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 About the Australian ConstitutionWhat is the Australian Constitution?The Australian Constitution is the founding document of our nation and pre-eminent source of law in the country. The Constitution sets down the powers of each of our three branches of governance – the Parliament, the Executive and the Courts. It creates the space in which all other domestic laws operate in this country. Politically, the Constitution was intended to unite Australia under the original and continuing agreement of the Australian people. How do we amend the constitution?The Australian Constitution can only be altered by referendum. In a referendum, all Australians of voting age vote yes or no for the proposed changes. To succeed, a majority of voters nationwide and a majority of States (four out of six) must approve the changes. For more information visit the Australian Electoral Commission website: http://www.aec.gov.au/Elections/referendums/Referendums_Overview.htm Do other countries recognise Indigenous peoples in their constitutions?Yes. Other countries recognise the unique status of their first peoples within their nation’s founding documents. The Canadian Constitution was amended in 1982 and 1983 to recognise 'aboriginal rights'. In Norway, in 1988 the Norwegian Parliament passed an amendment to the Constitution recognising Sami constitutional rights. In addition the Queensland, NSW and Victorian state Constitutions recognise Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. ^Top
Why reform of the Constitution is neededWhy does Australia as a nation need to recognise Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in the Constitution?The Australian Government honoured Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the ‘the oldest continuing cultures in human history’ in the National Apology to the Stolen Generations. Yet the nation’s founding document does not mention Australia’s Indigenous peoples. The story of our nation is incomplete because our Constitution, described by the Attorney General as the ‘birth certificate of our nation’[1], is silent on the histories of the people who inhabited this continent before European settlement. When the Constitution was being drafted Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples were excluded from the discussions concerning the creation of a new nation to be situated on their Ancestral lands and waters. The Constitution ignores the presence of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples prior to European settlement. It is time for the Australian Constitution to reflect the Australian identity and recognise our Indigenous history. The Australian Constitution also permits the Commonwealth Parliament to validly enact laws that are racially discriminatory and contemplates disqualifying people from voting on the basis of their race. During the referendum process the nation will be called to answer whether these provisions reflect a modern Australia. When have the discriminatory provisions in the Constitution been used?The Australian Constitution currently contains no protections against racial discrimination and the Parliament is capable of suspending existing statutory protections. The protections under Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth)– the federal legislation designed to ensure equality of treatment of all people regardless of their race, have been removed on three occasions: each time it has involved Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander issues. The Northern Territory Emergency Response (NTER) that affects 73 remote Indigenous communities in the Northern Territory is clear evidence of the potential discriminatory effect of the Constitution. The NTER in its original application was not subject to the Racial Discrimination Act (RDA). The government can, if they choose to do so, disregard the RDA simply through subsequent legislation. The Constitution as it currently stands did not prevent the suspension of the RDA and remains ineffective in protecting a fundamental freedom of all Australians - freedom from discrimination. In the 1990s there was a controversial dispute over the Hindmarsh Island Bridge in South Australia. The proposed bridge crossed over a sacred site of the Ngarrindjeri people, who objected to the construction. The High Court held that the 1967 referendum did not restrict the Commonwealth Parliament from making laws to the detriment of a particular race and that the parliament was able to expressly remove the Hindmarsh Island area from the purview of the Racial Discrimination Act and the Heritage Protection Act simply by passing the Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act of 1996. What is the relationship between constitutional reform and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples?Australia officially endorses the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The Declaration is an important piece of international law as it sets the standards for the survival, dignity and well-being of all Indigenous peoples. The process of constitutional reform is consistent with achieving the ends of the Declaration. In particular, Article 15 outlines the rights of Indigenous peoples to have their dignity and diversity of cultures respected and imposes obligations on States to take action in conjunction with Indigenous peoples to combat prejudice and to promote tolerance, understanding and good relations. Constitutional Reform as a nation-building process can help achieve this. ^Top
Finding Cases on a Topic Finding Leading Cases
All books discussing your topic will refer to leading cases. For landmark constitutional cases (the most important cases), see the following book, but note it was written in 2003, so use more recent books to update it:
Overview Finding all cases Searching
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What are the issues in the Constitution
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