What is going on in the Philippines while this text was written What is meant by Bayanihan

MANILA, December 8, 2020— The multiple shocks that hit the Philippines – the COVID-19 health crisis, economic activities across the country frozen by quarantine measures, devastating typhoons in November, and the global recession – will likely shrink the economy by 8.1 percent in 2020, temporarily reversing gains made in poverty reduction in recent years. Sustained improvements in managing the pandemic and a possible rebound in the global economy, however, can help the country recover in 2021 and 2022.

These are among the key findings of the Philippines Economic Update (PEU) released today by the World Bank.

The current economic forecast is a revision from the -6.9 percent World Bank forecast in October, resulting from the deep contraction in the third quarter and the extensive damage and losses suffered by the country from the typhoons and floods in November.   

“The series of natural disasters that hit the country while we are battling the pandemic highlights the importance of mainstreaming disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation into policy and planning ,” said Ndiame Diop, World Bank Country Director for Brunei, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines. “While the Philippines is financially resilient, stronger coordination, execution and implementation will help further improve social and physical resilience to frequent shocks.”

Typhoons Rolly (international name Goni), Siony (Atsani), and Ulysses (Vamco) that hit the country in November in just a span of two weeks have brought devastation to a large swath of Luzon, further darkening this year’s growth outlook.

Prior to these disaster events, the economy had already posted a 10 percent contraction in the first three quarters, the worst since the 1985 debt crisis, due to a plunge in private domestic demand, deep contraction in investment activities, and weak exports. Private consumption, which accounts for two-thirds of the Philippine economy has declined at a record pace because of high unemployment and falling incomes.

The economic update says that the pandemic and natural disasters threaten to reverse the trend of a steady decline in poverty in recent years.

The results of a COVID-19 impact monitoring survey conducted in August 2020, show about 40 percent of households reporting a fall in income. Entrepreneurial income reportedly declined particularly among households engaged in non-farm business.

Remittances from abroad, a lifeline for many Filipino families, were reported to have fallen for two in five households that receive remittances, according to the survey. As a result, poverty is estimated to increase from 20.5 percent in 2019 to 22.6 percent in 2020 (measured against the World Bank lower middle-income poverty line of US$3.2/day).

The PEU, expects the Philippines to recover in the next two years, assuming continuing improvements in bringing down virus transmission. Policy makers are gradually allowing more industries to resume operations, thus reviving jobs and incomes, and boosting private consumption. This will help the economy bounce to a 5.9 percent growth in 2021 and 6.0 percent in 2022.

“While addressing the pandemic, the country needs to sustain focus on the structural reform agenda,” said Rong Qian, World Bank Senior Economist. “Speeding up reforms that improve the business environment, foster competition, and strengthen resilience against natural disasters will support the economic recovery and boost productivity growth in the long term.”

The PEU’s current forecasts hinge on China’s early recovery, alongside the expected rebound in the global economy in 2021, which will allow for export growth to recover, and larger remittance inflows to stimulate domestic demand.

The government is expected to ramp up its infrastructure spending starting in the fourth quarter of 2020, creating jobs in the construction sector. Pre-election activities in the run-up to the national election in 2022 will give an additional boost to demand as early as in the second half of 2021.

The PEU summarizes key economic and social developments, important policy changes, and the evolution of external conditions affecting the Philippines over the past six months. It also presents findings from recent World Bank analyses, situating them in the context of the country’s long-term development trends and assessing their implications for the country’s medium-term economic outlook.

The World Bank has been a partner of the Philippines for 75 years, providing, among other forms of support, economic analyses and updates. Since 1945, World Bank Group has mobilized funding, global knowledge, and partnerships to support the Philippines’ efforts to alleviate poverty, upgrade infrastructure, improve health, nutrition, and education, strengthen resilience against climate change and natural disasters, promote peace, and enhance global competitiveness.

World Bank Group Response to COVID-19

The World Bank Group, one of the largest sources of funding and knowledge for developing countries, is taking broad, fast action to help developing countries strengthen their pandemic response. It is supporting public health interventions, working to ensure the flow of critical supplies and equipment, and helping the private sector continue to operate and sustain jobs.

The World Bank Group is making available up to $160 billion over a 15-month period ending June 2021 to help more than 100 countries protect the poor and vulnerable, support businesses, and bolster economic recovery. This includes $50 billion of new IDA resources through grants and highly concessional loans and $12 billion for developing countries to finance the purchase and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines.

1 Pletcher, H. (2020, May 21). Total Population of the Philippines 2024. Statista. Retrieved August 24, 2020, from, https://www.statista.com/statistics/578726/total‐population‐of‐philippines/

2 Elflein, J. (2020, August 14). COVID‐19 Cases Worldwide as of August 14, 2020, by Country. Statista. Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1043366/novel‐coronavirus‐2019ncov‐cases‐worldwide‐by‐country/

3 Anonymous. (2020, August 17). Reported Cases and Deaths by Country, Territory, or Conveyance. Worldometer. Retrieved August 17, 2020, from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/?utm_campaign=homeAdvegas1

4 de Best, R. (2020, August 5). COVID‐19 Deaths Worldwide per One Million Population as of August 14, 2020, by Country. Statista. Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1104709/coronavirus‐deaths‐worldwide‐per‐million‐inhabitants/

5 Ibid.

6 Anonymous. (2020). Gross Domestic Product. Worldometer. Retrieved August 17, 2020, from https://www.worldometers.info/gdp/gdp‐per‐capita/

7 Castaneda, J. (2020, May 15). Why Duterte Won’t Lift World’s Longest Lockdown. Asia Times. Retrieved June 29, 2020, from https://asiatimes.com/2020/05/why‐duterte‐wont‐lift‐worlds‐longest‐lockdown/

8 Philippine Statistics Authority. (2020, August 7). Employment Situation in January 2020. Retrieved August 22, 2020, from https://psa.gov.ph/content/employment‐situation‐january‐2020‐0

9 Philippine Statistics Authority. (2020, June 5). Employment Situation in April 2020. Retrieved August 22, 2020, from https://psa.gov.ph/content/employment‐situation‐april‐2020

10 Punongbayan, J.C. (2020, June 19). Last updated 2020, June 19. [Analysis] Duterte’s New COVID‐19 Loans: Need we Worry? Retrieved June 29, 2020, from https://www.rappler.com/thought‐leaders/264259‐analysis‐duterte‐coronavirus‐loans‐need‐we‐worry

11 Whitehead, M., & Dahlgren, G. (2006). Concepts and Principles for Tackling Social Inequities in Health: Levelling up Part 1. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2006.

12 Ibid.

13 Ibid.

14 Sen, A. (2004). Why Health Equity? In S. Anand, F. Peter, & A. Sen (Eds.), Public Health, Ethics, and Equity. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 21–34.

15 Ibid.

16 Whitehead, & Dahlgren, op. cit. note 11.

17 Wilkinson, R., & Marmot, M. (Eds.). (2003). Social Determinants of Health: the Solid Facts 2nd Ed. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe. Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/108082

18 Cabral, E.I. (2016, April‐June). The Philippine Health Agenda for 2016 to 2022. Philippine Journal of Internal Medicine. 54(2). Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjF6NfbvqTrAhUEGaYKHXg‐Df8QFjABegQIChAE&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcp.org.ph%2Ffiles%2FPJIM%2520Vol54%2520No2%2FThe_Philippine_Health_Agenda_2016_to_2022.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2KRJZMVvrXpyAaJRIzccYS

19 Anonymous. (2020, August 23). Reported Cases and Deaths by Country, Territory, or Conveyance. Worldometer. Retrieved August 23, 2020, from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/

20 Philippine Statistics Authority, & ICF. (2018). Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey 2017. Quezon City, Philippines, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: PSA and ICF. Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/PHILIPPINE%20NATIONAL%20DEMOGRAPHIC%20AND%20HEALTH%20SURVEY%202017_new.pdf

21 Tomacruz, S. (2019, April 1). Last updated 2019, April 1. Explainer: what Filipinos can Expect from the Universal Health Care Law. Rappler. Retrieved July 1, 2020, from https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/226810‐explanation‐what‐filipinos‐can‐expect‐universal‐health‐care‐law

22 Magsambol, B. (2020, June 16). Last updated 2020, June 16. Lawmakers Oppose Proposal to Delay Universal Health Care Law Implementation. Rappler. Retrieved July 1, 2020, from https://www.rappler.com/nation/263979‐lawmakers‐oppose‐proposal‐delay‐universal‐health‐care‐law‐implementation

23 Yumol, D. (2020, April 1). 21 Protesters Demanding Food Aid Arrested in Quezon City. CNN Philippines. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/4/1/quezon‐city‐protesters‐arrested‐.html

24 Aspinwall, N. (2020, April 3). The Philippines’ Coronavirus Lockdown Is Becoming a Crackdown. The Diplomat. Retrieved May 21, 2020, from https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/the‐philippines‐coronavirus‐lockdown‐is‐becoming‐a‐crackdown/

25 Ipsos. (2017). Perils of Perception 2017. Ipsos MORI. Retrieved May 21, 2020, from https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2018‐02/ipsos‐mori‐perils‐of‐perception‐2017‐charts_0.pdf

26 Schleicher, A. (2019). PISA 2018 Insights and Interpretations. OECD. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://www.oecd.org/pisa/PISA%202018%20Insights%20and%20Interpretations%20FINAL%20PDF.pdf

27 OECD. (2019). Philippines Country Note Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Results from Pisa 2018. OECD. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/PISA2018_CN_PHL.pdf

28 Tang, C., et al. (2019). Examining Income‐Related Inequality in Health Literacy and Health‐Information Seeking among Urban Population in China. BMC Public Health. 19, 221. Retrieved April 28, 2020, from https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889‐019‐6538‐2

29 von Wagner, C., et al. (2007). Functional Health Literacy and Health‐Promoting Behaviour in a National Sample of British Adults. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 61(12), 1086‐1090. Retrieved April 28, 2020, from https://jech.bmj.com/content/61/12/1086

30 Eberhard, D.M., Simons, G.F., & Fennig, C.D. (Eds.). (2020). Philippines. Ethnologue: Languages of the World 23rd Ed. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH

31 OECD, op. cit. note 27, p. 1.

32 Anonymous. (2020, March 27). KapitDiliman! We’ve Got your Back. UP Diliman Information Office. Retrieved April 28, 2020, from https://upd.edu.ph/kapitdiliman‐we‐got‐your‐back/?fbclid=IwAR3gFraGwK3aeTGIkuyuuir2w3yFY7ZjKGr0MuoWCnI1hhtcV‐YgI9f3‐k4

33 Anonymous. (2020, May 16). COVID‐19 Dictionary for Filipino Children in Filipino and English (Full Version). University of the Philippines College of Education. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://educ.upd.edu.ph/covid‐19‐dictionary‐for‐filipino‐children‐in‐filipino‐and‐english‐full‐version/

34 Van Den Hoven, J., & Rooksby, E. (2008). Distributive Justice and the Value of Information: a (Broadly) Rawlsian Approach. In J. Van den Hoven, & J. Weckert (Eds.), Information Technology and Moral Philosophy (Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Public Policy, pp. 376‐396). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511498725.019

35 Ibid.

36 World Health Organization & International Telecommunication Union. (2012). National eHealth Strategy Toolkit Overview. World Health Organization. Retrieved May 16, 2020, from https://www.who.int/ehealth/publications/overview.pdf

37 Patdu, I.D., & Tenorio, A.S. (2016, December 31). Establishing the Legal Framework of Telehealth in the Philippines. Acta Medica Philippina. (50)4, 237‐246. Retrieved May 15, 2020, from https://actamedicaphilippina.upm.edu.ph/index.php/acta/article/view/763

38 Nonato, V., Crisostomo, S., & Calica, A. (2020, March 31). The Doctor Is Online: Physicians Offer Free Services to Decongest Hospitals. One News. Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.onenews.ph/the‐doctor‐is‐online‐physicians‐offer‐free‐services‐to‐decongest‐hospitals

39 Perez, R. (2020, April 7). DOH COVID‐19 Hotline Now Provides Free Telemedicine Consultations. Smart Parenting. Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.smartparenting.com.ph/life/news/doh‐covid‐19‐hotline‐telemedicine‐a00041‐20200407

40 Dela Cruz, R.C. (2020, March 31). PGH Launches Covid‐19 Hotline for Consultations, Donations. Philippine News Agency. Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1098332

41 Romualdo, A.VCD.P. (2020, March 31). Bayanihan Na! UP‐PGH Launches COVID‐19 Ops Center. University of the Philippines Manila News. Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.up.edu.ph/bayanihan‐na‐up‐pgh‐launches‐covid‐19‐ops‐center/

42 Anonymous. (2020, April 7). DOH Boost Telemedicine Services for NCR Service to Expand to Other Regions Soon. Press Release. Department of Health. Retrieved May 16, 2020, from https://www.doh.gov.ph/doh‐press‐release/DOH‐BOOST‐TELEMEDICINE‐SERVICES‐FOR‐NCR‐SERVICE‐TO‐EXPAND‐TO‐OTHER‐REGIONS‐SOON

43 CNN Philippines Staff. (2020, April 27). DOH Launches Telemedicine Consultation for Metro Manila Residents. CNN Philippines. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/4/7/Telemedicine‐consultation‐COVID.html https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1047575

44 Galewitz, P. (2020, March 27). Telemedicine Surges, Fueled by Coronavirus Fears and Shift in Payment Rules. Kaiser Health News. Retrieved May 17, 2020, from https://khn.org/news/telemedicine‐surges‐fueled‐by‐coronavirus‐fears‐and‐shift‐in‐payment‐rules/

45 Williams, O.E., et al. (2017). The Use of Telemedicine to Enhance Secondary Care: Some Lessons from the Front Line. Future Healthcare Journal. 4(2), 109–114. Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6502630/

46 Bryant, B. (2018, December 11). Telemedicine Improves Healthcare through Innovative Service Delivery. National Association of Counties (NACO). Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.naco.org/articles/telemedicine‐improves‐healthcare‐through‐innovative‐service‐delivery

47 Siddiquee, N.K.A., et al. (2019). Telemedicine in Resource‐Limited Setting: Narrative Synthesis of Evidence in Nepalese Context. Smart Homecare Technology and TeleHealth. Retrieved May 21, 2020, from https://www.dovepress.com/telemedicine‐in‐resource‐limited‐setting‐narrative‐synthesis‐of‐eviden‐peer‐reviewed‐fulltext‐article‐SHTT.

48 Anonymous. (No date). National Telehealth Center. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved August 21, 2020, from http://nih.upm.edu.ph/institute/national‐telehealth‐center

49 Anonymous. (2016‐2020). PH COVID‐19 Health Workers. Rakuten Viber. Retrieved August 21, 2020, from https://invite.viber.com/?g2=AQA70%2FYXR8FXAEs1ff7nzV%2BJvuR8LVkveAaVASkICVnUaqX7In%2F%2Fp8nQ%2BzXeW%2BDr&lang=en&fbclid=IwAR3YDLl3YQJ5rxb‐UA6GI2NDfo5muokHKdcHYHUWFV7GUtSjUPlxFM3Ptqo

50 Anonymous. (No date). Department of Health Philippines. Facebook. Retrieved August 21, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/OfficialDOHgov/

51 National Telehealth Center. (2014). RxBox: Advancing Community Healthcare 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2020, from https://telehealth.ph/project‐rxbox/

52 Ibid.

53 Macan, J.G. (2020, April 1). PGH to Use DOST's RxBox for COVID‐19 In‐patient Monitoring. Philippine Council for Health Research and Development. Retrieved August 5, 2020, from http://www.pchrd.dost.gov.ph/index.php/news/6527‐pgh‐to‐use‐dost‐s‐rxbox‐for‐covid‐19‐in‐patient‐monitoring

54 Sambatyon, E. (2020, April 4). UP and DOST‐developed RxBox Vital Signs Monitor for COVID‐19 Patients Now in Use at Philippine General Hospital. Good News Philippines. Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://www.goodnewspilipinas.com/up‐and‐dost‐developed‐rxbox‐vital‐signs‐monitor‐for‐covid‐19‐patients‐now‐in‐use‐at‐philippine‐general‐hospital/

55 Gonzalez, C.J. (2020, June 1). COVID‐19 Telepresence Device Connects Frontliners to Patients, Patients to Loved Ones. Philippine Council for Health Research and Development. Retrieved June 25, 2020, from http://www.pchrd.dost.gov.ph/index.php/news/6559‐covid‐19‐telepresence‐device‐connects‐frontliners‐to‐patients‐patients‐to‐loved‐ones.

56 CNN Philippines Staff. (2020, April 16). New Device Developed to Limit COVID‐19 Exposure of Frontline Health Care Workers. CNN Philippines. Retrieved May 23, 2020, from https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/4/16/telepresence‐device‐pgh‐.html

57 Alvandi, M. (2017, March 10). Telemedicine and its Role in Revolutionizing Healthcare Delivery. American Journal of Accountable Care. 5(1), e1‐e5. Retrieved May 16, 2020, from https://www.ajmc.com/journals/ajac/2017/2017‐vol5‐n1/telemedicine‐and‐its‐role‐in‐revolutionizing‐healthcare‐delivery

58 Kelley, J.M., et al. (2014, April). The Influence of the Patient‐Clinician Relationship on Healthcare Outcomes: a Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS ONE. 9(4). Retrieved August 21, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3981763/pdf/pone.0094207.pdf

59 Eton, D.T., et al. (2017, September 26). Healthcare Provider Relational Quality Is Associated with Better Self‐Management and Less Treatment Burden in People with Multiple Chronic Conditions. Patient Preference and Adherence. 2017(11). 1635‐1646. Retrieved August 21, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5630069/pdf/ppa‐11‐1635.pdf

60 Ndjaboue, R., et al. (2020). Patients’ Perspectives on How to Improve Diabetes Care and Self‐Management: Qualitative Study. BMJ Open. 10(4). Retrieved August 21, 2020, from https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/10/4/e032762.full.pdf

61 Wakam, G.K., et al. (2020, June 11). Not Dying Alone — Modern Compassionate Care in the Covid‐19 Pandemic. The New England Journal of Medicine. 382(24). Retrieved August 21, 2020, from https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmp2007781

62 Anonymous. (2020, April 16). Coronavirus: Family of Dead Boy, 13, 'Happy' with Policy Change. BBC. Retrieved August 21, 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk‐england‐london‐52312653

63 Walker, R.C., et al. (2019, April). Patient Expectations and Experiences of Remote Monitoring for Chronic Diseases: Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Qualitative Studies. International Journal of Medical Informatics. 124, 78‐85. Retrieved August 21, 2020, from https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S1386505618309821?token=AE5D9B38531915EFC954F90AE486E57D24337F6D95DD1C3ED6B50094A68FD07DF5474EB5F4C4488859E0BD8D7311577B

64 Mirzaei, T., & Kashian, N. (2020, May). Revisiting Effective Communication between Patients and Physicians: Cross‐Sectional Questionnaire Study Comparing Text‐Based Electronic Versus Face‐to‐Face Communication. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 22(5). Retrieved August 21, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7254277/#ref2

65 Dela Rosa, R. (2020, May 13). Sponsorship Speech, Committee Report 86, Senate Bill No. 1520. Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved May 18, 2020, from http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2020/0513_delarosa1.asp

66 Bloomberg. (2020, April 25). PH, Supplier of World’s Nurses, Struggles to Fight COVID‐19 at Home. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://mb.com.ph/2020/04/25/ph‐supplier‐of‐worlds‐nurses‐struggles‐to‐fight‐covid‐19‐at‐home/

67 Ibid.

68 Macaraeg, P. (2020, March 28). About 75% of Cities, Towns in Philippines Lack Health Workers. Rappler. Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://rappler.com/nation/about‐75‐pecent‐cities‐towns‐philippines‐lack‐health‐workers‐pids

69 Dayrit, M.M., et al. (2018). The Philippines Health System Review Health Systems in Transition Vol. 8 No. 2 2018. New Delhi: World Health Organization, Regional Office for South‐East Asia. Retrieved April 24, 2020, from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274579/9789290226734‐eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

70 Anonymous. (2020, May 18). DOH to Deputize Med Grads to Assist in Nat’l COVID‐19 Response. Department of Health. Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.doh.gov.ph/press‐release/DOH‐to‐deputize‐med‐grads‐to‐assist‐in‐nat%E2%80%99l‐covid‐19‐response

71 Anonymous. (2020, March 28). Nearly 600 Doctors, Nurses, Volunteer for COVID‐19 Fight in PH. ABS‐CBN News. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://news.abs‐cbn.com/news/03/28/20/nearly‐600‐doctors‐nurses‐volunteer‐for‐covid‐19‐fight‐in‐ph

72 Mitchell, J. (2020, March 26). Baker Requests Federal Disaster Assistance, Asks Med Schools to Graduate Students Early. WBUR. Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.wbur.org/news/2020/03/26/baker‐massachusetts‐coronavirus

73 Minder, R., & Peltier, E. (2020, March 24). Virus Knocks Thousands of Health Workers out of Action in Europe. The New York Times. Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/world/europe/coronavirus‐europe‐covid‐19.html

74 Sopel, J. (2020, April 2). Coronavirus: the Young Doctors Being Asked to Play God. BBC. Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world‐us‐canada‐52137160

75 Ladrido, P. (2020, May 6). How the Philippines Became the Biggest Supplier of Nurses Worldwide. CNN Philippines. Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2020/5/6/ofw‐nurses.html

76 Mendoza, D.R. (2015, June 16). Human Capital: the Philippines’ Labor Export Model. World Politics Review. Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/insights/15998/human‐capital‐the‐philippines‐labor‐export‐model

77 Philippine Overseas Employment Administration Governing Board. (2020, April 5). Governing Board Resolution No. 09 Series of 2020. Retrieved May 17, 2020, from https://www.philembassy.no/newsroom/covid‐19‐public‐advisory‐no‐18‐on‐the‐temporary‐suspension‐of‐overseas‐deployment‐of

78 Aning, J. (2020, April 12). DFA Chief Hits Deployment Ban on PH Health Workers. Inquirer.net. Retrieved May 17, 2020, from https://globalnation.inquirer.net/186772/dfa‐chief‐hits‐deployment‐ban‐on‐ph‐health‐workers

79 Romero, A., & Jaymalin, M. (2020, April 15). To Ban or Not to Ban: Health Workers Asked to Rethink Plans to Leave Phl. One News. Retrieved May 17, 2020, from https://www.onenews.ph/to‐ban‐or‐not‐to‐ban‐health‐workers‐asked‐to‐rethink‐plans‐to‐leave‐phl

80 Calonzo, A. (2020, April 14). Philippines Relaxes Ban on Nurses Leaving for Jobs Overseas. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved May 17, 2020, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/seasia/2020/04/14/philippines‐relaxes‐ban‐on‐nurses‐leaving‐for‐jobs‐overseas.html

81 CNN Philippines Staff. (2020, May 16). DOH to Authorize Medical Graduates to Work as Deputized Physicians during COVID‐19 Crisis. CNNPhilippines.com. Retrieved May 17, 2020, from https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/5/16/doh‐medical‐graduates‐deputized‐physicians.html

82 Mercado, N.A. (2020, April 27). DBM Approves Hiring of Additional 15,700 Healthcare Professionals. Inquirer.net. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1265554/dbm‐approves‐doh‐request‐for‐hiring‐of‐additional‐15700‐healthcare‐professionals‐duterte‐report#ixzz6NBzR1XL8

83 Anonymous. (2017, February 21). Shortage of Health Professionals in the Philippines, a Growing Concern. HealthCareAsia Daily. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from http://www.healthcareasia.org/2017/shortage‐of‐health‐professionals‐in‐the‐philippines‐a‐growing‐concern/

84 Ibid.

85 Concepcion, P. (2020, March 23). Gov’t Officials Crowd out Patients for COVID‐19 Testing. Inquirer.net. Retrieved May 13, 2020, from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1246714/govt‐officials‐crowd‐out‐patients‐for‐covid‐19‐testing

86 Pasion, P. (2020, March 28). Last updated 2020, March 28. ‘Doki’ to the Barrios: Dr. Israel Bactol’s Commitment to Serve. Rappler. Retrieved April 29, 2020, from https://www.rappler.com/move‐ph/256145‐israel‐bactol‐doki‐doctor‐to‐the‐barrios

87 Arias, J. (2020, March 23). #NoToVIPTesting: on Politicians Abusing their Power to Get COVID‐19 Tests. Preen.ph. Retrieved April 29, 2020, from https://preen.ph/107493/vip‐testing‐politicians‐covid19‐philippines

88 Magsino, D. (2020, March 13). FDA Warns Public Vs. Unregistered COVID‐19 Test Kits in Philippines. GMA News Online. Retrieved July 2, 2020, from https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/729568/fda‐warns‐public‐vs‐unregistered‐covid‐19‐test‐kits‐in‐philippines/story/

89 Mapa, C. (2019, December 6). Proportion of Poor Filipinos Was Estimated at 16.6 percent in 2018. Philippine Statistics Office. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://psa.gov.ph/poverty‐press‐releases/nid/144752

90 Chandran, R. (2018, June 7). Slum Dwellers in the Philippines Build Homes through Community Programs. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved May 18, 2020, from https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia‐South‐Central/2018/0607/Slum‐dwellers‐in‐the‐Philippines‐build‐homes‐through‐community‐programs

91 United Nations Statistics Division. (2015). Demographic and Social Statistics. Demographic Yearbook 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic‐social/products/dyb/dyb_2015.cshtml

92 Tenolete, J., & Racelis, M. (2020, March 27). Coronavirus in Baseco: a Community Leader’s Assessment. Rappler. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://www.rappler.com/move‐ph/ispeak/256081‐opinion‐coronavirus‐baseco‐community‐leader‐assessment

93 Coronel, S. (2020, March 24). Philippines: Covid‐19 Will Devastate the Poor. The Interpreter. Retrieved May 17, 2020, from https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the‐interpreter/philippines‐covid‐19‐will‐devastate‐poor

94 Ibid.

95 Billing, L. (2020, March 21). Graveyard Living: Inside the 'Cemetery Slums' of Manila. The Guardian. Retrieved May 18, 2020, from https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/21/cemetery‐slums‐life‐manilas‐graveyard‐settlements‐philippines

96 Esguerra, D. (2020, March 20). Gov’t to Convert Sports Facilities, Schools, Churches into COVID‐19 Quarantine Sites. Inquirer.net. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from: https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1250807/govt‐moving‐to‐convert‐sports‐facilities‐schools‐churches‐to‐covid‐19‐quarantine‐sites

97 Almendral, A. (2019, January 7). Where 518 Inmates Sleep in Space for 170, and Gangs Hold it Together. The New York Times. Retrieved May 18, 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/07/world/asia/philippines‐manila‐jail‐overcrowding.html

98 Anonymous. (No date). Philippines World Prison Brief Data. World Prison Brief. Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.prisonstudies.org/country/philippines

99 Batnag, D. (2020, April 17). Coronavirus: Philippines Scrambling to Head off Public Health Crisis in Prisons. The Straits Times. Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se‐asia/coronavirus‐philippines‐scrambling‐to‐head‐off‐public‐health‐crisis‐in‐prisons

100 Anonymous. (No date). Highest to Lowest ‐ Occupancy Level (Based on Official Capacity). World Prison Brief. Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest‐to‐lowest/occupancy‐level?field_region_taxonomy_tid=All

101 CNN Philippines Staff. (2020, April 24). New Bilibid Prison Inmate Dies of COVID‐19. CNN Philippines. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/4/24/New‐Bilibid‐Prison‐inmate‐die‐COVID‐19‐.html

102 CNN Philippines Staff. (2020, April 25). 27 Women’s Correctional Inmates Test Positive for COVID‐19. CNN Philippines. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from: https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/4/25/27‐women‐correctional‐inmates‐positive‐covid.html

103 Macasero, R. (2020, May 1). Last updated 2020, May 1. 125 New Coronavirus Cases Confirmed at Cebu City Jail. Rappler. Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.rappler.com/nation/259573‐cebu‐city‐jail‐coronavirus‐april‐30‐2020#cxrecs_s

104 Santos, A.P. (2020, May 4). 'Waiting to Die': Coronavirus Enters Congested Philippine Jails. Aljazeera. Retrieved May 19, 2020, from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/die‐coronavirus‐enters‐congested‐philippine‐jails‐200504025823176.html

105 Gregorio, X. (2020, May 25). 517 Prisoners Contract COVID‐19 in Jails. CNN Philippines. Retrieved May 26, 2020, from https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/5/25/prisoners‐COVID‐19‐jails‐Philippines.html?fbclid=IwAR05Up7YsZH9gZNaCrdbj0YteHrnhH8HYnqtJj5CBcav3PulGfuH31xadKc

106 Santos, op. cit. note 104.

107 CNN Philippines Staff. (2020, April 21). Last updated 2020, April 21. 18 Inmates, One Jail Worker in Women’s Correctional Contract COVID‐19. CNN Philippines. Retrieved April 22, 2020, from https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/4/21/Women‐s‐Correctional‐more‐COVID‐19‐infections.html

108 Batnag. D. (2020, April 20). Coronavirus: Philippines Acts to Avert Public Health Crisis in Jails. The Straits Times. Retrieved April 22, 2020, from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se‐asia/philippines‐acts‐to‐avert‐public‐health‐crisis‐in‐jails

109 Santos, op. cit. note 104.

110 Ibid.

111 Ibid.

112 McCarthy, J. (2020, May 5). As COVID‐19 Fears Grow, 10,000 Prisoners Are Freed from Overcrowded Philippine Jails. npr.org. Retrieved May 18, 2020, from https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus‐live‐updates/2020/05/05/850513762/as‐covid‐19‐fears‐grow‐10‐000‐prisoners‐are‐freed‐from‐overcrowded‐philippine‐ja

113 Liu, Y., et al. (2020). The Reproductive Number of COVID‐19 Is Higher Compared to SARS Coronavirus. Journal of Travel Medicine. 27(2). Retrieved April 28, 2020, from https://academic.oup.com/jtm/article/27/2/taaa021/5735319

114 World Health Organization. (2020, March 6). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) Situation Report ‐ 46. World Health Organization. Retrieved April 28, 2020, from https://www.who.int/docs/default‐source/coronaviruse/situation‐reports/20200306‐sitrep‐46‐covid‐19.pdf?sfvrsn=96b04adf_4

115 Liu, Y., et al., op. cit. note 113.

116 NEWS WIRES. (2020, April 1). Last updated 2020, April 1. WHO Troubled by 'Near Exponential' Growth of Coronavirus Pandemic. France 24. Retrieved July 6, 2020, from https://www.france24.com/en/20200401‐who‐troubled‐by‐near‐exponential‐growth‐of‐coronavirus‐pandemic

117 David, G., et al. (2020, June 29). Last updated 2020, July 2. COVID‐19 Forecasts in the Philippines: NCR, Cebu and COVID‐19 Hotspots as of June 25, 2020. University of the Philippines. Retrieved July 6, 2020, from https://www.up.edu.ph/covid‐19‐forecasts‐in‐the‐philippines‐ncr‐cebu‐and‐covid‐19‐hotspots‐as‐of‐june‐25‐2020/

118 Ghebreyesus, T.A. (2020, March 3). WHO Director‐General’s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID‐19 ‐ 3 March 2020. World Health Organization. Retrieved April 28, 2020, from https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who‐director‐general‐s‐opening‐remarks‐at‐the‐media‐briefing‐on‐covid‐19‐‐‐3‐march‐2020

119 Coburn, B.J., Wagner, B.G., & Blower, S. (2009, June 22). Modeling Influenza Epidemics and Pandemics: Insights into the Future of Swine Flu (H1N1). BMC Medicine. 7(30). Retrieved July 6, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715422/pdf/1741‐7015‐7‐30.pdf

120 Cator, C. (2020, April 11). DA: Agriculture and Fisheries Workers Are Frontliners in COVID‐19 Fight. CNN Philippines. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/4/11/da‐agriculture‐and‐fisheries‐players‐workers‐frontliners‐coronavirus.html

121 DA Communications Group. (2020, May 27). Farmers, Fishers Take Spotlight as Food Security Frontliners. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.da.gov.ph/farmers‐fishers‐take‐spotlight‐as‐food‐security‐frontliners/

122 Pobre, A. (2020, March 26). 3 Non‐Medical Philippine Frontliners Making Headlines During COVID‐19, Including GrabFood Delivery Men & Dancing Soldiers. The Smart Local Philippines. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://thesmartlocal.com/philippines/non‐medical‐covid‐frontliners/

123 Casilao, J.L. (2020, March 24). Non‐Medical Frontliners Detail Difficulties amid COVID‐19. GMA News Online. Retrieved July, 7, 2020, from https://www.msn.com/en‐ph/news/national/non‐medical‐frontliners‐detail‐difficulties‐amid‐covid‐19/ar‐BB11DI7Q

124 INQUIRER.net BrandRoom. (2020, April 24). Frontliners Leaving Home and Family to Serve amid the COVID‐19 Pandemic. Inquirer.net. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://business.inquirer.net/295417/frontliners‐leaving‐home‐and‐family‐to‐serve‐amid‐the‐covid‐19‐pandemic

125 Kingsu‐Cheng, J. (2020, July 17). Divine Lee Tested Covid‐19 Positive—but No One in her Household Has Been out since March. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved July 25, 2020, from https://mb.com.ph/2020/07/17/divine‐lee‐tested‐covid‐19‐positive‐but‐no‐one‐in‐her‐household‐has‐been‐out‐since‐march/

126 Dayrit, et al., op. cit., note 69.

127 Medialdea, S.C. (2020, March 16). Community Quarantine over the Entire Luzon and Further Guidelines for the Management of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) Situation. Office of the President of the Philippines Malacañang Memorandum from the Executive Secretary. Retrieved July 6, 2020, from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2020/03mar/20200316‐MEMORANDUM‐FROM‐ES‐RRD.pdf

128 KBK. (2020, March 18). One‐Legged Cancer Patient Walks from Masinag to Checkpoint to Get to PGH. GMA News Online. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/regions/730172/one‐legged‐cancer‐patient‐walks‐from‐masinag‐to‐checkpoint‐to‐get‐to‐pgh/story/

129 dela Peña, K. (2020, March 18). Last updated 2020, March 18. ‘Walang Choice’: Man with Leukemia Walks to Get Chemo Meds amid Luzon Lockdown. Rappler. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://www.rappler.com/move‐ph/254995‐man‐leukemia‐walks‐get‐chemotherapy‐medicine‐luzon‐lockdown

130 Tantuco, V. (2020, March 28). In Numbers: what Hospitals Need to Treat COVID‐19 Patients. Rappler. Retrieved May 1, 2020, from: https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in‐depth/256133‐numbers‐what‐hospitals‐need‐treat‐coronavirus‐patients

131 UP COVID‐19 Response Team. (2020, April 20). Estimating Local Healthcare Capacity to Deal with COVID‐19 Case Surge: Analysis and Recommendations. University of the Philippines. Retrieved May 1, 2020, from https://www.up.edu.ph/estimating‐local‐healthcare‐capacity‐to‐deal‐with‐covid‐19‐case‐surge‐analysis‐and‐recommendations/

132 CNN Philippines Staff. (2020, March 24). Hospitals Close Doors to COVID‐19 Patient after Reaching Capacity. CNN Philippines. Retrieved May 1, 2020, from https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/3/24/st‐lukes‐coronavirus‐patients.html?fbclid=IwAR0gXkJvLT6woPwp_‐3C32uy9c2‐vEP8_iSo8RxnJCZbxjI‐7spAVxRa6CI

133 UP COVID‐19 Response Team, op. cit. note 131.

134 Garcia, M.A. (2020, April 15). COVID‐19 Patient’s Hospital Bill Reaches P3M. GMA News Online. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/734202/covid‐19‐patient‐s‐hospital‐bill‐reaches‐p3m/story/

135 Punzalan, J. (2020, April 9). How Much to Be Treated for COVID‐19 in a Metro Manila Private Hospital? for a Moderate Case, Prepare at Least P1M. PEP.ph. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://www.pep.ph/lifestyle/health‐and‐fitness/150720/covid‐19‐treatment‐cost‐a3830‐20200409‐lfrm

136 Garcia, op. cit. note 134.

137 Mapa, C.D.S. (2019, October 17). Total Health Expenditure Grew by 8.3 Percent in 2018. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://psa.gov.ph/pnha‐press‐release/node/144466

138 Chaves, C. (2020, March 22). Belmonte ‘Shocked’ 3 Patients who Tested Positive for COVID‐19 in QC Sent Home. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://news.mb.com.ph/2020/03/22/belmonte‐shocked‐3‐patients‐who‐tested‐positive‐for‐covid‐19‐in‐qc‐sent‐home/

139 Canoy, J. (2020, April 2). Her 56‐Year Old Father Had a Heart Attack and No Hospital Would Take him in. ANCX. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://news.abs‐cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/04/02/20/her‐56‐year‐old‐father‐had‐a‐heart‐attack‐and‐no‐hospital‐would‐take‐him‐in

140 Cayabyab, M. (2020, April 26). Woman Dies after Being Refused by 6 Hospitals. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://www.philstar.com/nation/2020/04/26/2009815/woman‐dies‐after‐being‐refused‐6‐hospitals.

141 Sabillo, K. (2020, April 3). After Man Dies in Tent, DOH Reminds Hospitals to Take in Patients Ill with COVID‐19, Other Illnesses. ABS‐CBN News. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://news.abs‐cbn.com/news/04/03/20/after‐man‐dies‐in‐tent‐doh‐reminds‐hospitals‐to‐take‐in‐patients‐ill‐with‐covid‐19‐other‐illnesses

142 Baticulon, R.E. (2020, March 20). Last updated 2020, March 20. Opinion: the Philippine Health Care System Was Never Ready for a Pandemic. CNN Philippines. Retrieved April 29, 2020, from https://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2020/3/20/healthcare‐pandemic‐opinion.html?fbcid%3Ffbclid%3Ffbclid%3Ffbclid

143 Dancel, R. (2020, April 8). Last updated 2020, April 8. Struck down by COVID‐19, Philippine Doctor Returns to Front Line to Rally Troops. The Straits Times. Retrieved April 29, 2020, from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se‐asia/struck‐down‐by‐covid‐19‐doctor‐returns‐to‐frontline‐to‐rally‐troops

144 KBK. (2020, February 6). Person under Investigation Dahil sa nCoV sa Cavite, Tumakas sa Ospital. GMA News. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/balitambayan/promdi/725055/person‐under‐investigation‐dahil‐sa‐ncov‐sa‐cavite‐tumakas‐sa‐ospital/story/

145 FRJ. (2020, March 13). OFW na Nakitaan ng Sintomas ng COVID‐19 sa Sarangani, Tumakas Umano sa Ospital. GMA News. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/balitambayan/pinoyabroad/729486/ofw‐na‐nakitaan‐ng‐sintomas‐ng‐covid‐19‐sa‐sarangani‐tumakas‐umano‐sa‐ospital/story/

146 Estrada‐Larino, J. (2020, May 12). Babaeng Positibo sa COVID‐19 Tumakas sa Ospital sa Davao City. DWIZ 882 AM. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from http://www.dwiz882am.com/index.php/babaeng‐positibo‐sa‐covid‐19‐tumakas‐sa‐ospital‐sa‐davao‐city/

147 Krütli, P., et al. (2016) How to Fairly Allocate Scarce Medical Resources: Ethical Argumentation under Scrutiny by Health Professionals and Lay People. PLoS ONE. 11(7): e0159086. Retrieved March 23, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0159086

148 Emanuel, E.J., et al. (2020, March 23). Fair Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources in the Time of Covid‐ 19. The New England Journal of Medicine. Retrieved March 23, 2020, from https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsb2005114?query=featured_coronavirus.

149 Vergano, M., et al. (2020, March 16). Clinical Ethics Recommendations for the Allocation of Intensive Care Treatments, in Exceptional, Resource‐Limited Circumstances. Italian Society of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation, and Intensive Care (SIAARTI). Retrieved March 23, 2020, from http://www.siaarti.it/SiteAssets/News/COVID19%20‐%20documenti%20SIAARTI/SIAARTI%20‐%20Covid‐19%20‐%20Clinical%20Ethics%20Reccomendations.pdf. opens in new tab).

150 Azoulay, E., et al. (2020). Admission Decisions to Intensive Care Units in the Context of the Major COVID‐19 Outbreak: Local Guidance from the COVID‐19 Paris‐Region Area. Critical Care. 24:1.

151 Task Force Ethics Guidelines COVID‐19 Philippines. (2020). Ethical Guidelines for Leaders in Health Care Institutions during the COVID‐19 Pandemic. Philippine Journal of Internal Medicine. 58(1). Retrieved April 9, 2020, from https://www.pcp.org.ph/index.php/pjim/pjim/1094‐phil‐journal‐of‐internal‐medicine‐vol‐58‐no‐1.

152 WHO Working Group on Ethics and COVID‐19. (2020). Ethics and COVID‐19: Resource Allocation and Priority Setting. Retrieved June 29, 2020, from https://www.who.int/ethics/publications/ethics‐covid‐19‐resource‐allocation.pdf?ua=1

153 Wu, Z., & McGoogan, J.M. (2020, February 24). Characteristics of and Important Lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72,314 Cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. Retrieved March 26, 2020, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648

154 Guan, W., et al. (2020). Comorbidity and its Impact on 1590 Patients with Covid‐19 in China: a Nationwide Analysis. European Respiratory Journal. Retrieved April 20, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00547‐2020

155 Sanyaolu, A., et al. (2020, June 25). Comorbidity and its Impact on Patients with COVID‐19. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine. 2, 1–8. Retrieved June 27, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399‐020‐00363‐4

156 Vergano, et al., op. cit. note 149, p. 1.

157 Onder, G., Rezza, G., & Brusaferro, S. (2020, March 23). Case‐Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID‐19 in Italy. JAMA. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4683

158 Espinosa, O.A., et al. (2020, June 22). Prevalence of Comorbidities in Patients and Mortality Cases Affected by SARS‐CoV2: a Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Såo Paulo vol.62 São Paulo. Retrieved May 2, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678‐9946202062043

159 Stokes, E.K., et al. (2020, June 19). Coronavirus Disease 2019 Case Surveillance — United States, January 22–May 30, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 69(24), 759–765. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6924e2

160 Bosotti, A. (2020). Coronavirus Horror: Over‐70s Left to Die in Italy as Doctors Told Focus on Young Patients. Express. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1257840/Coronavirus‐news‐Italy‐over‐70s‐dead‐covid‐19‐death‐toll‐Bergamo‐funeral‐latest

161 Lintern, S. (2020, March 13). ‘We are making difficult choices’: Italian doctor tells of struggle against coronavirus. Independent. Retrieved August 16, 2020, from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/coronavirus‐italy‐hospitals‐doctor‐lockdown‐quarantine‐intensive‐care‐a9401186.html

162 Habib, H. (2020, April 13). ‘I’ve never written so many death certificates’: Is Sweden having second thoughts on lockdown? Independent. Retrieved August 25, 2020, from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/sweden‐coronavirus‐lockdown‐doctor‐death‐certificates‐latest‐a9462796.html

163 Svensson, O. (2020, April 9) Dokument visar: De prioriteras bort från intensivvård. Aftonbladet. Retrieved August 25, 2020, from https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/samhalle/a/lAyePy/dokument‐visar‐de‐prioriteras‐bort‐fran‐intensivvard

164 de Castro‐Hamoy, L., & de Castro, L.D. (2020). Age Matters but it Should not Be Used to Discriminate Against the Elderly in Allocating Scarce Resources in the Context of COVID‐19. Asian Bioethics Review. 12, 331–340. Retrieved August 16, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1007/s41649‐020‐00130‐6

165 Begley, S. (2020, March 30). What Explains COVID‐19’s Lethality for the Elderly? Scientists Look to ‘Twilight’ of the Immune System. STAT News. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/30/what‐explains‐coronavirus‐lethality‐for‐elderly/

166 Nikolich‐Žugich, J. (2017). The Twilight of Immunity: Emerging Concepts in Aging of the Immune System. Nature Immunology. 19(1), 10–19. Retrieved August 16, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590‐017‐0006‐x

167 Moore, K.A., et al. (2020). COVID‐19: the CIDRAP Viewpoint. Retrieved May 10, 2020, fromhttps://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/public/downloads/cidrap‐covid19‐viewpoint‐part1_0.pdf p.5.

168 Hamilton, I.A. (2020). Bill Gates Is Helping Fund New Factories for 7 Potential Coronavirus Vaccines, even though it Will Waste Billions of Dollars. Business insider.com. Retrieved May 15, 2020, from https://www.businessinsider.com/bill‐gates‐factories‐7‐different‐vaccines‐to‐fight‐coronavirus‐2020‐4

169 Kissler, S.M., et al. (2020). Projecting the Transmission Dynamics of SARS‐CoV‐2 through the Postpandemic Period. Science. Retrieved August 16, 2020, from 10.1126/science.abb5793

170 Thompson, S.A. (2020). How Long Will a Vaccine Really Take? The New York Times. Retrieved May 16, 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/30/opinion/coronavirus‐covid‐vaccine.html

171 Kwok, K.O., et al. (2020, March 21). Herd Immunity – Estimating the Level Required, to Halt the COVID‐19 Epidemics in Affected Countries. Journal of Infection. 80(6). Retrieved May 10, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.027

172 Kissler, et al., op. cit. note 169.

173 Moore, et al., op. cit. note 167.

174 Eckerle, I., & Meyer, B. (2020, July 6). SARS‐CoV‐2 Seroprevalence in COVID‐19 Hotspots. The Lancet. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140‐6736(20)31482‐3.pdf

175 Pollán, M., et al. (2020, July 6). Prevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 in Spain (ENE‐COVID): a Nationwide, Population‐Based Seroepidemiological Study. The Lancet. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140‐6736%2820%2931483‐5

176 Xu, X., et al. (2020, June 5). Seroprevalence of Immunoglobulin M and G Antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 in China. Nature Medicine. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591‐020‐0949‐6.pdf

177 Begley, S. (2020, May 1). Three Potential Futures for Covid‐19: Recurring Small Outbreaks, a Monster Wave, or a Persistent Crisis. Stat. Retrieved May 10, 2020, from https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/01/three‐potential‐futures‐for‐covid‐19/?campaign_id=154&emc=edit_cb_20200508&instance_id=18350&nl=coronavirus‐briefing&regi_id=73358599&segment_id=27020&te=1&user_id=fa814b3ffb5e235ccc80c3175fd5480f

178 Anonymous. (2020, 21 April). Life after COVID‐19: what Will Change? The Medical Futurist. Retrieved May 11, 2020, from https://medicalfuturist.com/life‐after‐covid‐19‐what‐will‐change/#

179 Caraballo, M.U. (2020, May 23). Internet Banking Trend to Continue Post‐COVID. The Manila Times. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/05/23/business/business‐top/internet‐banking‐trend‐to‐continue‐post‐covid/726664/

180 Malasig, J. (2020, April 30). How Filipinos Are Making Food Delivery Services Easy amid COVID‐19 Quarantine. Interaksyon. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.interaksyon.com/trends‐spotlights/2020/04/30/167577/how‐filipinos‐making‐food‐delivery‐services‐easy‐amid‐covid‐19‐quarantine/

181 de Vera, B.O. (2020, April 21). PH E‐Commerce Gains during COVID‐19 Lockdown. Inquirer. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://business.inquirer.net/295234/ph‐e‐commerce‐gains‐during‐covid‐19‐lockdown

182 Billing, L. (2020, March 31). Last updated 2020, March 31. Coronavirus: Lockdown Forces Filipinos to Find New Ways to Worship. The National. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/coronavirus‐lockdown‐forces‐filipinos‐to‐find‐new‐ways‐to‐worship‐1.999135

183 Rojas, K. (2020, May 16). A List of PH Churches where you Can Hear Holy Mass during the Quarantine. My Pope. Retrieved July 5, 2020, from https://www.mypope.com.ph/online‐mass‐philippines/

184 Beltran, M. (2020, May 12). The Philippines’ Pandemic Response: a Tragedy of Errors. The Diplomat. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/the‐philippines‐pandemic‐response‐a‐tragedy‐of‐errors/

185 Esguerra, D.J. (2020, April 24). Palace: No More Cash Aid for Poor Families in Areas with Lifted ECQ. Inquirer.net. Retrieved July 5, 2020, from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1264069/palace‐no‐more‐cash‐aid‐for‐poor‐families‐in‐areas‐with‐lifted‐ecq

186 Geducos, A. (2020, May 30). Palace: No More Cash Aid this June. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved July 5, 2020, from https://mb.com.ph/2020/05/30/palace‐no‐more‐cash‐aid‐this‐june/

187 Anonymous. (2020, March 23). Aid from Philippine Companies during Coronavirus Pandemic. Rappler. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from https://www.rappler.com/business/255591‐aid‐philippine‐companies‐coronavirus‐pandemic

188 Whitehead, & Dahlgren., op. cit. note 11.

189 Kelly, M. (2020, May 14). An Appeal for Practical Social Justice in the COVID‐19 Global Response in Low‐Income and Middle‐Income Countries. The Lancet Global Health. Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214‐109X(20)30249‐7/fulltext

190 Mabini, A. (2005). Mabini's Decalogue for Filipinos. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved May 16, 2020, from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/14660/14660‐h/14660‐h.htm

191 Ibid.

192 Crisostomo, S., & Romero, A. (2020, May 19). Spike In COVID‐19 Cases Feared: ‘Stay at Home, World War C Not Over’. One News. Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://www.onenews.ph/spike‐in‐covid‐19‐cases‐feared‐stay‐at‐home‐world‐war‐c‐not‐over

193 Crisostomo, S., & Nonato, V. (2020, August 5). Winning or Losing? Nobody Wins in COVID‐19 ‘War’ if Authorities Don’t See Eye to Eye. One News. Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://www.onenews.ph/winning‐or‐losing‐nobody‐wins‐in‐covid‐19‐war‐if‐authorities‐don‐t‐see‐eye‐to‐eye

194 Reperant, L.A., & Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. (2020, May 19). COVID‐19: Losing Battles or Winning the War? One Health Outlook 2, 9. Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1186/s42522‐020‐00019‐2