals complete their initial training, they will move to their Category School for Phase 2 Initial Employment Training (IET) which qualifies individuals for their chosen profession within the RAN. The length and location of this training will depend on the job the individual has chosen. From there individuals will begin their work within a land-based establishment or seaborne vessel, but will continue to train and learn throughout their career. This article is divided into six sections for easier reading with part one providing this introduction, whilst section two looks at the organisation of training in the RAN. Sections three and four outline the training provided to recruit sailors and officer cadets, including some of the personalities involved. Section five will provide an alternative view on the role of Phase 1 initial training. Finally, section six will provide some useful links and also references. 1.1 Training ApproachThe induction of any recruit (officer or sailor) into the RAN is one of the most important phases of their military career. The experience and attitudes they gain during this time will help to form the sailor’s character and approach to the RAN. It is critical for initial (Phase 1) training establishments to ensure that sailors under training become proficient in the basic skills required by every sailor. The training emphasis should be on progressive development and achievement throughout the initial training programme. PART TWO: ORGANISATION OF TRAINING2.0 An Overview of the Royal Australian Navy’s Phase 1 Initial Military Training Landscape Within the RANs training organisation there are a number of key personalities, who include:
2.1 HMAS CreswellHMAS Creswell is located on the south-western shores of Jervis Bay in the Jervis Bay Territory, 180 kilometres south of Sydney, and is commanded by a Captain (OF-5). HMAS Creswell, situated on the shores of Jervis Bay, was first utilised for naval officer training almost a century ago and conducts initial training for regular (full-time) and reserve (part-time) naval officers, as well as continuing professional development (CPD) for officers and Senior Sailors (RAN, 2013). HMAS Creswell consists of:
The CO of HMAS Creswell has three roles which encompass a number of responsibilities (Crawford, 2014):
2.2 HMAS CerberusHMAS Cerberus, covering 1517 hectares, is situated at Crib Point on the shores of Western Port Bay 75 kilometres south east of Melbourne, and is commanded by a Captain (OF-5). Within the HMAS Cerberus area there are several sub-units which come under the umbrella of the CO of HMAS Cerberus. Sub-units coordinated by HMAS Cerberus include:
Approximately 6000 personnel are trained each year, with roughly 800 onsite at any one time. PART THREE: SAILORS’ INITIAL TRAINING3.0 Introductionecruit Training School, commonly known as ‘Recruit School’, is based at HMAS Cerberus, which is situated at Crib Point on the shores of Western Port Bay 75 kilometres south east of Melbourne. The purpose of recruit school is to train and prepare the RANs newest sailor recruits to the required standards in core military knowledge and skills, and to develop in them appropriate qualities. The skills learnt at recruit school form the foundation of a career as a sailor and are called upon for years to come. Recruits will develop skills and attributes such as initiative, teamwork, self-discipline and professionalism, and “are expected to adopt and display in their behaviour and their attitude the Navy Values, Honour, Honesty, Courage, Integrity and Loyalty” (RAN, 2015a). Recruits walk out of recruit school a stronger and more confident person, with a wealth of new experiences to draw upon. Notwithstanding some name changes, a dedicated recruit school has been located at HMAS Cerberus since 1925 (RAN, 2015b); from 1912 to 1925 recruits where trained exclusively on the HMAS Tingira, a clipper ship. A detailed history of the recruit school can be found here. 3.1 RAN Recruit School MissionThe Mission of the RANs recruit school is (RAN, 2015a): “To induct men and women into the Royal Australian Navy, to enable them to think for themselves, work with each other, have the knowledge and skills necessary to conduct basic duties within the fleet and progress to a specialised career in the Royal Australian Navy.” 3.2 Structure of the Recruit SchoolThe recruit school is commanded by a Commander (OF-4) and consists of the following:
When recruits arrive at the recruit school they will be placed in one of four Divisions: Emms Division; Rogers Division; Taylor Division; and Shipp Division. Each having a Divisional Officer-in-charge (Lieutenant, OF-2), Divisional Chief Petty Officer and Divisional Petty Officer, as well as Divisional Able Seamen who deliver the training. A Division is a collection of personnel placed together for the purpose of administration and training, commanded by a Divisional Officer-in-charge. Within each Division, recruits are placed into classes of no more than 25 Recruits, under the day to day direction and instruction of a qualified Recruit School Instructor. Some of the Divisions have changed names and details on this can be found here: (Griggs, 2013). 3.3 RAN Recruit InstructorsThe role of a RAN recruit instructor is to: deliver the RAN Training curriculum; provide leadership and nurture recruit development; develop equity and diversity; mentor recruits; and deliver military skills in accordance with current training policy. The RAN recognises the important role that recruit school instructors and leaders have in the development of the next generation of sailors. As a result, all aspirant instructors “undergo an interview process and undertake a six week selection course to equip them with the additional skills needed for their demanding role as Recruit Instructors” (RAN, 2015a). 3.3.1 RAN Recruit Instructors Selection ProcessRAN recruit instructors are selected from all eligible Leading Seamen who meet the selection criteria (RAN, 2015c):
3.3.2 RAN Recruit Instructors CourseBefore a recruit instructor can deliver training to recruits they must successfully complete the 6-week RAN Recruit Instructors Course, which consists of:
3.3.3 RAN Recruit Instructor ResponsibilitiesAs well as adhering to the RAN Recruit School Code of Conduct, recruit instructors also have the following responsibilities (RAN, 2015c):
3.4 Outline of RAN Recruit TrainingThere are two types of recruit courses conducted at recruit school, namely:
3.4.1 General Entry Recruit CourseEvery four weeks up to 120 new recruits will commence their 11-week General Entry Recruit Course. The first few days will be taken up with administration, medical and dental checks, kit issue, haircuts, initial parade training, the RAN Swim Test and the RAN Physical Fitness Test. Although a majority of the training is conducted within the Recruit School, elements of the course are conducted in other areas of HMAS Cerberus such as the Seamanship and Combat Survivability Schools. Recruit training is also conducted on board the Seahorse Spirit (a 72 metre long ocean going vessel operated by Defence Maritime Services). The Seahorse Spirit is employed solely to provide a week of Sea Familiarisation Training to the recruits. The training cruises conducted in Bass Strait and Western Port Bay operate over 40 weeks of the year (RAN, 2015a). Key components of the course include high level physical training sessions, high ropes courses, survival at sea methods, fire fighting skills, first aid training, and life at sea exposure onboard MV Seahorse Spirit and F88 Austeyr rifle qualification. The 11 week course is best described in 3 phases. Phase 1 covers weeks 1 to 4 (internal at Recruit School), Phase 2 covers weeks 5 to 9 (external to Recruit School) and Phase 3 covers weeks 10 and 11 (internal at Recruit School). A brief outline of a course schedule is provided in Table 1 below.
Recruits must pass the RAN Physical Fitness Test (Table 2) before graduating. The Fitness Test is usually conducted on Thursday of week one of training. In order to achieve a pass, recruits are to attain the standard requisite to their age and gender in all components of the test. These are as follows:
In addition to the Physical fitness standard, all members of the RAN are required to undertake the RAN Swim Test. Recruits must pass the swim test in order to graduate from Recruit School, and must pass the swim test to proceed to the Safety of Life at Sea Training, which is a requirement for the Sea Familiarisation Training conducted between week 4 and 9 of the recruit course. Recruits are required to wear overalls for the test and swim unaided in any manner. The RAN Swim Test consists of the following:
3.4.2 Reserve Entry Recruit CourseAll Reserve recruits attend their initial military training at the RAN Recruit School, located at HMAS Cerberus, via the Reserve Entry Recruit Course. Initial military training can be achieved via one of two methods of training:
If a Reserve recruit chooses to complete their initial military training via the phase method, they will join their Regular colleagues for the initial 3-weeks of an intake. At the end of the third week, i.e. 19 days after enlistment, Reserve Entry Recruits are sent home. At a mutually convenient time, Reserve recruits will return to the recruit school to complete their initial military training. This second, 13-day, phase of residential training includes first aid, combat survival and survival at sea modules. On successful completion, Reserve recruits will graduate from the Reserve Entry Recruit Course and will then either commence employment within their chosen field or undertake further specialist training if required. For those Reserve recruits who opt for the 11-week continuous training package, they will join their Regular colleagues and remain with them for the duration of the course. 3.5 Phase 2: Sailors’ Initial Employment TrainingPhase 2 Initial Employment Training (IET), known at Category Training, is undertaken at a Category School and follows Basic Training. It prepares sailors for the specific job they will ultimately be doing. The length, location and recognised qualifications of this training are dependent on the job. After this sailors will be sent to a naval vessel and their career as a sailor will have begun.
PART FOUR: OFFICERS’ INITIAL TRAINING4.0 IntroductionBesides HMAS Creswell, officer training is also conducted at the Initial Training Faculty (HMAS Cerberus), and the Leadership Management Schools at Training Centres East (Sydney) and West (Western Australia). The purpose of the Naval College is to train and prepare the RANs newest officers to the required standards in core military skills and knowledge, and to develop in them appropriate leadership qualities. A detailed history of HMAS Creswell can be found here. 4.1 Structure of the Naval CollegeAccommodation for officer cadets consists of two, three-story (single cabin) accommodation blocks, known Collins House and Farncomb House. The College has five Divisions, for NEOC courses (see Section 4.4.1), each named after important Naval Officers (RAN, 2015d) who have each played a role in forging the ethos and history of the RAN, and include:
Reserve personnel on the REOC (see Section 4.4.2) and MCEC (see Section 4.4.3) typically form the Hunter Division (named after Vice Admiral John Hunter). 4.2 Naval College Instructors and Training TeamsWithin the Naval College there are a number of key personalities, who include:
4.3 Outline of RAN Initial Officer TrainingThere are six types of officer courses conducted at the naval college, namely:
All of the above courses, with the exception of WOSSEOC, must meet the physical requirements set out in Table 2 (Section 3.4.1). 4.3.1 New Entry Officers’ CourseThe New Entry Officers’ Course (NEOC) is a, approximately, 5-month long residential course which teaches the attitudes, skills and knowledge (ASK) required by officer cadets in order to be an effective junior naval officer. The first four weeks of Naval College are known as the Initial Training Period (ITP) and activities during this period run seven days a week. As a result ITP is intensive and free time is severely restricted, although the routine changes after the ITP. ITP teaches officer cadets:
NEOC is about naval leadership, requiring both team member and team leader qualities, as well as the development of camaraderie, or ‘mateship,’ with fellow junior officers.
4.3.2 Reserve Entry Officers’ CourseThe Reserve Entry Officers’ Course (REOC) is for both reserve and mid-career officers, and is delivered by the RLSEF in four phases as outlined in Table 4. The first phase is a 16-day residential course which is followed by a series of residential and distance learning modules. The initial module at the RANC is the equivalent to a condensed version of the NEOC ITP. The aim of the NEOC and the REOC courses are the same, and as a result the REOC is an adapted version of the NEOC course (Table 3); as reserve candidates are generally already qualified in their chosen field, the focus of the REOC is to teach the fundamental skills required of a naval officer. Although the majority of training is delivered at HMAS Creswell, some training is delivered at sea aboard a major RAN vessel.
4.3.3 Mid-Career Entry CourseThe Mid-Career Entry Course (MCEC) is a two/three phase course delivered by the RLSEF as outlined in Table 5, and is typically delivered alongside the REOC (see Section 4.3.2).
4.3.4 Undergraduate Entry Officers’ CourseThe Undergraduate Entry Officers’ Course (UEOC) consists of a 1-week residential course delivered by the IOTF, and is designed to provide an insight into life in the RAN. Its main purpose is to enable individuals, as a junior naval officer undertaking university studies, to have a fundamental understanding of the RAN. Upon completing their university degree individuals will attend the NEOC (see Section 4.3.1.), and for this reason the UEOC has no formal assessments. Individuals on the UEOC scheme have their degrees paid for, as well as receiving a salary from the RAN. In return the individual will accrue what is known as a Return of Service Obligation (ROSO), which requires individuals to work for the RAN for a specific period determined by the length and cost of the degree. Training during this period is a foundational version of the NEOC (Table 3). 4.3.5 Warrant Officer and Senior Sailor Entry Officers’ CourseThe Warrant Officer and Senior Sailor Entry Officers’ Course (WOSSEOC) is a 2-week residential course delivered by the IOTF. The course is designed to the impart non-specialist skills and knowledge required of a naval officer. Topics on the WOSSEOC include:
These topics are delivered via presentations and discussions, by both instructors and students.
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