One simple method for bolstering memory is to incorporate as many of the five senses as possible.

1.

Craik FIM, Salthouse TA, editors. The Handbook of Aging and Cognition. Erlbaum; Mahwah, NJ: 2000.

2.

Craik FIM, Jennings JM. Human memory. In: Craik FIM, Salthouse TA, editors. The Handbook of Aging and Cognition. Erlbaum; Hillsdale, NJ: 1992. p. 51.

3.

McDowd JM, Shaw RJ. Attention and aging: a functional perspective. In: Craik FIM, Salthouse TA, editors. The Handbook of Aging and Cognition. 2. Erlbaum; Mahwah, NJ: 2000. p. 221.

4.

Verhaeghen P, Cerella J. Aging, executive control, and attention: a review of meta-analyses. Neurosci Behav Rev. 2002;26:849. [PubMed: 12470697]

5.

McDowd JM, Craik FIM. Effects of aging and task difficulty on divided attention performance. J Exp Psychol Hum Perc Perf. 1988;14:267. [PubMed: 2967880]

6.

Tsang PS, Shaner TL. Age, attention, expertise, and time-sharing performance. Psychol Aging. 1998;13:323. [PubMed: 9640591]

7.

Kramer AF, et al. Training for executive control: task coordination strategies and aging. In: Gopher D, Koriat A, editors. Attention and Performance XVII. MIT Press; Cambridge, MA: 1999. p. 617.

8.

Hawkins HL, Kramer AF, Capaldi D. Aging, exercise, and attention. Psychol Aging. 1992;7:643. [PubMed: 1466833]

9.

Colcombe S, Kramer AF. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychol Sci. 2003;14:125. [PubMed: 12661673]

10.

Park DC, Gutchess AH. Cognitive aging and everyday life. In: Park D, Schwarz N, editors. Cognitive Aging: A Primer. Psychology Press; Philadelphia, PA: 2000. p. 217.

11.

Park DC, Hedden T. Working memory and aging. In: Naveh-Benjamin M, Moscovitch M, Roediger HL III, editors. Perspectives on Human Memory and Cognitive Aging: Essays in Honour of Fergus Craik. Psychology Press; New York: 2001. p. 148.

12.

Reuter-Lorenz PA, Sylvester C-YC. The cognitive neuroscience of working memory and aging. In: Cabeza R, Nyberg L, Park D, editors. Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging. Oxford University Press; Oxford; 2005. p. 186.

13.

Zacks RT, Hasher L, Li KZH. Human memory. In: Craik FIM, Salthouse TA, editors. The Handbook of Aging and Cognition. 2. Erlbaum; Mahwah, NJ: 2000. p. 293.

14.

Baddeley AD, Hitch GJ. Working memory. In: Bower GA, editor. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation. Vol. 8. Academic Press; New York: 1974. p. 47.

15.

Wager TD, Smith EE. Neuroimaging studies of working memory: a meta-analysis. Cogn Affec Behav Neurosci. 2003;3:255. [PubMed: 15040547]

16.

Park D. The basic mechanisms accounting for age-related decline in cognitive function. In: Park D, Schwarz N, editors. Cognitive Aging: A Primer. Psychology Press; Philadelphia, PA: 2000. p. 3.

17.

Craik FIM, Byrd M. Aging and cognitive deficits: the role of attentional resources. In: Craik FIM, Trehub S, editors. Aging and Cognitive Processes. Plenum; New York: 1982. p. 191.

18.

Craik FIM. A functional account of age differences in memory. In: Klix F, Hagendorf H, editors. Human Memory and Cognitive Capabilities, Mechanisms and Performances. Elsevier; Amsterdam: 1986. p. 409.

19.

Salthouse TA. Processing capacity and its role on the relations between age and memory. In: Weinert FE, Schneider W, editors. Memory Performance and Competencies: Issues in Growth and Development. Erlbaum; Hillsdale, NJ: 1995. p. 111.

20.

Salthouse TA. The aging of working memory. Neuropsychology. 1994;8:535.

21.

Salthouse TA. The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychol Rev. 1996;103:403. [PubMed: 8759042]

22.

Park DC, et al. Mediators of long-term memory performance across the life span. Psychol Aging. 1996;11:621. [PubMed: 9000294]

23.

Hasher L, Zacks RT. Working memory, comprehension, and aging: a review and a new view. In: Bower GH, editor. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation. Vol. 22. Academic Press; New York: 1988. p. 193.

24.

Hasher L, Zacks RT, May CP. Inhibitory control, circadian arousal, and age. In: Gopher D, Koriat A, editors. Attention and Performance XVII. MIT Press; Cambridge, MA: 1999. p. 653.

25.

May CP, Hasher L, Kane MJ. The role of interference in memory span. Mem Cognit. 1999;27:759. [PubMed: 10540805]

26.

Hedden T, Park DC. Aging and interference in verbal working memory. Psychol Aging. 2001;16:666. [PubMed: 11766920]

27.

Kester JD, et al. Memory in elderly people. In: Baddeley AD, Kopelman MD, Wilson BA, editors. The Handbook of Memory Disorders. 2. Wiley; West Sussex, U.K.: 2002. p. 543.

28.

Tulving E. Episodic memory: from mind to brain. Annu Rev Psychol. 2002;53:1. [PubMed: 11752477]

29.

Craik FIM. On the transfer of information from temporary to permanent memory. Philos Trans Roy Soc London. 1983;B 302:341.

30.

Glisky EL, Rubin SR, Davidson PSR. Source memory in older adults: an encoding or retrieval problem? J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cognit. 2001;27:1131. [PubMed: 11550742]

31.

Jennings JM, Jacoby LL. An opposition procedure for detecting age-related deficits in recollection: telling effects of repetition. Psychol Aging. 1997;12:352. [PubMed: 9189995]

32.

Davidson PSR, Glisky EL. Neuropsychological correlates of recollection and familiarity in normal aging. Cogn Affec Behav Neurosci. 2002;2:174. [PubMed: 12455684]

33.

Nolde SF, Johnson MK, D’Esposito M. Left prefrontal activation during episodic remembering: an event-related fMRI study. NeuroReport. 1998;9:3509. [PubMed: 9855308]

34.

Light LL. The organization of memory in old age. In: Craik FIM, Salthouse TA, editors. The Handbook of Aging and Cognition. Erlbaum; Hillsdale, NJ: 1992. p. 111.

35.

Rubin DC. Autobiographical memory and aging. In: Park D, Schwarz N, editors. Cognitive Aging: A Primer. Psychology Press; Philadelphia, PA: 2000. p. 131.

36.

Levine B, et al. Aging and autobiographical memory: dissociating episodic from semantic retrieval. Psychol Aging. 2002;17:677. [PubMed: 12507363]

37.

Davidson PSR, Glisky EL. Is flashbulb memory a special instance of source memory? Evidence from older adults. Memory. 2002;10:99. [PubMed: 11798440]

38.39.

Salthouse TA. Effects of age and skill in typing. J Exp Psychol Gen. 1984;113:345. [PubMed: 6237168]

40.

Prull MW, Gabrieli JDE, Bunge SA. Age-related changes in memory: a cognitive neuroscience perspective. In: Craik FIM, Salthouse TA, editors. The Handbook of Aging and Cognition. 2. Erlbaum; Mahwah, NJ: 2000. p. 91.

41.

West R. The neural basis of age-related declines in prospective memory. In: Cabeza R, Nyberg L, Park D, editors. Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging. Oxford University Press; Oxford; 2005. p. 246.

42.

Johnson MK, Hashtroudi S, Lindsay DS. Source monitoring. Psychol Bull. 1993;114:3. [PubMed: 8346328]

43.

Craik FIM. Levels of processing: past, present … and future? Memory. 2002;10:305. [PubMed: 12396643]

44.

Schneider BA, Pichora-Fuller MK. Implications of perceptual deterioration for cognitive aging research. In: Craik FIM, Salthouse TA, editors. The Handbook of Aging and Cognition. 2. Erlbaum; Mahwah NJ: 2000. p. 155.

45.

Baltes PB, Lindenberger U. Emergence of a powerful connection between sensory and cognitive functions across the adult lifespan: a new window to the study of cognitive aging? Psychol Aging. 1997;12:12. [PubMed: 9100264]

46.

Kemper S, Kemtes K. Aging and message production and comprehension. In: Park D, Schwarz N, editors. Cognitive Aging: A Primer. Psychology Press; Philadelphia, PA: 2000. p. 197.

47.

Wingfield A. Speech perception and the comprehension of spoken language in adult aging. In: Park D, Schwarz N, editors. Cognitive Aging: A Primer. Psychology Press; Philadelphia, PA: 2000. p. 175.

48.

Wingfield A, Stine-Morrow EAL. Language and speech. In: Craik FIM, Salthouse TA, editors. The Handbook of Aging and Cognition. 2. Erlbaum; Mahwah, NJ: 2000. p. 359.

49.

Sanfey AG, Hastie R. Judgment and decision making across the adult life span: a tutorial review of psychological research. In: Park D, Schwarz N, editors. Cognitive Aging: A Primer. Psychology Press; Philadelphia, PA: 2000. p. 253.

50.

Baddeley AD. Fractionating the central executive. In: Stuss DT, Knight RT, editors. Principles of Frontal Lobe Function. Oxford University Press; Oxford; 2002. p. 246.

51.

West RL. An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging. Psychol Bull. 1996;120:272. [PubMed: 8831298]

52.

Raz N. Aging of the brain and its impact on cognitive performance: integration of structural and functional findings. In: Craik FIM, Salthouse TA, editors. The Handbook of Aging and Cognition. 2. Erlbaum; Mahwah, NJ: 2000. p. 1.

53.

Glisky EL, Polster MR, Routhieaux BC. Double dissociation between item and source memory. Neuropsychology. 1995;9:229.

54.

Grady CL, et al. The effects of encoding task on age-related differences in the functional neuroanatomy of face memory. Psychol Aging. 2002;17:7. [PubMed: 11931288]

55.

Reuter-Lorenz PA, et al. Age differences in the frontal lateralization of verbal and spatial working memory revealed by PET. J Cognit Neurosci. 2000;12:174. [PubMed: 10769314]

56.

Cabeza R, et al. Aging gracefully: compensatory brain activity in high-performing older adults. NeuroImage. 2002;17:1394. [PubMed: 12414279]

57.

Logan JM, et al. Under-recruitment and non-selective recruitment: dissociable neural mechanisms associated with aging. Neuron. 2002;33:827. [PubMed: 11879658]

58.

Daselaar S, Cabeza R. Age-related changes in hemispheric organization. In: Cabeza R, Nyberg L, Park D, editors. Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging. Oxford University Press; Oxford; 2005. p. 186.

59.

Ryan L, Hatfield C, Hofstetter M. Caffeine reduces time-of-day effects on memory performance in older adults. Psycho Sci. 2002;13:68. [PubMed: 11892781]