What is the IQ range for intellectual disability?

1. Emerson E, Einfeld S, Stancliffe RJ. The mental health of young children with intellectual disabilities or borderline intellectual functioning. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2010;45(5):579–87.

   Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

2. Hassiotis A, Strydom A, Hall I, Ali A, Lawrence-Smith G, Meltzer H, Head J, Bebbington P. Psychiatric morbidity and social functioning among adults with borderline intelligence living in private households. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2008;52(2):95–106.

   CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

3. Bouck EC. The postschool outcomes of students with mild intellectual disability: does it get better with time? J Intellect Disabil Res. 2014;58:534–48.

   CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

4. Soenen S, Van Berckelaer-Onnes IA, Scholte EM. A comparison of support for two groups of young adults with mild intellectual disability. Br J Learn Disabil. 2016;44:146–58.

   Article  Google Scholar 

5. Soenen S, Van Berckelaer-Onnes I, Scholte E. Patterns of intellectual, adaptive and behavioral functioning in individuals with mild mental retardation. Res Dev Disabil. 2009;30(3):433–44.

   Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

6. Buntinx WHE, Schalock RL. Models of disability, quality of life, and individualized supports: implications for professional practice in intellectual disability. J Policy Practice Intellect Disabil. 2010;7(4):283–94.

   Article  Google Scholar 

7. De Bildt A, Sytema S, Kraijer D, Sparrow S, Minderaa R. Adaptive functioning and behaviour problems in relation to level of education in children and adolescents with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2005;49(9):672–81.

   Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

8. Luckasson R, Borthwick-Duffy S, Buntinx WH, Coulter DL, Craig EMP, Reeve A, Schalock R, Snell ME, Spitalnik DM, Spreat S, et al. Mental retardation: definition, classification, and systems of supports. Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation; 2002.

   Google Scholar 

9. Bryson SE, Bradley EA, Thompson A, Wainwright A. Prevalence of autism among adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Can J Psychiatry. 2008;53:449–59.

   Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

10. Emerson E, Hatton C. Mental health of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in Britain. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;191:493–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

11. LaMalfa G, Lassi G, Bertelli M, Salvini R, Placidi GF. Autism and intellectual disability: a study of prevalence on a sample of the Italian population. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2004;48:262–7.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

12. Matson JL, Shoemaker M. Intellectual disability and its relationship to autism spectrum disorders. Res Dev Disabil. 2009;30:1107–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

13. Dekker MC, Koot HM. DSM-IV disorders in children with borderline to moderate intellectual disability. II: Child and family predictors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42:923–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

14. Lindblad I, Gillberg C, Fernell E. ADHD and other associated developmental problems in children with mild mental retardation. The use of the “five-to-fifteen” questionnaire in a population-based sample. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32:1805–2809.

    Article  Google Scholar 

15. Xenitidis K, Paliokosta E, Rose E, Maltezos S, Braham J. ADHD symptom presentation and trajectory in adults with borderline and mild intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2010;54:668–77.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

16. Chapman SLC, Wu LT. Substance abuse among individuals with intellectual disabilities. Res Dev Disabil. 2012;33(4):1147–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

17. Frielink N, Schuengel C, Kroon AAC, Embregts PJCM. Pretreatment for substance-abusing people with intellectual disabilities: intervening on autonomous motivation for treatment entry. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2015;59:1168–82.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

18. Didden R, VanDerNagel J, Van Duijvenbode N. Substance use disorders. In: Singh NN, editor. Handbook of evidence-based practices in intellectual and developmental disabilities. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 957–65.

    Google Scholar 

19. Nouwens PJG, Lucas R, Embregts PJCM, Van Nieuwenhuizen C. In plain sight but still invisible: a structured case analysis of people with mild intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning. J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2017;42:36–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

20. Emerson E, Einfeld S, Stancliffe RJ. Predictors of the persistence of conduct difficulties in children with cognitive delay. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2011;52(11):1184–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

21. Bonta J, Blais J, Wilson HA. A theoretically informed meta-analysis of the risk for general and violent recidivism for mentally disordered offenders. Aggress Violent Behav. 2014;19:278–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

22. Douma JCH, Dekker MC, de Ruiter KP, Tick NT, Koot HM, Bodfish J. Antisocial and delinquent behaviors in youths with mild or borderline disabilities. Am J Ment Retard. 2007;112(3):207–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

23. Herrington V. Assessing the prevalence of intellectual disability among young male prisoners. JIDR. 2009;53:397–410.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

24. Lindsay WR: Criminal Behavior, offending and pathways into forensic intellectual disability services. In: Challenging behavior. edn. Edited by Hastings R, Rojahn J. Elsevier: 2013: 105–142.

25. Stuiveling SJ, De Brauw WM. Zorg voor Jeugdigen met een Lichte Verstandelijke Handicap en/of Psych(iatr)ische problemen [treatment for youth with a mild intellectual disability and/or psych(iatr)ic problems]. The Hague: Court of Audit; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

26. Hendriksen J, Hurks P. WPPSI-III-NL Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence: Technische handleiding [WPPSI-III-NL technical manual]. Amsterdam: Pearson; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

27. Kort W, Schittekatte M, Dekker PH, Verhaeghe P, Compaan EL, Bosmans M, Vermeir G. WISC-III NL Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Derde Editie NL. In: Handleiding en Verantwoording [WISC-III wechsler intelligence scale for children. Third Edition the Netherlands. Manual and justification]. Amsterdam: Hartcourt Test Publishers/Nederlands Instituut voor Psychologen; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

28. Wechsler D. WAIS-III, nederlandstalige bewerking: Technische handleiding [WAIS-III, dutch edit: Technical manual]. Lisse: Swets Test Publishers; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

29. Nagin DS, Land KC. Age, criminal careers, and population heterogeneity: Specification and estimation of a nonparametric, mixed poisson model. Criminology. 1993;31:327–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

30. Boel-Studt SM. Examining typologies and outcomes of children and adolescents in psychiatric residential treatment facilities. Iowa City: The University of Iowa; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

31. Nagin DS, Tremblay RE. Analyzing developmental trajectories of distinct but related behaviors: a group-based method. Psychol Methods. 2001;6:18–34.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

32. Zorg CI. Trendrapportage zorgzwaarte intramurale AWBZ zorg [report on trends in inpatient care under the exceptional medical expenses act]. Centrum Indicatiestelling Zorg: Driebergen; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

33. Orobio de Castro B, Veerman JW, Bons E, De Beer L. Kansen gekeerd: criminaliteitspreventie door gezinsondersteuning [turned opportunities: prevention of criminality by family support]. Duivendrecht/Utrecht: PI Research BV/Capacity Group Developmental Pychology, University of Utrecht; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

34. Schalock RL, Felce D. Quality of life and subjective well-being: conceptual and measurement issues. London: John Wiley and Sons London; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

35. Van Nieuwenhuizen C, Bogaerts S, Ruijter E, Bongers I, Coppens M, Meijers R. TBS-behandeling geprofileerd: een gestructureerde casussenanalyse [profiling TBS-treatment: a structural case analysis]. Eindhoven: GGzE; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

36. Lukočienė O, Varriale R, Vermunt JK. The simultaneous decision(s) about the number of lower- and higher-level classes in multilevel latent class analysis. Sociol Methodol. 2010;40(1):247–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

37. Cooper S, Smiley E, Morrison J, Williamson A, Allan L. Mental ill-health in adults with intellectual disabilities: prevalence and associated factors. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190(1):27–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

38. Douma JCH, Dekker MC, Verhulst FC, Koot HM. Self-reports on mental health problems of youth with moderate to borderline intellectual disabilities. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45(10):1224–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

39. Einfeld SL, Ellis LA, Emerson E. Comorbidity of intellectual disability and mental disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review. J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2011;36(2):137–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

40. Wallander JL, Dekker MC, Koot HM. Risk factors for psychopathology in children with intellectual disability: a prospective longitudinal population-based study. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2006;50(4):259–68.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

41. APA. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (revised 4th ed.). Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

42. Bitter NA, Roeg DPK, Van Nieuwenhuizen C, Van Weeghel J. Identifying profiles of service users in housing services and exploring their quality of life and care needs. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16(419):1–11.

    Google Scholar 

43. Bozdogan H. Choosing the number of component clusters in the micture-model using a new informational complexity criterion of the Inverse-Fisher Information Matrix. In: Opitz O, Lausen B, Klar R, editors. Information and classification, concepts, methods and applications. Berlin: Springer; 1993. p. 40–52.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

44. Fonseca JR, Cardoso MG. Mixture-model cluster analysis using information theoretical criteria. Intelligent Data Anal. 2007;11(2):155–73.

    Google Scholar 

45. Podesta L, Radstaak B. Zwakbegaafde jeugdigen hebben meer in plaats van minder problemen dan jeugdigen met een licht verstandelijke beperking [Youth with borderline intellectual functioning have more rather than fewer problems than youngsters with mild intellectual disability]. Orthopedagogiek. 2012;51:320–31.

    Google Scholar 

46. Gillan D, Coughlan B. Transition from special education into post-school services for young adults with intellectual disability: Irish Parents’ experience. J Policy Practice Intellect Disabil. 2010;7(3):196–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

47. Hulbert-Williams L, Hastings R, Owen DM, Burns L, Day J, Mulligan J, Noone SJ: Exposure to life events as a risk factor for psychological problems in adults with intellectual disabilities: a longitudinal design. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2013.

48. Hastings RP, Beck A. Stress intervention for parents of children with intellectual disabilities. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2004;45:1338–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

49. Panico L, Becares L, Webb EA: Exploring household dynamics: the reciprocal effects of parent and child characteristics. Longit Life Course Stud 2014;5.

50. Patterson GR. Performance models for antisocial boys. Am Psychol. 1986;41:432–44.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

51. Walker JL, Carey PD, Mohr N, Stein DJ, Seedat S. Gender differences in the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse and in the development of pediatric PTSD. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2004;7(2):111–21.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

52. Lunsky Y. Depressive symptoms in intellectual disability: does gender play a role? J Intellect Disabil Res. 2003;47(6):417–27.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

53. Ting To W, Neiryinck S, Vanderplasschen W, Vanheule S, Vandevelde S. Substance use and misuse in persons with intellectual disabilities (ID): Results of a survey in ID and addiction services in Flanders. Res Dev Disabil. 2014;35:1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

54. Van der Nagel J, Kiewik M, Buitelaar J, De Jong C. Staff perspectives of substance use and misuse among adults with intellectual disabilities enrolled in Dutch disability services. J Policy Practice Intellect Disabil. 2011;8(3):143–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

55. Achenbach TM, Krukowski RA, Dumenci L, Ivanova MY. Assessment of adult psychopathology: meta-analyses and implications of cross-informant correlations. Psychol Bull. 2005;131:361–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Page 2

1. Note. The fit statistics suggested that the five-class solution best fitted the data