What is a general guideline to use when deciding whether to remove a patients contact lenses

  1. Rubinstein MP. Applications of contact lens devices in the management of corneal disease. Eye. 2003;17(8):872–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6700560.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Moreddu R, Vigolo D, Yetisen AK. Contact Lens technology: from fundamentals to applications. Adv Healthc Mater. 2019;8(15):1900368. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201900368.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Key JE. Development of contact lenses and their worldwide use. Eye Contact Lens. 2007;33(6):343–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0b013e318157c230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Unnikrishnan B, Hussain S. Pattern of use of contact lens among college students: a cross-sectional study in coastal Karnataka. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2009;57(6):467–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.57159.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Dogan AS, Gurdal C, Arslan N. Corneal confocal microscopy and dry eye findings in contact lens discomfort patients. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2018;41(1):101–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2017.08.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Haddad MF, Bakkar M, Gammoh Y, Morgan P. Trends of contact lens prescribing in Jordan. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2016;39(5):385–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2016.06.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Alipour F, Khaheshi S, Soleimanzadeh M, Heidarzadeh S, Heydarzadeh S. Contact Lens-related complications: a review. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2017;12(2):193–204. https://doi.org/10.4103/jovr.jovr_159_16.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Dietze HH, Cox MJ. Correcting ocular spherical aberration with soft contact lenses. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2004;21(4):473–85. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.21.000473.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Abokyi S, Manuh G, Otchere H, Ilechie A. Knowledge, usage and barriers associated with contact lens wear in Ghana. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2017;40(5):329–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2017.05.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kuzman T, Kutija MB, Juri J, Jandrokovic S, Skegro I, Olujic SM, et al. Lens wearers non-compliance - is there an association with lens case contamination? Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2014;37(2):99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2013.08.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Walline JJ, Bailey MD, Zadnik K. Vision-specific quality of life and modes of refractive error correction. Optom Vis Sci. 2000;77(12):648–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006324-200012000-00011.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Yamasaki K, Saito F, Ota R, Kilvington S. Antimicrobial efficacy of a novel povidone iodine contact lens disinfection system. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2018;41(3):277–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2017.12.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Lievens CW, Cilimberg KC, Moore A. Contact lens care tips for patients: an optometrist's perspective. Clin Optom. 2017;9:113–21. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTO.S139651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Martin-Montanez V, Lopez-de la Rosa A, Lopez-Miguel A, Pinto-Fraga J, Gonzalez-Meijome JM, Gonzalez-Garcia MJ. End-of-day dryness, corneal sensitivity and blink rate in contact lens wearers. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2015;38(3):148–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2015.01.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Richdale K, Sinnott LT, Skadahl E, Nichols JJ. Frequency of and factors associated with contact lens dissatisfaction and discontinuation. Cornea. 2007;26(2):168–74. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ico.0000248382.32143.86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Alobaidan OS, Alkhalifah MK, AlSayegh AA, Alhumaid FA, Ashammery AS, Alghamdi K, et al. Knowledge and practice regarding contact lens among Saudi urban contact lens users. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2018;32(2):93–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjopt.2017.09.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Abahussin M, AlAnazi M, Ogbuehi KC, Osuagwu UL. Prevalence, use and sale of contact lenses in Saudi Arabia: survey on university women and non-ophthalmic stores. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2014;37(3):185–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2013.10.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Li W, Sun X, Wang Z, Zhang Y. A survey of contact lens-related complications in a tertiary hospital in China. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2018;41(2):201–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2017.10.007.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Cope JR, Collier SA, Rao MM, Chalmers R, Mitchell GL, Richdale K, et al. Contact lens wearer demographics and risk behaviors for contact lens-related eye infections—United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(32):865–70. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6432a2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Claydon BE, Efron N, Woods C. A prospective study of the effect of education on non-compliant behaviour in contact lens wear. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1997;17(2):137–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.1997.tb00032.x.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. de Oliveira PR, Temporini-Nastari ER, Alves MR, Kara-José N. Self-evaluation of contact lens wearing and care by college students and health care workers. Eye Contact Lens. 2003;29(3):164–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ICL.0000072829.76899.B5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Tajunisah I, Ophth M, Reddy SC, Phuah SJ. Knowledge and practice of contact lens wear and care among medical students of University of Malaya. Med J Malaysia. 2008;63(3):207–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Snyder CF, Wu AW, Miller RS, Jensen RE, Bantug ET, Wolff AC. The role of informatics in promoting patient-centered care. Cancer J. 2011;17(4):211–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0b013e318225ff89.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. McMonnies CW. Improving contact lens compliance by explaining the benefits of compliant procedures. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2011;34(5):249–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2011.06.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Donshik PC, Ehlers WH, Anderson LD, Suchecki JK. Strategies to better engage, educate, and empower patient compliance and safe lens wear: compliance: what we know, what we do not know, and what we need to know. Eye Contact Lens. 2007;33(6):430–3. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0b013e318157f62a.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sengor T, Alkibay S, Sertoglu AE, Kurna SA. Survey to determine perceptions and practices in contact Lens use and identify Key features of safe use education. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2018;48(6):288–95. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjo.60465.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Radford CF, Woodward EG, Stapleton F. Contact lens hygiene compliance in a university population. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 1993;16(3):105–11.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Wu Y, Carnt N, Stapleton F. Contact lens user profile, attitudes and level of compliance to lens care. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2010;33(4):183–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2010.02.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Hind J, Williams O, Oladiwura D, Macdonald E. The differences between patient and optometrist experiences of contact lens hygiene education from the perspective of a Scottish university teaching hospital. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2019;43(2):185–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2019.07.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Dumbleton KA, Spafford MM, Sivak A, Jones LW. Exploring compliance: a mixed-methods study of contact lens wearer perspectives. Optom Vis Sci. 2013;90(8):898–908. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e3182956c46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Robertson DM, Cavanagh HD. Non-compliance with contact lens wear and care practices: a comparative analysis. Optom Vis Sci. 2011;88(12):1402–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e3182333cf9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Ocansey S, Ogbomo GO, Abu EK, Morny EK, Adjei-Boye O. Profile, knowledge, and attitude of contact lens users regarding contact lens wear in Ghana. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2019;42(2):170–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2018.10.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Thoonen BP, Schermer TR, Jansen M, Smeele I, Jacobs AJ, Grol R, et al. Asthma education tailored to individual patient needs can optimise partnerships in asthma self-management. Patient Educ Couns. 2002;47(4):355–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-3991(02)00015-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Schnall R, Rojas M, Bakken S, Brown W, Carballo-Dieguez A, Carry M, et al. A user-centered model for designing consumer mobile health (mHealth) applications (apps). J Biomed Inform. 2016;60:243–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2016.02.002.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Garira E. Needs assessment for the development of educational interventions to improve quality of education: a case of Zimbabwean primary schools. Soc Sci Humanit Open. 2020;2(1):100020.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Hsieh HF, Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res. 2005;15(9):1277–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Graneheim UH, Lundman B. Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ Today. 2004;24(2):105–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2003.10.001.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Lincoln YS, Guba EG. But is it rigorous? Trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation. New Dir Eval. 1986;1986(30):73–84.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Schweizer HC, Bellach S, Fraatz M. 89 Influence of information on contact lens buyer's attitude to where to buy. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2011;34(Suppl 1):S38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Fogel J, Zidile C. Contact lenses purchased over the internet place individuals potentially at risk for harmful eye care practices. Optometry. 2008;79(1):23–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optm.2007.07.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hily AM, Sulley A, Atkins J. What's in a name? The importance of lens brand and choice to the contact lens wearer. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2018;41:S3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2018.04.086.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Khan AM. Awareness of contact lens indications and care. J Rawalpindi Med Coll. 2013;17(2):260–1.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Kumar R, Gupta D. Awareness and compliance in contact Lens wearers: case study. J Multidiscip Res Healthc. 2018;5(1):33–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Zeri F, Livi S, Cesari M, Gheller P, Magni R. Benefits and barriers towards the use of contact lenses. how ametropes perceive them and how practitioners inform about them: an Italian survey. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2015;38(Suppl 1):e40–e1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Mohd-Ali B, Tan XL. Patterns of use and knowledge about contact Lens Wear amongst teenagers in rural areas in Malaysia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(24):5161. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245161.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Asiri BM, Mobasher WA, Asiry AJ, Erwe IH, Mobasher AA, Abdalla NM. Awareness, Knowledge & Practice of contact Lens usage among medical students. Int J Med Res Prof. 2018;4(5):223–8.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Ibanga AA, Nkanga DG, Etim BA, Echieh IC. Awareness of the practice and uses of contact Lens amongst students in a Nigerian tertiary institution. Sch J Appl Med Sci. 2017;5(8):3111–6.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Zimmerman AB, Richdale K, Mitchell GL, Kinoshita BT, Lam DY, Wagner H, et al. Water exposure is a common risk behavior among soft and gas-permeable contact Lens wearers. Cornea. 2017;36(8):995–1001. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000001204.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Chavan WM, Giri PA, Phalke DB, Bangal SV. Knowledge and practice of contact lens wear and care among contact lens users medical students of rural medical college, Loni, Maharashtra, India. Int J Biol Med Res. 2012;3(1):1385–7.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Gayathri M, Shantala A, Suranagi P. Ocular health education–knowledge, attitude and practice of contact lens usage among medical students. J Educ Res Med Teach. 2014;2(2):26–8.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Fallatah MO. Knowledge, awareness, and eye care-seeking behavior in diabetic retinopathy: a cross-sectional study in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Ophthalmol Ther. 2018;7(2):377–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-018-0147-5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Timucin OB, Karadag MF, Mehmet B. Contact lenses, migraine, and allodynia. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2016;9(2):101–3. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-620X.184528.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Walline JJ, Gaume A, Jones LA, Rah MJ, Manny RE, Berntsen DA, et al. Benefits of contact lens wear for children and teens. Eye Contact Lens. 2007;33(6 Pt 1):317–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0b013e31804f80fb.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Jafari AK, Bozorgui S, Shahverdi N, Ameri A, Akbari MR, Salmasian H. Different causes of referral to ophthalmology emergency room. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2012;5(1):16–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Bamahfouz AY, Nafady-Hego H, Jouhargy S, Qadir MA, Qutub WNJ, Bahubaishi KM, et al. Awareness of contact lens care among college students in Saudi Arabia. Int J Scient Study. 2016;4(1):90–6.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Khoza N, Moodley T, Sokhulu S, Sotyana NO, Suliman A, Hansraj R, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of contact lens use in a south African adolescent population. Afr Health Sci. 2020;20(2):768–74. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i2.29.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Ijaz H, Ijaz R, Rustam N. Awareness of contact Lens care among medical students. Pak J Ophthalmol. 2017;33(2):103–8.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Ramamoorthy P, Nichols JJ. Compliance factors associated with contact lens-related dry eye. Eye Contact Lens. 2014;40(1):17–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. McMonnies CW. Improving patient education and attitudes toward compliance with instructions for contact lens use. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2011;34(5):241–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2011.06.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Bui TH, Cavanagh HD, Robertson DM. Patient compliance during contact lens wear: perceptions, awareness, and behavior. Eye Contact Lens. 2010;36(6):334–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0b013e3181f579f7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Council NR. Contact Lens use under adverse conditions: applications in military aviation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 1990. p. 52.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Cope JR, Collier SA, Srinivasan K, Abliz E, Myers A, Millin CJ, et al. Contact lens–related corneal infections—United States, 2005–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(32):817–20. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6532a2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Downie LE, Lindsay RG. Contact lens management of keratoconus. Clin Exp Optom. 2015;98(4):299–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Fonn D, Jones L. Hand hygiene is linked to microbial keratitis and corneal inflammatory events. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2019;42(2):132–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2018.10.022.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Dumbleton KA, Woods M, Woods CA, Jones LW, Fonn D. Ability of patients to recall habitual contact lens products and enhancement of recall using photographic aids. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2011;34(5):236–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2011.06.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 


Page 2

Contact Lens Wearers
Participant Gender Age Education Indication Lens Type Contact Lens Wear Duration
P1 F 26 Bachelor KCN Corneal RGP > 3 years
P2 F 34 Master Refractive error Soft > 3 years
P3* F 4 Illiterate Aphakia Corneal RGP > 3 years
P4 F 16 Student Irregular cornea Corneal RGP 1–3 years
P5* M 8 Student Eye injury Corneal RGP Neophytes
P6 F 30 Bachelor Refractive error Soft > 3 years
P7 F 28 Bachelor Irregular cornea Corneal RGP 1–3 years
P8 M 27 Master KCN Corneal RGP
Scleral RGP
1–3 years
Neophytes
P9 F 36 Master KCN Corneal RGP > 3 years
P10 F 42 Master KCN Corneal RGP > 3 years
P11 M 39 Master KCN Corneal RGP > 3 years
P12 M 27 Bachelor KCN Corneal RGP Neophytes
P13 M 48 Master KCN Corneal RGP > 3 years
P14 F 31 Bachelor Refractive error Soft > 3 years
P15 M 51 Master KCN Corneal RGP > 3 years
P16 M 44 Bachelor KCN Corneal RGP > 3 years
P17* M 3 Months Illiterate Aphakia Corneal RGP Neophytes
P18 M 24 Bachelor KCN Corneal RGP Neophytes
P19 M 37 Diploma KCN Corneal RGP Neophytes
P20* M 5 Illiterate Eye injury Corneal RGP 1–3 years
P21 M 37 Associate degree KCN Corneal RGP
Scleral RGP
1–3 years
1–3 years
P22 M 22 Diploma KCN Corneal RGP Neophytes
P23 M 29 Diploma KCN Corneal RGP 1–3 years
P24 M 41 Diploma KCN Corneal RGP
Scleral RGP
Neophytes
Neophytes
Eye Care Practitioners
Participant Profession Work Experience (Year) Work Experience in CL Clinic (Year)
P25 Optometrist 25 20
P26 Optometrist 13 11
P27 Optometrist 10 9
P28 Ophthalmologist 11 10
P29 Ophthalmologist 2 1
P30 Ophthalmologist 41 37
P31 Optometrist 12 10
P32 Optometrist 34 30
P33 Optometrist 10 8

  1. *The mothers answered the questions P Participant RGP Rigid Gas Permeable KCN Keratoconus