| Liberty University BUSI 240 connect homework chapter 12 Power answerA+ Guarantee:-answers-complete-solutionsThe element of transformational leadership that represents a positive image or model ofthe future that energizes and unifies employees is ______.Modeling the strategic vision is important to transformational leadership because it______.Influencing, motivating, and enabling others to contribute toward the effectiveness of theorganization of which they are members is ______.Transformational leaders are those who act as change agents by inspiring others toachieve through ______.Transformational leaders motivate followers by persuading and earning trust, whereascharismatic leaders motivate followers through the leader's inherent ______ power.Why is developing a strategic vision a core element of transformational leadership?A transformational leader would be most likely to ______.A+ Guarantee:
Which of the following statements regarding contemporary challenges for organizations is true?
Changes in the external environment require organizations and employees to make both personal and organizational adjustments.
The study of organizational behavior looks at which of the following?
employee perceptionsemployee decisions employee behavior
According to the open systems perspective, departments, teams, informal groups, and other elements within an organization are categorized as internal _________.
Rank the following generational cohorts from the oldest to the youngest, with the oldest group listed at the top.
1. Baby Boomers2. Generation Y 3. Generation X
The concept that includes the organization's fit with its external environment, emphasis on organizational learning, and the ability to satisfy the needs of key stakeholders is known as ________.
organizational effectiveness
Which of the following are considered among the best-known high-performance work?
Job autonomyCompetency development Employee involvement
An individual, organization or other entity that affects or is affected by the actions
The three forms of intellectual capital are human, relationship, and _______ capital.
The organizational learning perspective views ______ as an organization's most valued input.
The anchors of organizational behavior include the systematic research anchor, the multiple levels of analysis anchor, the multidisciplinary anchor, and the _____ anchor.
Organizations nurture their intellectual capital through four learning processes: acquiring, sharing, using, and ______ knowledge.
OB knowledge has benefited most from which other disciplines?
Which of the following are strategies for maintaining a good organizational fit?
Actively managing the external environmentAnticipating changes in the environment and adapting to those changes Moving into a different, more favorable environment
Economic, social and cultural connectivity with people in other parts of the world is known as _________.
_______ is the study of moral principles or values that determine whether actions are right or wrong.
Which of the following are strategies for knowledge sharing within an organization?
TrainingObservation Communication
Strategies for organizational unlearning include _______.
replacing dysfunctional policies and proceduresremoving outdated beliefs and assumptions eliminating knowledge that no longer adds value
A good fit between an organization and its environment exists when ________.
the organization puts resources where they are most useful, so it can adapt to and align with the needs of the external environment
The benefits of telecommunicating include _______.
better work-life balancelower job turnover among younger employees improved productivity
Elton Mayo introduced which of the following, which emphasized the study of employee attitudes and informal groups in the workplace?
Human relations school of management
Which of the following statements about organizational behavior knowledge is TRUE?
OB is relevant to everyone who works in organizations.
The conceptual anchor of OB that suggests that OB should be understood from the perspectivies of the individual, the team, and the organization is the _____ anchor.
the multiple levels of analysis
Which of the following are effective strategies for retaining intellecutal capital?
Systematically transferring knoelwdge to other employeesAddressing ways to retain knowledge employees Documenting and organizing knowledge
According to the open systems perspective, which of the following would be considered OUTPUTS?
Waste/pollution
Which type of diversity encompasses differences in the psychological characteristics of people?
TRUE or FALSE: All stockholders are stakeholders, but not all stakeholders are stockholders.
Which of the following are common indicators of effective transformation processes in the operation of an organization?
EfficiencyAdaptability Innovativeness
Which of the following are types of work that would be best suited for telecommunicating?
Work that does not require resources at the workplaceWork that is performed independently from coworkers Work in which task performance is measurable
Removing knowledge that no longer adds value and undermines organizational effectiveness is _______.
Knowledge that employees possess, as well as knowledge embedded in the organization's systems and structures, are metaphorically referred to as __________.
Evidence-based management is most closely associated with which conceptual anchor of OB?
Knowledge _______ involves the extraction of information and ideas from the external environment, as well as through insight.
Which of the following statements would BEST describe the contingency anchor of OB?
The same action in a different situation can yield different consequences
What are the multiple levels of analysis?
OrganizationTeam Individual
TRUE or FALSE: one of the major benefits of workforce diversity is the broader spectrum of knowledge that it brings to an organization.
According to the triple-bottom-line philosophy, firms seek to earn positive returns in three spheres of sustainability: economic, social, and ______.
The conceptual anchor that suggests that OB should be studied using evidence-based management and methodical research techniques is the _______ anchor.
TRUE or FALSE: Organizational members work independently of one another in order to accomplish goals.
Research suggests that telework enables employees to better juggle their work and nonwork demands, resulting in improved _______.
Documenting knowledge, organizing it, and putting it in a form that can be available to others within the organization converts knowledge into ____ capital.
Which of the following statements is consistent with the concept of the contingency anchor of OB?
Actions may have different consequences in different situations.
_______ research typically involved forming research questions, collecting data, and testing hypotheses against those data.
From an organizational behavior perspective, organizations are _______.
groups of people who work independently toward some purpose.
Carl Jung proposed that there are two ways in which people prefer to gather information or perceive the world around them: ________.
The "Big Five" dimensions are: conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion, and __________.
Which of the following would be classificied as "nurture" determinants of our personality?
An influential high school teacher
The extent to which people tolerate or feel threatened by ambiguity is referred to as:
People believe some values are more important than others and thus have a hierarchy of preferences, known as _____________.
Motivation represents the forces within a person that affect his or her direction, persistence, and _______.
Which of the following can support ethical behavior within an organization?
Employing an ethics ombudsperson to receive ethics complains anonymouslyEstablishing a written code of ethics for the organization Maintaining an anonymous hotline for employees to report wrongdoings
People who value personal freedom, self-sufficiency, and control over their lives have high _________.
Which of the following identifies the four factors that directly influence individual behavior and performance?
MARS Model of Individual Behavior and Results
Which of the following are criticisms of the use of workplace personality testing?
Personality tests may unfairly discriminate against specific groups of peopleJob applicants can "fake" selections based on what they think the company is looking for Personality tests can wrongly suggest that more of personality trait is always better
A society that values quality of life, service to others, and support for the needy would have which of the following?
_____ refers to the degree that people are willing to accept an unequal distribution of people within a society or organization.
Which of the following would be considered situational factors that constrain or facilitate employee behavior and performance?
Budgetary limitsInsufficient time Lack of physical work facility
Concerns with corss-cultural research include which of the following?
Some studies have erroneously assumed that only one culture exists within a country or geographic regionSeveral studies have drawn conclusions based upon relatively small population samples The findings of some studies have become outdated as a result of
Tawanda values team harmony and high levels of collaboration. She does not care for hierarchical organizational structures and instead believes employees should be treated as equals. Her employer does not have managers or middle managers and instead has t
Tawanda is likely to have high job satisfaction
Which of the following would be classified as "nature" influences on our personality?
Characteristics that you have inherited from your parents
Which of the following instruments is most widely used to asses job applicants?
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator MBTI
To better understand business ethics, it is important to consider three distinct types of ethical principles: utilitarianism, individual rights, and ______ justice.
Which five-factor (FFM) personality dimension would be associated with feelings of anxiety, anger, or depression?
TRUE or FALSE: A limitation of cross-cultural research is that several studies incorrectly assumed that people in a specific country or geographic region share similar values.
An organization can provide role clarity for its employees by doing which of the following?
Communicating preferred behaviors or procedures for accomplishing assigned tasksSetting forth the specific duties or consequences for which he or she is accountable Establishing the priority of the employee's tasks and performance expectations
TRUE or FALSE: Personality is determined entirely by heredity.
TRUE or FALSE: Personality has gained acceptance as studies have shown that there is a correlation between certain personality traits and job-related behavior.
How similar a person's values hierarchy is to the values hierarchy of the organization, a coworker, or another source of comparison is known as values _________.
Without exception, employees at Qantic Services are committed to the concept of providing superior customer satisfaction. This would be an example of a(n) ______ value.
The extent to which a person accurately understands the job duties assigned to or expected of him is referred to as:
Executives at Cyber-Form are faced with cutting jobs and reducing employee benefits in order for the company to survive the current recession. These decisions:
have a high degree of moral intensity
Which Big Five personality trait would be associated with someone who is good-natured, empathetic, considerate, and caring?
______ include cooperative and helpful act toward others that support the organization's social and psychological context.
Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs)
The quadrant of Schwartz's values circumplex that represents a person's motivation to maintain the status quo and the degree to which he or she values stability and security is known as ________.
TRUE or FALSE: Typical personality profiles vary across regions of the United States.
Which of the following personality types would be suited for a job as a medical researcher in a busy, highly demanding laboratory?
The personality trait that is positively associated with performance in sales and management job is ________.
________ are characteristics of a person that result in superior performance.
Voluntary employee behavior that can hinder organizational goal accomplishment are known as:
counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs)
The ethical principle that suggests that the same set of natural rights, such as freedom of speech, is confered upon all people is _____.
Concerns with cross-cultural research include which of the following?
The findings of some studies have become outdated as a result of cultural shifts.Several studies have drawn conclusions based upon relatively small population samples. Some studies have erroneously assumed that only one culture exists within a country or
Goal-directed behaviors that are under the individual's control and that support organizational objectives are referred to as:
The greatest good for the greatest number" illustrates which ethical principle?
Laura has been up all night with her sick child and is exhausted, but she has no vacation or sick days left she goes into work. This is an example of:
The ability to recognize a moral dilemma and estimate its relative importance is referred to as _______.
Intrinsic talents that help you learn certain tasks and perform them more effectively than other ares known as _________.
Students at a university are required to affix the following statement to each assignment they submit for grading: "I pledge on my honor that I have not given, received, or witnessed any unauthorized aid to this or any other paper." This statement is inte
Which of the following would be the BEST person-job match?
Aurora has always been "good with numbers" and has been hired as a bookkeeper for a small car dealer.
Three types of ethical principles commonly identified are individual rights, distributive justice, and ________.
Which of the following is one form of deep-level diversity in the United States?
Cultural values across ethnic groups
Johanna has the flu. She goes to work because she doesn't have any paid sick days left, but her performance is undeniably impacted by how poorly she feels. This is an example of ______.
What mental state is achieved when you focus on your awareness of the present situation and your thoughts and emotions in that moment?
According to Carl Jung, making decisions consists of what two competing processes?
Which of the following statements about values is true?
People can possess conflicting values
The main elements of competencies are ______ and learned capabilities.
An employee who has a clear understanding of the tasks she is expected to do and how her performance will be assessed likely has an accurate:
To better understand business ethics, it is important to consider three distinct types of ethical principles: utilitarianism, individual rights, and _____ justice.
_____ is defined as including both natural aptitudes and learned capabilities required successfully complete a task.
Alyssa believes that decisions should be based on facts and logic, not emotions or subjective factors. According to the MBTI, Alyssa has a(n) _____ orientation.
The rules of attribution are consistency, distinctiveness, and ______.
Lakeisha believes that all men are poor listeners. This is an example of ________.
The _______ effect occurs when one predominant characteristic of a person distorts our general impression of him or her.
Elena, a Hispanic American, graduated with a nursing degree from Xaiver University and works at Cincinnati Children's Hospital. These attributes are part of Elena's ______ identity.
Which of the following statements is true about developing a global mindset?
It begins with self-awareness of one's own beliefs, values, and attitudes.
Our tendency to quickly form an opinion of a person based on the first information we receive about him or her is referred to as the _______ effect.
An old song states, "You've got to accentuate the positive, eliminate the negative, and latch on to the affirmative." This is most closely associated with _________.
_______ is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us.
You see a group of young adults standing outside of a church on Sunday morning and assume they have just come from Sunday services. This is an example of _________.
TRUE or FALSE: Diversity awareness training programs have been proven to be very successful in eliminating stereotypes and biases.
The Johari Window Model divides information about you into four windows: hidden, unknown, blind, and ______ areas.
When asked how she would describe herself, Sandi responds, "Being a mom is the most important things in the world to me. My kinds are everything to me." This is Sandi's __________.
The three dimensions of a person's self-concept are complexity, consistency, and ________.
Despite the fact that he has performed well for most of the year, an employee's annual performance review is heavily influenced by his poor attendance during the past month. This is due to the ______ effect.
As part of the perceptual process, we put people and objects into preconceived categories that are stored in our long-term memory. This process is known as ______.
The theory that suggests we define ourselves by the groups to which we belong or to which we have an emotional attachment is ______ theory.
Our tendency to take a positive view of ourselves is referred to as _______.
George does not want to hire a female candidate for a management position because he believes that women are less effective managers than men. This is _______.
Johanna feels good about herself. She believes she is a caring person, a good mother, and a trustworthy employee. Johanna has high _______.
Which of the following illustrates the first step in the self-fulfilling prophecy?
The supervisor forms certain expectations about the employee's performance.
Despite the fact that the overall value of his stock portfolio has decreased and the stock market is struggling, Dan sees that a couple of his stock picks have done well and thinks that his investment strategy is sound. This is an example of ________.
The "can do facet of our personality is referred to as _____.
Tyrone is a sympathetic listener and seems to have an innate ability to understand what the other person is experiencing. Tyrone has a high level of _______.
Alexis assumes that people who live in Utah are Mormons. This is an example of ________.
TRUE or FALSE: A global mindset can be developed only through immersion in another culture.
Which of the following is used to address discrimination by making people aware of systemic discrimination and prejudices that occur through stereotyping?
Laura is very proud of that fact that she is the first person in her family to earn a college degree. This distinction is part of Laura's _____ identity.
Which of the following describes the fundamental attribution error?
We tend to believe that another person's behavior is due to internal factors rather than external causes.
________ occurs when we look for feedback from others that supports the way that we see ourselves, even if that isn't necessarily flattering.
An individual's ability to perceive, know about, and process information across cultures is referred to as _______.
Which of the following statements is true regarding meaningful interaction?
It is founded on the contact hypothesis.
______ identity, or internal self-concept, is derived from an individual's unique attributes, whereas _____ identity, or external self-concept, results from association with other people.
Which of the following statements is true regarding mental models?
They are internal representations of the external world
The _____ effect is also called the similar-to-me effect.
Self-evaluation is mostly defined by three elements: self-esteem, self-efficacy, and ______.
Assigning more favorable characteristics to people in the groups to which we belong than to people in other groups is referred to as ________.
When Karolyn met her monthly sales quota, she believed it was because she is a good salesperson and a hard worker. When she missed her quota the following month, she blamed it on the fact that her competitor introduced a new ad campaign. This is an exampl
Samantha was excited when she learned that her new neighbor was an Australian. In identifying her neighbor by his nationality, Samantha is using _____.
TRUE or FALSE: Focusing on positive rather than negative aspects of life has little impact on organizational success or individual well-being.
TRUE or FALSE: The Implicit Association Test (IAT) attempts to detect people's stereotypes and prejudices by associating positive and negative words with specific demographic groups.
The self-fulfilling prophecy is most likely to occur _______.
at the beginning of a relationship between the supervisor and employee
A doctor believes that there are more ER admissions when there is a full moon. She notices when the ER is busy during a full moon but doesn't pay attention to other nights when the ER is just as crowded. This is an example of _________.
Our tendency to assign people to specific groups is called ________.
Images, representations or ideas of how we perceive and understand the world around us, are known as ______.
Which of the following are true regarding contact hypothesis?
People who interact with each other will be less prejudiced or perceptually biased toward each other.
Jenna is convinced that the students in her study group are better organized and more disciplined than other study groups in class. This is an example of ________.
Selective thinking in which you tend to notice what is consistent with your beliefs and ignore what contracts them is referred to as _______.
Norms that require us to exhibit certain emotions and conceal others are known as ________.
A(n) ________ is any environmental condition that places a physical or emotional demand on an individual.
Emotions consist of which of the following types of episodes experiences toward an object, a person, or an event?
behavioral, physiological, psychological
Loyalty to your employer would be associated with _______ commitment.
An adaptive response to a situation that is perceived as challenging or threatening to the person's well-being is known as _______.
Job satisfaction includes which of the following elements?
The work environmentPerceived job characteristics Emotional experiences
______ is the ability to perceive, express, understand, reason with, and regulate emotion in oneself and others.
A(n) _______ can be defined as what we believe, how we feel, and how we behave toward a person or an object.
Order the stages of job burnout in the correct sequence, with the first stage listed at the top
1) Emotional exhaustion2) Cynicism (depersonalization) 3) Reduced personal accomplishment
Steve is miserable at his job but chooses to stay only because he can't afford to quit. This is an example of ________ commitment.
The internal tension we feel when our behavior and attitudes are inconsistent with each other is referred to as ________.
Work-life balance initiatives designed to minimize conflict between an employee's work and non-work demands include _______.
flexible schedulingtelecommunting job sharing
Which of the following are dimensions of emotional intelligence?
Awareness of one's own emotions
Positive expectations you have toward anther individual in situations involving risk is known as _______.
The type of stress that is considered a necessary part of life because it activates and motivates people to achieve their goals and succeed in life's challenges is referred to as ______.
Coping mechanisms for workplace stress include ________.
reframing the stressor in a more positive manner
Which of the following is the BEST description of emotional markers?
Automatic, non-conscious emotional responses
An individual who is enthusiastic or elated would be experiencing a ______ emotion.
high-activation, positive
One of the key differences between attitudes and emotions is that attitudes are _____ whereas emotions are experiences.
What are the three stages of the general adaption syndrome?
1) alarm2) resistance 3) exhaustion
Keeping disruptive impulses in check and reining frustration or anger is consistent with which dimension of emotional intelligence?
Management of one's own emotions
Which of the following strategies involves permanent withdrawal from a workplace stressor?
Ways in which employee can strive to control stress consequences include _______.
physical exercise, EAPs, meditation
Organizational constraints are one of the most pervasive causes of workplace stress because they ________.
are beyond the employee's immediate control
Employees with _______ levels of continuance commitment tend to have ________.
Of the following countries, which discourages emotional expression and expects people to behave in a more subdued fashion?
TRUE or FALSE: According to the service profit chain model, customer satisfaction is a natural outcome of employee satisfaction.
Which of the following BEST describes the difference between emotions and moods?
Emotions are directed toward someone or something; moods are not directed toward anything in particular.
People who experience more negative emotions tend to have higher ______ and are introverted.
Company-sponsored counseling services aimed at helping employees resolve martial, financial, or work-related issues are known as ________.
employee assistance programs
Which of the following statements are true regarding job satisfaction and job performance?
Workers with higher job satisfaction tend to be somewhat more productive.
Colette's co-worker has a calendar posted on the wall of their shared cubicle that features naked women. This type of harassment is known as _______.
Beliefs, feelings, and behavior intentions are components of _______.
Instead of focusing on the errors she makes in her job, Jovina has been working on celebrating her small successes and developing action plans for improving in areas where she lacks experience or knowledge. Which stress management technique is she using?
Changing stress perceptions
Angelina has reached a point of complete emotional and mental exhaustion in her job. She feels like what she's doing doesn't matter much anymore, and she no longer has any motivation for her work. This is an example of _______.
Which of the following is the BEST description of emotional labor?
The effort of planning, and control needed to express organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions.
An employee who lacks the ability to adjust the pace of the workload according to his or her energy and attention span is said to have _________.
Positive expectations you have for another individual in situations involving risk is known as ________.
Your father is staunchly against labor unions. Which cognitive component of his attitude does this represent?
An employee's performance of emotions that are difference from the emotions actually being experiences at that moment is called ________.
Jaliah has been feeling "down" for weeks now, although she can't seem to put a finger on why she feels the way she does. Jailah is experiencing a(n) _________.
Employee involvement tends to increase _______ commitment because it strengthens the employee's psychological ownership and social identity with the organization.
______ occurs when an employee "puts on a happy face" and displays an outward appearance that is inconsistent with his or her true feelings about the situation.
Organizational ______ refers to how well employees understand the organization's strategic direction, social dynamics, and physical layout.
Our perception of the fairness of the processes used to allocate resources or resolve disputes is referred to as ______ justice.
An individual's emotional and cognitive motivation to achieve work-related goals is often referred to as _______.
In terms of equity theory, which of the following are considered outcomes?
Match the type of consequence (on the left) with its description (on the right).
Positive reinforcement ---> Occurs when the introduction of a consequence increases or maintains the frequency of a specific behavior
Hardwired characteristics of the brain that attempt to maintain internal equilibrium by correcting deficiencies are known as ______, or primary needs.
According to the four-drive theory, ________ are the source of human motivation. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)
Which motivation theory proposes that work effort is directed toward behaviors that people believe will lead to desired outcomes?
Which of the following is the most basic need in Maslow's hierarchy?
Consequences influence behavior" best describes which theory of motivation?
Organizational behavior modification
Which of the following is the BEST example of an effective goal?
Increase sales by 5% during the next quarter
Strengths-based coaching is also known as ______ coaching.
Linda owns an executive search firm and has established a goal for each of her recruiters to make 25 or more contacts with prospective candidates each day. This illustrates which of the following concepts of SMARTER goals?
Which theory of motivation asserts that the strongest source of motivation is the lowest unsatisfied need at the time?
Procedural justice tends to be higher when the decision maker __________.
is perceived as unbiasedapplies existing policies consistently listens to all parties in a dispute
Three important components of social cognitive theory include: learning behavioral consequences, behavior modeling, and ________.
Drives, along with their resultant emotions, produce human _______.
Four-drive theory is based on a deep foundation of research, including research in which of the following areas?
psychologicalneuroscientific sociological
Which strategies would be advisable if an organization wanted to increase an employee's belief that he or she is capable of performing the job successfully?
Providing training and clarifying job requirements
The theory of motivation that explains employee behavior in terms of antecedent conditions and consequences of behavior is known as _______.
organizational behavior modification
The "value-expressive" function of voice states that _______.
employees react favorably to having an opportunity to express their views on an issue
According to McClelland, effective leaders should have a high need for _____ power and a degree of altruism.
According to McClelland's learned needs theory, an individual who sets challenging goals for herself and seeks recognition for her efforts has a high need for ________.
Which motivation theory explains how learning and motivation occur by observing and modeling others, as well as by anticipating and consequences of our behavior?
Which of the following outcomes would be expected if an organization implemented an ongoing skills-based training program for assembly line workers in which the workers' learning efforts resulted in recognition of increases abilities?
Increased effort-to performance expectancies
Employees prefer feedback from a nonsocial source, such as from dashboard metrics, because ________.
It is considered more accurate than information from social sources
Susana initially thinks that she is underpaid compared to her cubicle mate but changes her mind after seeing the long hours that her coworker puts in. Which action has Susana taken to reduce the inequity tension?
Jana has learned that her manager in the accounting department is retiring at the end of the month, but she has no desire to apply for the position because it would mean working much longer hours. Jana has a(n) _____ with respect to the position.
As part of the its performance review process, Altrera Corporation solicits confidential feedback from the employee's managers, peers, and direct reports. This process is known as _______.
multisource (360-degree) feedback
Which category of needs in Maslow's hierarchy would include the need for friendship, interaction with others, and affection?
When John learned that his cousin has ben diagnosed with lung cancer, he decided to try and quit smoking. This is an example of which component of social cognitive theory?
Learning behavioral outcomes
One of the major criticisms of Maslow's needs hierarchy theory is that _______.
people do not progress through the hierarchy as the theory proposes
Strength-based coaching is also known as ______ coaching.
The process of motivating employees and clarifying their role perceptions by establishing performance objectives is referred to as ________.
TRUE or FALSE: Feedback should occur more frequently in jobs with a long cycle time than jobs with a short cycle time.
Which of the following would be the most appropriate strategy if an organization wanted to increase employees' beliefs that good performance will result in valued outcomes?
Describe how rewards are based on past performance
Professional development programs and educational courses would influence employees' drive to _______.
According to the A-B-Cs of Organizational Behavior Modification, events preceding the behavior are known as _______.
Which of the following strategies would be most appropriate if an organization wanted to improve the employees' expected value of outcomes?
Individualize rewards distributed to employees
Reinforcement that occurs when an employee has control over a reinforcer but doesn't "take" it until completing a self-set goal is known as _______.
Which of the following BEST describes the role of social norms, self-concept, and past experience on needs?
They regulate a person's motivated decisions and behavior
A person's perceived probability that his or her effort will result in a particular level of performance is referred to as ______.
When James started his new job, he had to work alongside an experiences coworker, watching how she did the job and then performing the tasks under supervision. Which component of social cognitive theory does this illustrate?
Pedro is known as the "peace-keeper" in the department. He takes an active role in supporting his coworkers and resolving workplace conflicts as a way to get approval from them. According to the learned needs theory, Pedro has a need for ________.
Which of the following is the BEST example of a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?
A supervisor occasionally praises workers for a job well done.
An individual's perceived probability that performing at a certain level will result in a specific outcome is referred to as ________.
Maslow's concept of positive organizational behavior suggested that organizations should be structured to help people fulfill their _______ needs.
Jim is thrilled that his recent promotion earned him a parking spot in the executive parking lot and a large corner office.
Eric is known in the workplace as a hard charger. He is the first one in the office every morning and the last one to go home every night and wants to be known as the "best" in everything he does. According to McClelland, Eric would have a strong need for
According to expectancy theory, implementing a customizable rewards program would likely increase ________.
When she was late for the second day in a row, Tiana received a written warning from her boss, stating that her pay would be docked if she was late again. This warning is an example of a(n) ___________.
Providing positive reinforcement after every occurrence of the desired behavior is known as a(n) _______ schedule.
Which of the following is a way in which an organization can increase employee motivation by improving the P-to-O expectancy?
Clearly explaining the outcomes associated with good performance
Linda enjoys her job tasks, but what she values most in her job is interacting with customers and her colleagues. According to the learned needs theory, Linda has a high need for _______.
Joshua is confident that, if he performs well on the next test, he will earn an A in the course. This is an example of ________.
Maslow asserted that, because human behavior is initiated by more than one need at a time, needs should be studied together. This is an example of the ______ perspective.
One of the major criticisms of organizational behavior modification is that it __________.
suggests that behavior is learned only through interaction with the environment
The main implication of four-drive theory is that _______.
jobs and workplaces should provide an opportunity for employees to fulfill all four drives
One of the limitations of OB mod is ________, in which reinforcers become considered entitlements rather than rewards.
According to four-drive theory, the drive to _______ counterbalances the drive to ________.
Alexis works as a receptionist at a large dental practice. She schedules patient appointments, makes reminder calls, and sends out cards reminding patients to schedule checkups. Her job has been redesigned so that she also enters payments in the accountin
A(n) _________ is a set of tasks performed by one person.
The elements of self-leadership include the processes of _________.
self-monitoringpersonal goal setting self-reinforcement
The four dimensions of empowerment are self-determination, meaning, impact, and ________.
Alyssa works in the accounting department for a large automotive parts supplier. During the first week of each month, she works in Accounts Payable. During the second week, she works in Accounts Receivable, and then in Payroll in the third week. This enab
According to Herzberg, lower-order needs, such as working conditions, job security, and pay are known as _________.
The process of influencing yourself to establish the self-direction and self-motivation needed to perform a task is referred to as ________.
Organizational and work-context factors that influence empowerment include _________.
providing easy access to needed information and resourcesestablishing a learning orientation culture accepting reasonable mistakes as part of the learning process
Hoffman Company offers warehouse workers a $.25 increase in their hourly wage the following month if they exceed production criteria by 10% or more. This is an example a(n) ______ plan.
People in countries that have ______ tend to have high levels of respect and priority for money.
Which of the following core job characteristics contribute to the job's meaningfulness?
Task significanceTask identity Skill variety
Jamal is a customer service representative at a local credit union. He has been handling customer deposits and disbursements. His job has changed so that he can now assist customers with completing loan applications, and he has the authority to approve sm
Which of the following would be considered job status-based rewards?
Benefits of job specialization include ______.
shorter cycle timereduced training time more effective job-person matching
According to the job characteristics model, what characteristic most directly contributes to the psychological state of responsibility?
Self-leadership behaviors are more frequently found in people with higher levels of which dimensions of the Five Factors Model (FFM)?
Conscientiousness
The type of organizational-level reward in which employees receive a percentage of the organization's previous year's profits is called profit-________ plan.
Herzberg proposed that the presence of positive hygiene factors (like job stability) ________.
Job _______ is the practice of giving employees more responsibility for scheduling, coordinating, and planning their own work.
Team-based rewards are most appropriate when ___________.
jobs are highly interdependent
According to the job characteristics model, there are ________ core job characteristics that affect criterial psychological states which in turn influence work outcomes.
In designing reward systems, in what ways can companies improve the pay-performance linkage?
Applying rewards soon after the performance occurs
The subdivision of work into separate jobs assigned to different people is referred to as job ______.
What type of reward system uses job evaluation?
_______ is the practice of intentionally influencing your thoughts, feelings and behaviors in order to achieve your objectives.
Which of the following are true of job specialization?
It may have a negative effect on worker motivationIt can result in higher absenteeism and turnover It improves the mechanical efficiency of work
The job design model that relates the motivational properties of jobs to specific personal and organizational consequences of those properties is known as _______.
the job characteristics model
Which of the following is BEST description of scientific management?
Dividing a job into small elements and assigning those tasks to employees who are best qualified to perform them
Research suggests that self-leadership behaviors are more frequently found in people with higher levels of conscientiousness and ________.
Tasha works at a start-up company, and there are a few written procedures that guide the completion of her job. As a result, she often has to rely on her own judgement rather than written guidelines to decide how to complete her work. Based on this descri
According to the job characteristics model, the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole or identifiable piece of work is known as ________.
Which of the following is an individual reward?
Rather than have several workers each perform a separate part of a whole job, Jackson Management has redesigned jobs so that each worker performs the entire job. This approach to job enrichment is called _______.
TRUE or FALSE: Employees always value monetary rewards over other forms of rewards.
Asked to describe what was most meaningful about his job at the humane shelter, Owen answered, "I make a difference every day to the lives of animals in our community." This is an example of which element of the job characteristics model?
The term "golden handcuffs" is most applicable to which of the following types of rewards?
Membership/seniority-based rewards
To shore up her confidence before an important presentation, Janeen tells herself, "You know more about this subject than anyone else else in the room. Get out of there prove." This is an example of ________.
Your professor has provided several practice assignments to help you prepare for the final exam. These assignments provide you with immediate feedback on your mastery of the concepts and enables which element of self-leadership?
As part of his compensation package, Jack has been awarded the opportunity to purchase up to 200 shares of stock in his company for $17.50 per share, but he must complete this purchase by the end of 2014. This is an example of a(n) ______ plan.
You hate to balance your checkbook every month, so you decide that you'll spend some time playing your favorite online game when you're done. This instance is an example of _______.
______ is the process of mentally practicing a task and visualizing its successful completion.
An individual reward system in which employees earn compensation based upon sales volume is referred to as ______.
One of the disadvantages of membership and seniority-based rewards is that they ________.
may weaken job performance by generating continuance rather than affective commitment
Which of the following are true of job specialization?
It may have a negative effect on worker motivationIt can result in higher absenteeism and turnover It improves the mechanical efficiency of work
If a company wished to align rewards with performance that is within an employee's control, which of the following rewards would be most appropriate?
Rewarding factory employees for meeting production output standards
Closely related to the core job characteristic of skill variety is ________, the predictability or pattern of job duties from one day to the next.
A plan that gives an employee the right (but not the obligation) to purchase company stock at a predetermined price within a predetermined period of time is known as a(n) ______ plan.
Which of the following is the BEST description of scientific management?
Dividing a job into small elements and assignment those tasks to employees who are best qualified to perform them
Before the starts the cumulative final exam in her organizational behavior course, Rachel tells herself, " You're ready. You know this stuff. You can ace this test." This is an example of ________.
TRUE or FALSE: Companies should seek to improve the pay-performance linkage by utilizing subjective performance measures in reward systems.
The approach to job enrichment that puts employees in direct contact with customers instead of using supervisors as a go-between is known as _______.
establishing client relationships
The degree to which employees can tell you how well they are performing on the basis of direct sensory information from the job itself is known as ______.
TRUE or FALSE: Job specialization can lead to lower work quality.
Which organizational-level reward plan has the advantage of automatically adjusting employee compensation with the firm's prosperity?
Several studies have suggested that _____ improve individual performance in sports-related activities.
constructive thought patterns
Match each of the rules for design thinking (on the left) with the description (on the right) of its application in finding solutions.
The Human Rule ---> Form a team of people with diverse knowledgeThe Ambiguity Rule ---> Question and refine problems and solutionsThe Re-Design Rule ---> Review Solutions that worked in the past The Tangible Rule ---> Embrace a learning orientation by b
The rational choice paradigm completely ignores the effect of ______ in human decision making.
The "inner feeling" or "gut instinct" we have when making a decision is known as ________.
Rank the following actions in terms of the level of employee involvement in decision-making, placing the greatest level of employment involvement at the top.
1. Handing over the entire decision-making process to employees2. Describing a problem and ask employees for recommendations3. Asking individual employees for specific information relating to a problem 4. Managers making a decision alone, without employ
Strategies to minimize escalation of commitment and confirmation bias include ________.
finding a source of systematic and clear feedbackensuring that people who made the original decision are not the same as those who later evaluate it setting a level at which the decision will be abandoned if not successful
Which rule for design thinking stresses the importance of building low-cost prototypes as a rich form of communication?
When evaluating decisions, people often ignore or downplay the negative outcomes and overemphasize the positive outcomes of the decision. This is known as _______.
The stage in the creative process model in which we suddenly become aware of a unique idea is known as _______.
Which of the following elements does design thinking draw on to help employees in the decision-making process?
Creative thinkingLogical analysis Intution
Place the steps in the rational decision-making process in the correct order, with the first step at the top.
1. Identify the problem or opportunity.2. Choose the best decision-making process.3. Identify and develop possible solutions.4. Choose the alternative that offers the best chance of satisfaction.5. Implement the selected alternative. 6. Evaluate wheth
Joachim is the sales manager of a large dealership. He wants to increase sales significantly over the next 12 months, and he and his staff have brainstormed several ideas to achieve this. Joachim now has to choose among these alternatives. Joachim is invo
TRUE or FALSE: Creativity helps us in the decision making process because it assists us in the visualizing the future and seeing the impact of our alternatives.
An organizational culture in which leaders recognize and accept reasonable mistakes as part of the creative process is referred to as a(n) ________ orientation.
Creative people posses both practical and ______ intelligence.
Which of the following are benefits of employee involvement in the decision-making process?
It increases the number and quality of solutions generated.It strengthens employee commitment to the decision. It may improve the evaluation of alternatives.
______ is the idea that, in decision-making, people are limited by their ability to process information, their cognitive abilities, and the finite amount of time they have to make decisions.
What are ways to improve the process of identifying problems and opportunities?
Discussing perceptions of the situation with colleagues or coworkersBecoming aware of the problem identification biases Creating a mindset that actively searches for problems and opportunities
Which of the following represents the first steps in the rational decision making process?
Identify the problem or opportunity
Place the following steps in the creative process model in the correct sequence, with the first step at the top and the last step at the bottom.
1. Preparation2. Incubation3. Illumination 4. Verification
_______ is a creative process that is focused on generating innovative solutions by applying both intuition and analytical thinking.
Which statements are erroneous assumptions made by the rational choice view?
Decision makers can simultaneously process information about all alternativesDecision makers evaluate all alternatives in an unbiased way People use only factual information to select alternatives
You're not looking for the sharpest needle in the haystack; you simply want one that is sharp enough to sew with. This is an example of _______.
___________ thinking involves reframing the problem in a unique way and generating different approaches to the issue.
A(n) ______ is a deviation between the current and desired situation.
We have a tendency to protect ourselves against threats to our self-concepts by blocking out bad news. This is referred to as ______.
Amanda saw a new employee in the cafeteria and noticed he was dressed conservatively and wore glasses. She knew that the accounting department had several openings and assumed that the new employee was an accountant. This is an example of __________.
the representativeness heuristic
Systematic thinking about alternative futures and what an organization should do to anticipate and react to those environments is known as ________.
Strategies to minimize escalation of commitment and confirmation bias include _______.
finding a source of systematic and clear feedbacksetting a level at which the decision will be abandoned if not successful ensuring that people who made the original decision are not the same as those who later evaluate it
Jake bought stock in a company several months ago and has seen it lose value ever since then. The stock is now worth less than half of what he paid for it, but he doesn't want to sell it now and accept the loss. He'd rather hold onto it, hoping that the s
the prospect theory effect
One of the problems with problem identification is identification is that organizational decisions and actions are influenced by what attracts a manager's attention, rather than what is truly important. That is known as ________.
Characteristics of creative people include __________.
cognitive and practical intelligencepersistence independent imagination
TRUE or FALSE: Emotional markers form our preferences for alternatives before we consciously think about our choices.
_________ is the development of original ideas that make a socially recognized contribution.
Which of the following personality traits and values support an independent imagination?
High openness to experience
Visual or relational images in our mind that fill in information we don't immediately see and help us understand and navigate our surrounding environment are referred to as _______.
Xaiver met with his supervisor to discuss a problem he was having with a coworker. After listening for a few minutes, his supervisor said, "The problem is that you need to stop taking things so personally." This is an example of which limitation in effect
Solution-focused problem identification
Janys was planning a trip to the beach. However, she recently saw a frightening video of a shark attack and now she thinks it is likely that there will be shark attack at the beach. This is an example of _________.
the availability heuristic
The alternative that the decision maker prefers and that is used as a comparison with other choices is referred to as the _______.
Jackson has had a lot of success in investing for his clients over the last few years, but his investments have soured this past quarter. Instead of re-evaluating his investment strategy, he tells himself that his investment decisions were sound and it's
self-justification effect
Sherri had never traveled to New York City before, but she had been on recent business trips to Albuquerque and Phoenix. When she learned that the price of the hotel room she wanted was $260 per night, she was shocked because she thought that New York hot
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
__________ involves complex calculations of data to produce a formula that points to the best choice of all alternatives.
The rational choice paradigm
You've gone to the movie theater to see the latest release by your favorite actor. Ten minutes into the film, you realize that it's loser, but instead of walking out, you stay to watch the rest of the movie because you figure that you've already spent $9.
According to research, we pay less attention to details and rely on a more programmed decision routine when we are ________.
The tendency to define problems in terms of a preferred solution happens because ________.
it provides comforting closure to an ambiguous problem
Alicia has to order copier toner again, so she consults the online catalog of the company's office supply vendor to see if either of her company's approved brands is on sale. This is an example of a(n) _______ decision.
Which associative play activity involves listing difference dimensions of a system and the elements of each and then looking at each combination?
Sophocles once said, "Quick decisions are unsafe decisions." This quote illustrates which of the following problems with problem identification?
Terri has always been the star salesperson in the company and relishes her accomplishments. She has never missed her sales quotas, but this quarter's numbers are looking bad. However she refuses to worry and tells her assistant, "I didn't get to be Salesp
Which of the following energizes us to make an initial preferred choice even before we have evaluated alternatives?
The _______ refers to a decision maker's tendency to estimate the probability of something occurring by how easily we can recall those events.
Jaime championed making changes in the company's employee benefits package but now sees that many employees are angered over the changes. Instead of suggesting modifications to her plan, she tells herself that she couldn't have implemented the project wit
self-justification effect
A _______ decision is one that has a "ready-made" solution because it has been resolved in the past.
Self-directed teams _______.
have substantial autonomy over the execution of their tasks
Which of the following are situations that help lead to social loafing?
Individual performance is hidden in the single output of the team.The work of the team is boring. Team members have low agreeableness.
Team _______ are the informal rules and shared expectations that groups establish to regulate the behavior of their members.
Match the type of team with its description.
Identification-based trust ---> Based on mutual understanding and an emotional bond among team membersCalculus-based trust ---> Based on the premise that team members will act appropriately because they will otherwise face sanctions Knowledge-based trust
Order the stages of team development from first to last, with the first stage at the top.
1. Forming2. Storming3. Norming4. Performing 5. Adjourning
The final projects in Alonzo's class is a group research paper. He hates group work but he also knows that, even if he doesn't do much work on the project, his other group members will pick up the slack so they don't get a bad grade on the project. This i
The 5 C's Model of Team Member Competency identifies five competencies of effective team members: comforting, conflict resolving, communicating, cooperating, and ________.
Which of the following describe characteristics of teams?
Members perceive themselves as a social entity
Janice is a project manager at a large, multinational insurance company in Illinois. Her team members are located in Ireland, Bangladesh, and Australia and work remotely via information technologies. This is an example of a(n) _______ team.
Elements of the organizational and team environment that impact the effectiveness of a team include:
team rewards
The degree of attraction people feel toward the team and their motivation to remain members is referred to as _________.
Match the team type (on the left) and its description (on the right).
Task force ---> Temporary team formed to solve a problem, realize an opportunity, or design a product or serviceVirtual team ---> Team whose members are linked through information technologies Advisory team ---> Team that provides recommendations to deci
A(n) ______ is a group of two or more people who interact and influence each other, are mutually accountable for achieving goals, and perceive themselves as a social entity.
In a brainstorming meeting, team members are encouraged to ________.
generate as many ideas as possible
The extent to which team members must share materials, information or expertise to perform their jobs is referred to as _______.
As a general rule, members of homogeneous teams experience _________.
higher satisfactionbetter interpersonal relations less conflict
A(n) ________ team is a cross-functional, large autonomous work group that completes an entire piece of work requiring several interdependent tasks.
List the stages of the nominal group technique in order, with the first stage at the top.
1. Participants independently and silently document their ideas.2. Participants collectively describe ideas to other team members without critique. 3. Participants independently and silently evaluate the ideas presented.
Advantages of smaller teams include ________.
higher levels of engagement
John has been designated the record-keeper for the team, and he is expected to take notes of all meeting procedures and share them with the team. This is John's team ________.
Management can change dysfunctional norms by _________.
speaking up and actively coaching the teamreplacing group members with people who have more favorable norms introducing team-based rewards that counter dysfunctional norms
The highest degree of task interdependence is ______ interdependence.
Which of the following are occasions when new team norms develop?
When injury occurs on the jobDuring team formation When the team loses a major contract or account
The more similar the background, interests, attitudes, and values of team members are, the most ________ the team tends to be.
_______ is a group idea generation and problem resolution approach that asks participants to write down their ideas instead of verbally describing them.
Workers at LaSalle Candy Company have an unspoken "rule" that no worker moves faster than the assembly line so that management can't speed up the line. This is an example of a dysfunctional team ________.
Place the levels of task interdependence in order, with the lowest level at the bottom.
1. Reciprocal2. Sequential 3. Pooled
What are some advantages to workplace teams?
Coworkers become benchmarks of comparison, stimulating improved performanceTeams often make better decisions than employees working alone People are potentially more motivated when working in teams than when working alone
The development of norms enables team members to ______.
anticipate or predict how others will act
What team refers to a team's collective beliefs about its capability to achieve team performance?
Which of the following are ways to avoid social loafing on teams?
Form teams from motivated employeesIncrease job enrichment Specialize tasks
Informal groups are differentiated from teams in that ________.
they exist primarily for the benefit of their memberstheir members have little or no interdependence they have no organizationally mandated purpose
Highly cohesive teams perform worse than teams with low cohesion when ________.
the team norms are counterproductive
One of the criticisms of electronic brainstorming is that ______.
it is technology-bond and can be rigid
Under which of the following situations is a diverse team better than a homogeneous team?
A decision needs input from different viewpoints.
The harder it is to get into a group, the more incentive people have to stay." This quote illustrates which influence on team cohesion?
A decision-making problem that occurs when individuals are reluctant to express ideas that seem silly because they believe other team members are silently evaluating them is known as _______.
Studies report that employees' initially high trust (swift trust) of team members tends to ______ over time.
Laurel was frustrated after the fund raising committee meeting because only one member was allowed to speak at a time, and she couldn't find an opportune time to voice her concerns or ask questions. Laurel has experienced: ___________.
Brooks's law states that ________.
adding more people to a last project only makes it later
Ways in which an organization can improve the effectiveness or virtual teams include ________.
clear operational objectivesa toolkit of communication channels documented work procedures
________ encompasses formal activities intended to improve the development and functioning of a work team.
The drive to bond and the dynamics of social identity theory are reasons why people _______.
As a general rule, as the size of the team _________, team cohesion _________.
Which of the following statements is true about informal groups in an organization?
They play an important role in trust building and information sharing.
Jason's work team is highly cohesive but tends to be rebellious. They frequently disregard company rules about the length of breaks and lunches and are often late to work in the morning. Based on this description, what type of task performance could be ex
LinkedIn, Facebook and MySpace are examples of ________ that encourage the formation of informal groups and associated communication.
________ communication is typically conscious communications, whereas ______ communication is most often automatic and nonconscious.
In the communication process model, the message must first be _______ and ______ by the sender before transmitting it.
Cross-cultural differences that create barriers to communication include ________.
silence, voice intonation, language
Rank the following types of communication channels according to the amount of social presence they have, with the channel having the least social presence at the bottom.
1. A face-to-face conversation between sisters at a coffee shop2. A smart phone video call between two friends3. A scheduled conference call among a team of co-workers 4. A promotion email sent to a distribution list
What are types of verbal communication?
oral communications
According to research, which of the following would likely be the most persuasive type of communication?
Effective ______ is essential to organizations because it is needed for employees and work units to synchronize their work.
Nonverbal communication includes _________.
Effective interpersonal communication depends on _________.
the sender's ability to get the message across
TRUE or FALSE: Nonverbal gestures differ from one culture to another.
The process by which information is transmitted and understood between two or more people is __________.
The highest level of media richness is ________.
face-to-face communication
When the volume of information received exceeds the person's ability to process it, it is known as information ________________.
An example of cross-cultural barriers to communication is _______.
According to research, which of the following are reasons that face-to-face interactions work best for persuasion?
People are persuaded more often under conditions of high social presence.The sender receives immediate feedback on whether the message is understood and accepted. Spoken communication is accompanied by nonverbal communication.
What are problems with using email to communicate?
Inadequately interpreting message's emotional tone
A work group chooses to have 5-minute "stand-up" meetings at the start of each day rather than weekly staff meetings. This is an example of social ________ of the communication medium.
Examples of having similar codebooks when encoding and decoding messages would include ________.
using math symbols to write an equation
Important factors to consider in selecting the most appropriate channel of communication include _________.
social presense
TRUE or FALSE: Recent studies support the view that people are more easily persuaded by emails and websites than by face-to-face communication.
The _________ component of active listening involves understanding, assessing and remembering a message.
Which of the following social media focuses primarily on forming communities and sharing information and has less emphasis on revealing personal identity?
Mimicking another person's facial expression or other nonverbal behavior, such as smiling, is known as emotional _________.
The extent to which communication channels require or allow the sender and receiver to be actively involved in a conversation at the same time is called _________.
Direct communication between executives and employees helps _________.
minimize filteringimprove empathy for decisions made higher up the hierarchy improve executives' understanding of problems
Specialized words and phrases for specific occupations or groups, known as _______ creates barriers to communication for those who lack the codebook.
You can improve the chances of getting your message across if you _______.
remove ambiguous wordsempathize with the receiver time it when the receiver is not distracted
Most companies today publish company magazines and other information using e-zines on the _______.
Communication "codebooks" are dictionaries of symbols that include languages, gestures, and:
Email has changed communication in organizations by _________.
increasing communication with people further up the hierarchy
Social acceptance and media richness are _________.
two set factors in choosing communication channels
Choosing to send an email instead of a voice mail to a colleague is an example of that individual's _________ for one channel of communication instead of another.
The medium of choice in most workplaces today is text-based _______ communication because it is asynchronous, can be sent to many people at once, and can quickly transmit attached information.
The volume and variety of information that can be transmitted during a specific time is __________.
Which is a component of active listening?
When women communicate they _________.
use rapport talk and build relationships
Which are benefits of the grapevine in organizations?
It is often used to transmit corporate cultureIt is associated with the drive to bond among workers It provides information not available through formal channels
Synchronous communication is preferred over asynchronous communication when ___________.
a complex issue needs to be discussed
Grouping employees into team spaces to improve communication between team members is a ________ design strategy.
Friends using their smartphones to text each other about a meeting place is an example of ________.
communication channel proficiency
TRUE or FALSE: Active listening can best be accompanied by interrupting often to show understanding.
In interpersonal communication, the active listening technique of clarifying the speaker's message by rephrasing it is known as _________.
The use of email or text message to inform an employee of termination or layoff is considered ________.
symbolically inappropriate
Sending digital messages that convey strong negative emotions is called _______.
The strategies for improving communication throughout the organization's hierarchy include __________.
workspace designinternet-based communication direct communication with top management
What are important influences on the effectiveness of encoding and decoding messages?
Communication channel proficiencyExperience encoding the message Shared mental models
The purpose of emotional contagion for communication include _____________.
receiving emotional meaning from the senderfulfilling the drive to bond with others providing continuous feedback
An example of an exception to media richness theory when using electronic communication is __________.
high levels of proficiency with a smartphone
Sending a tweet instead of a voicemail to a friend is an example of _______ in the selection of channel of communication.
An advantage of using text-based digital methods to communicate in the workplace is that they _________.
have become critical for coordinating work
Digital messages ______ than written letters.
In the 1960s, ARPANET, later known as the Internet, was developed by a collaboration of _________.
the Defense Department and university researchers
Organizational _________ describes behaviors perceived as self-serving at the expense of others and the organization.
The source of power in an organization based on a person's ability to decide pay, promotions, scheduling, and work assignments is _________ power.
Which of the following statements about power are true?
It exists when others believe you have power
The ability of a manager to punish an employee is ______ power.
The ability to cope with uncertainty in the environment is an important source of ______ power.
An example of barriers formed by social networks is ________.
The type of power that may be based on charisma is ________ power.
An agreement among organizational members that people in certain roles can request a set of behaviors from others, such as a manager making requests of those she supervises, is known as ______ power.
The capacity of a person, team, or organization to influence others is the definition of __________.
The knowledge and other resources available to people or social units from a durable network that connects to others is ___________.
The effectiveness of persuasion depends on _________.
contents of the messagethe audience being persuaded characteristics of the persuader
The definition of influence is _________.
any behavior that attempts to alter someone's attitudes or behavior
Which of the following are ways to minimize organizational politics?
Have clear guidelines and rules
Which of the following is most likely to encourage organizational politics?
A one-sentence announcement that there will be layoffs starting next week
The type of referent power known as ________ is what is meant when we say a celebrity has "star power.
TRUE or FALSE: social networks can be organized around common interests.
The source of power for ________ influence tactics such as assertiveness is position power, while the source of power for ________ influence tactics such as persuasion is personal power.
The conditions for the use of silent authority as an influence tactic include ___________.
the target person's role expectations
The consequences of using hard influence tactics is likely to be which of the following?
A problem that telecommuters have in generating power is their lack of ______ because they are seldom in the office.
The "dark side" of social networks is that they ________.
can increase workplace discrimination
Impression management is often used to _______.
get ahead in the workplace
The influence tactics most commonly used in organizations include ________.
silent authority, assertiveness, information control
When the only manager of a retail store able to open it for business is late to work and business is lost, it is an example of ________.
Conditions that support organizational politics include _______.
A personal source of power based on the possession of knowledge or skills valued by others is _______ power.
Legitimate power is based on a person's ______.
The practice of actively shaping our public image is _______.
The sources of power generate power only in certain conditions. These contingencies include:
centralityvisibility substitutability
Assertiveness and silent authority are influence tactics that are based on ________ power.
John's supervisor Jilleen, recognizes that he is working long hours and produces more than others by giving him extra time off. This is an example of ________.
George regularly shares positive outcomes by his work group with his manager while seldom reporting problems or mistakes. He is using the tactic of _______.
centrality to control information
Which influence tactic relies on the norm of reciprocity?
Actively applying legitimate or coercive power to influence others is _________.
A personal characteristic that supports organizational politics through self-serving behaviors is __________.
the need for personal power
An important contingency of power in social networks that refers to where you are located in the network is __________.
Sharing information among friends, doing favors for others, and connecting people to job opportunities are all examples of ________.
increasing power through social capital
A persuasive communication strategy that warns listeners to be wary of others' future arguments is ________.
Kellyanne wants to move up the corporate ladder, so she makes sure to frequently and publicly compliment her manager. Kellyanne also tries to dress similarly to her boss and always agrees with her boss in meetings. Kellyanne is using an excessive form of
The influence tactics most commonly used in organizations include __________.
information controlsilent authority assertiveness
Dependence in an exchange relationship is asymmetric if ________.
one person controls a resource needed by the other
The type of influence that calls on someone with higher authority or expertise is _______.
Filtering information upwards to middle managers so your work group looks better is an example of __________.
power through information control
Riz wants to make some changes to the company break room policy, but he doesn't have the power to make those changes. He talks to others in his department and is able to persuade them to join his cause. Which of the following best explains what Riz has do
The range of activities an individual is willing to engage in at the direction of a person with legitimate authority is _______.
Rafael helped Sandy finish a project last week. Sandy is now helping Rafael with a difficult client. The sense of obligation Sandy felt to help Rafael in return is known as ________.
Lee has been able to convince his friends to see the movie he wants to see by explaining why they will all like it better and that the price is lower than the other choice. He is using which influence tactic?
The freedom to make decisions without referring to a specific rule or getting permission from someone with more authority is a contingency of power known as _______.
Flattering your boss, agreeing with your boss publicly, and asking your boss for advice are all examples of influence tactic known as ________.
The control of information creates power because ________.
others depend on the gatekeeper for that resource
TRUE or FALSE: When describing the range of the zone of indifference, it is important to know that it increases with the level of trust in the person with legitimate authority.
Suzanne is the most productive salesperson in the store. Her manager wants to schedule her full time but is afraid she'll quite she is a full-time student. Suzanne's power in this relationship is _______ power.
Selecting the most appropriate influence tactic depends on __________.
An area between two or more dense social networks that lacks network ties in a(n) _________.
Guanxi is important to people in Asian cultures because it is __________.
a strategy for giving and receiving favors from others
The advantage of having strong ties in social networks is that __________.
they offer resources more quickly and plentifully than weak ties
Giving all salespeople a commission of 10% of their sales is an example of reducing conflict by ________.
clarifying procedures for allocating budget resources
An important part of using dialogue to reduce conflict is for the parties involved to ________.
remain open-minded
Match the approach to negotiation (on the left) with the type of situation it would be used in (on the right).
distributive ---> parties have one item to resolve
When two or more parties attempt to resolve divergent goals by redefining their interdependence it is ___________.
Rank these types of task interdependence with the type that creates the most conflict listed at the top and the type that creates the least conflict listed at the bottom.
1. Reciprocal interdependence2. Sequential interdependence3. Pooled interdependence 4. Complete independence
The process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affect by another is ________.
The Beginning Zone Model of Negotiation typically establishes which points in the bargaining zone?
Initial offer pointResistance point Target point
Samira and Johan believe they can find a creative solution to their disagreement because they have the time to work through, have worked together for a long time, and trust each other. Their conflict management approach is an example of the _________.
Using a win-lose approach to resolving conflict is also known as _________.
Which of the following statements about workplace conflict are true?
it can energize employees and make a company more effective
Asghar has questioned the credibility of Amal's budget figures, stating that Amal is inexperienced and is not an accountant. This is an example of ______ conflict.
When handling conflict, women tend to pay more attention to the relationship between parties and adopt a ______ style that is more harmonious.
problem-solving
Choose the conflict-handling method (on the left) most appropriate to each situation (on the right).
problem solving ---> parties trust each other and have time to share informationforcing ---> dispute requires a quick resolutionyielding ---> other party has more power avoiding ---> cost of resolving the conflict outweighs the benefits
The bargaining zone model assumes that negotiators __________.
compete to claim the greatest value
Which of the following are reasons why managers tend to rely on the inquisition approach to intervene in workplace disputes?
It gives managers control over the process and outcome.
Effective negotiators focus on which of the following?
Which of the following statements about women in negotiations are true?
Women are more likely than men to accept offers just above their resistance points
The advantage of making the first offer is that _________.
it creates a position that anchors negotiation
It is important to listen and observe the other negotiators in order to __________.
Resolving a conflict at the other party's expense, often using "hard" influence tactics is _________.
Differentiation creates conflict in organizations because of ___________.
past experiences
Goals that are valued by all and that require a joint effort by conflicting parties are known as _______ goals.
Men tend to have short-term orientation and are more willing to use a ______ approach in conflict-handling situations.
Several departments in a hospital have to share an MRI machine. The conflict over times for use can be reduced by building a schedule that ________.
clarifies rules and procedures
According to the Conflict Process Model, the sources of conflict include ___________.
incompatible goals
The most commonly used intervention strategy managers employ to resolve disputes is ________.
Poor communication can contribute to conflict when the lack of opportunity to communicate leads to a reliance on _______.
Someone who uses forcing as a conflict handling method has a(n) __________.
The underlying cause of conflict in an organization can be reduced by ________.
When negotiating, it is important to build a relationship by _________.
using emotional intelligenceadding team members similar to those on the other team discovering common hobbies or sports
The dominant view of conflict in organizations has been that it __________.
Appealing to everyone's commitment to improve the company's profits to resolve a conflict is an example of ___________.
emphasizing superordinate goals
Reducing task ______ can reduce conflict.
TRUE or FALSE: A negotiator from a highly collectivist culture is likely to approach conflict differently than one from a low collectivist, more individualist culture.
A hotel without a proper number of headsets and radios experiences mistakes in coordination of valet services. Which structural source of conflict would this BEST represent?
Negotiators make more ______ as the deadline gets closer, because they are trying to reach an agreement.
Jon had been relatively quiet during negotiations with the union, but as soon as his boss entered the room, he became more assertive and vocal. This is an example of how ______ influences negotiations.
audience charactertistics
There is more conflict during mergers and acquisitions because ________.
To meet her sales quota, Genzebe is trying to get a new customer. Genzebe promises a faster delivery time than her competitors to attract the potential customer. The head of production says he can't deliver by then because it will cost his department more
Which of the following would provide the most appropriate negotiation setting for both parties?
a rented conference room with no ties to either party
One recommend way to reduce conflict over scarce resources is to ________ those resources.
Constructive conflict __________.
Using cross-functional teams to develop products reduces conflict by __________.
Julius and Tamsin are on different teams but are supposed to work together on a project. Their teams are in different locations and don't make much effort to meet or talk to each other. Julius's team recently sent Tamsin's team some instructions that Tams
Negotiators are likely to act more assertively and competitively if __________.
Understanding the power you have in a negotiation because it is the cost of walking away without an agreement is a(n) _________.
Tim trusts his product development team because they have worked together before, avoid personal attacks, and joke about disagreements. Tim's team norms ________.
reduce relationship conflict
Discovering priorities can best be accomplished by ________.
listening to carefully to counteroffers
Dominic has disagreed with his team's plan for achieving their new sales target because it would require the production department to pay more overtime. This is an example of __________.
The main premise of _________ is that effective leaders choose one or more leaders choose one or more leadership styles to influence employee expectations regarding the achievement of their work-related goals and their perceived satisfaction with the resu
Leaders who focus on clarifying tasks and setting goals are task-oriented leaders, while those who are concerned with asking employees' opinions and considering their needs are _______ -oriented leaders.
Categorize the appropriate leadership traits to the leadership perspective.
Managerial leadership:1) assumes organizational objectives are aligned with the environment2) mico-focused and concrete3) managing, not leadingTransformational leadership:1) assumes organizational objectives are misaligned with the environment 2) lea
Match the path-goal leadership style (on the left) with the appropriate leader behaviors (on the right).
Directive style ---> similar to task-oriented style, which clarifies goals, standards, rewards, and punishments
An important contribution of Fiedler's contingency theory is that leaders ________.
might not be able to change their styles easily to fit the situation
The best definition of leadership is the ability to ______.
influence, motivate, and enable others
Research has shown that under transformational leaders employees _________.
perform their jobs better
Leaders who are described as selfless, egalitarian, nurturing, and ethical are ______ leaders.
Match the leadership competency (on the left) to the correct description (on the right).
Self-concept ---> positive evaluation of ability to reach objectivesDrive ---> motivation to achieve goalsKnowledge of the business ---> understanding of the business and its environment Personality ---> high levels of extroversion
Recent research has identified that leaders possess certain skills, aptitudes, knowledge and personal characteristics that ___________.
lead to superior performance
TRUE or FALSE: The contingency perspective of leadership requires that managers use their own favored style in all situations.
The characteristics of shared leadership include _________.
less micromanagement
Transformational leaders support a learning orientation by ________.
encouraging experimentationencouraging employees to question current practices viewing reasonable mistakes as a part of the learning process
Which of the following are factors that authentic leaders need to be aware of and act consistently with?
PersonalityValues Self-concept
The contingencies that make a leadership style effective in some situations but not others include ______ contingencies.
An important element of Fiedler's contingency theory is the degree of power and influence a leader has in any situation, which he called ________.
A concern with transformational leadership is that recent research shows it _________.
is more appropriate in organizations that need to continuously adapt
Effective transformational leaders communicate strategic visions to followers and other stakeholders ___________.
through symbols, metaphors, and stories
The idea that leaders meet preconceived ideas of features and behaviors of leaders that form prototypes is part of the ________.
implicit leadership perspective
Shared leadership works most effectively in a(n) ______ culture.
Modeling the strategic vision is important to transformational leadership because it __________.
demonstrates what the vision looks like in practice
The reasons that the "romance of leadership" exists include _________.
the tendency of people to believe that events result from the rational acts of leaders
Which statements about charismatic leadership and transformational leadership are true?
Transformational leaders are not necessarily charismaticCharismatic leaders may increase follower motivation Charismatic leaders are not necessarily transformational
Developing a strategic vision is a core element of transformational leadership because it ___________.
is both appealing and achievable
The first theory of leadership to state that leader effectiveness depends on whether the leader's natural style fits the situation is ________ theory.
The leadership perspective that holds that the effectiveness of a leader depends on whether the leader's natural leadership style is appropriate for the situation is ________ perspective.
The elements of transformational leadership include __________.
communicating the visionbuilding a commitment to the vision developing a strategic vision
TRUE or FALSE: Leadership competencies include a positive self-concept and high levels of emotional intelligence.
Among the challenges faced by transformational leadership is that leaders may successfully inspire employees _________.
but not engage them in actual transformational behaviors
The CEO of XCorp, a fuel oil company, has involved employees at all levels in developing a new vision, logo, and bran image for the company representing its commitment to alternative fuels. She has consistently made decisions that support investing in new
building commitment to her strategic vision
Everyone's preconceived beliefs about the characteristics and behaviors of effective leaders are known as _______.
A self-managed work team that hires, trains, and monitors the performance of its members without a manager is an example of ______ theory.
The features of servant leadership include ___________.
relationships with others that are egalitarian and accepting
Features of an effective strategic vision include _________.
a future with a higher purpose
According to the GLOBE Project, middle managers around the world believe that the leadership style known as "charismatic visionary" is __________.
characteristic of effective leaders
Transformational leaders are those who are able to engage followers toward a better future, while charisma is a personal trait or relational quality based in ______ power.
The idea that most people want to believe that leaders make a difference is known as _______.
the romance of leadership
Successful transformational leaders create meaning and motivation surrounding their strategic vision by choosing phrases that _______ the vision.
The situational leadership theory developed by Hersey and Blanchard identifies four quadrants that require different leadership styles: telling, selling, participating, and delegating. The quadrants are based on ________.
The competency-based perspective of leadership is limited because _________.
it views it as internal to a person, but it actually depends on favorable relations with followers
Managerial leadership depends on _______ leadership to set the right direction, while transformational leadership depends on _______ leadership to produce operational excellence.
transformational; managerial
Research on leadership substitute theory is mixed, but we can conclude that leadership substitutes __________.
may reduce the need for leaders but don't completely replace them
Division of labor and coordination of work activities to accomplish common goals are the fundamental requirements of ________.
organizational structures
The way a firm positions itself in its environment in relation to its stakeholders, given the firm's resources, capabilities, and mission is defined as ________ strategy.
The optimal level of job specialization is limited by the ability to __________.
Elena's span of control is defined by the ________ of people she supervises.
A(n) _______ structure typically has more layers of management, and each manager often has relatively few direct reports.
The organizational structure that uses a combination of the functional and team-based approaches to form project groups is the _______ structure.
The elements of organizational structure include _______.
centralization
The formal hierarchy is also known as _________.
The degree to which decision-making authority is held by a small group of people at the top of the organization's hierarchy is ________.
The team-based organizational structure has advantages that include _________.
less reliance n formal hierarchy
A bakery owner has divided the work into selling, baking, and decorating. The bakers and decorators are each doing a specific subset of all the tasks needed to produce cakes. This is known as job __________.
Advantages of the functional organization structure include which of the following?
Employee identification with a specialization or profession
The element of organizational structure that frames the membership of work groups, who must share resources, and interdependencies between groups is __________.
A boat-building company has divided its work groups into those that do the interior woodwork, work on the electrical systems, and paint. Each group schedules its own employees, maintains inventory, and coordinates with other work units. Which organization
An alliance of several organizations bee-hived around a hub or core firm for the purpose of creating a product or serving a client is the ______ organizational structure.
As a business grows, it is important to support the business's strategy and processes by creating reporting relationships, job design, and informational flow through its ________.
The contingencies of organizational design include ________.
organizational strategyorganizational size technology
The organization chart is a diagram that represents the grouping of employees and work activities into an organizational structure known as _________.
The advantages of a matrix organizational structure include which of the following?
Flexibility in response to fluctuating workloads
The organizational structure used by most new businesses because it is very flexible and easy to coordinate is the ________ structure.
Today's managers often have wider spans of control that Fayol recommended because of the use of ________.
standardized skills
The benefits of job specialization include _________.
increased work efficiency
The advantages of a network organizational structure include ________.
greater efficiencies by shopping globally for subcontractors
Marcus is a manufacturing engineer who heads up a product development team working on a new line of computer chairs. The team has a member from marketing, another from finance, and a design engineer, who all report to their respective bosses. Marcus will
An advantage of the team-based organizational structure is ________.
less reliance on direct supervision
Organizations that use mechanisms, such as standardization of work processes, rules, and detailed procedures to coordinate work, are highly ________.
The divisional organization structure may be based on _________.
Harry's new cupcake store has only two employees and one product. Its organizational structure can best be described as a _____ structure.
The technology, size, external environment, and strategy of an organization are all ________.
contingencies of organizational design
An organization that has a narrower span of control will require more supervisors, which creates a ________ organization structure.
Problems that may arise in very formalized organizations include ____________.
reduced flexibility
The element of organizational structure that specifies how employees and their activities are grouped together is ________.
One of the benefits of job specialization is ________.
TRUE or FALSE: Large organizations with more employees require more standardization, coordinating mechanisms, and formalization.
Using job descriptions, procedures, and flowcharts for assembly line work are examples of ways to _______.
standardize work processes
Organizations decentralize because they __________.
grow, seniors executives are unable to process all the decisions needed
Problems created by tall organization structures include ________.
higher overhead costs
Appointing integrators and liaisons to coordinate the work of different groups is a way to improve _________.
The factors affecting span of control in today's organizations include ________.
the presence of self-directed teamsthe degree to which tasks are routine the level of interdependence among employees
Tonya is a production engineer in a company that manufactures office furniture. She often meets Robert from the marketing group to be sure that product features are represented accurately. Tonya and Robert work in a company with a ________ organizational
Xtron is a company with few rules and procedures and prides itself on empowering lower-level employees to be nimble and responsive to its customers' rapidly changing needs. Xtron can be described as a(n) ______ company.
Tammi works for a large company that imports coffee and tea for retail and wholesale customers. Tammi is assigned to sell only to large institutional customers, such as universities and hospitals. Her organization has a divisional structure that is based
A hostile environment, such as one with high levels of competition or scarce resources, is likely to use a ________ organizational structure in times of great scarcity so decisions can be made more quickly.
An organization with a greater variety of clients, products, regions, or services will be more likely than one with only one product or region to use a ______ organizational structure.
Dynamism, complexity, diversity, and hostility are all characteristics of an organization's _______ environment.
An organization that is highly centralized with narrow spans of control and has very formalized procedures has a(n) ______ structure.
The divisional organization structure may be based on _______.
A(n) _____________ organization structure works best in a complex and and dynamic environment because it pushes decision-making to lower levels in the organization with more information to make informed decisions.
The characteristics of a stable environment include _______.
The processes or mechanism by which an organization turns out its products or services is its ________.
An advantage of the divisional organizational structure is _________.
having the ability to accommodate growth easily
Which of the following is a disadvantage of a formal hierarchy?
It is not agile enough for complex situations
The organizational structure that organizes employees according to geographic areas, clients, or produces is the ______ structure.
A decentralized organizational structure works best in a(n) ________ environment.
On an assembly line _______, so the organization that operates it will likely use a mechanistic structure.
Bob had been led to believe that he would be working with a friendly, collaborative team. Instead he was disappointed to find that people were not friendly but very competitive. Bob is experiencing _________ shock.
An organization's corporate culture ____________.
provides a template for how employees behave
Match the dimension of organizational culture on the left with the characteristics of that culture on the right.
Innovation ---> Experimenting, opportunity-seekingStability ---> Predictable, rule-orientedTeam orientation ---> Collaborative, people-oriented Aggressiveness ---> Competitive
The way employees speak to customers and each other is important because language is _______.
a ritual that shares values
______ are stable, evaluate beliefs that guide our preferences for outcomes or courses of action.
The Academy of Management has an annual conference at which it installs officers and presents awards. This is an example of a(n) _______ that is part of the academy's organizational culture.
Which of the following would be considered artifacts of an organization?
Stories about the company's foundersPhysical layout of the offices How employees address each other
The psychological contract is a perception formed by the employee during recruitment and throughout the organizational socialization process about _______.
the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange agreement with the employer
An adaptive culture is one that sees things from a(n) _______ perspective.
When we characterize Apple as an innovative company, we are identifying its _________.
Changing _______, such as reward systems and the workplace layout, can alter or strengthen the corporate culture.
The benefits of cultural strength on organizational effectiveness depend on _________.
whether the culture fits the environment
A strong focus on customer service is a shared ___________ in many successful companies.
Match the stage of the organizational socialization process on the left to the correct description on the right.
Preemployment socialization ---> Form employment relationship expectationsEncounter ---> Test expectations against realities Role management ---> Strengthen new relationships and practice role behaviors
The process by which individuals learn the values, expected behaviors, and social knowledge needed for their roles is organizational __________.
The offshore subsidiary of a medical company that is located in India has developed a(n) _______ based on its geographic setting and occupation.
An organizational culture that is strong can be recognized because ______.
most employees embrace the dominant values and assumptions
Mergers between entities with incompatible cultures _________.
only add value 30 to 50 percent of the timesee a decline in employee performance frequently fail
The observable symbols and signs of an organization's culture are its _________.
Values that are publicly stated because organization leaders want people to believe they steer the organization's choices and actions are _______ values.
It is sometime necessary to change an organization's culture to realign it with the external ______ so it can survive.
The benefits of a strong organizational culture include _________.
internalized controls consistent with organizational expectationshelping employees make sense of what happens and why in the organization increased identification and social identify for new staff
The effect a strong organizational culture has on the organization's effectiveness depends on ________.
whether the organization's dominant values fit its environment
Match the strategy for merging organizational cultures listed on the left with the correct description on the right.
Assimilation ---> Acquired company embraces acquiring firm's cultureDeculturation ---> Acquiring firm imposes its culture on unwilling acquired firmIntegration ---> Merging companies combine two or more cultures into a new composite culture Separation -
Coworkers are important _______ agents because they are easily accessible to new employees and act as role models for appropriate organizational behavior.
Which of the following is true of the relationship between an organization's dominate values and its employees' ethical practices?
The ethical values that are dominant in an organization will be reflected in the behavior of its employees
Effective organizational socialization helps new employees learn _________.
performance expectationscompany jargon corporate culture
Companies need a culture focused on the employees when _________.
success depends on employee talent
Which of the following are important functions that countercultures provide?
Encouraging constructive conflict
Basing individual rewards on organizational performance goals and reinforcing the goals through weekly contests is an example of using _________ to change or strengthen organizational culture.
culturally consistent rewards
Assimilation is a good strategy during an acquisition when the culture of the acquired company is which of the following?
The repetitive, programmed routines of daily organizational life are known as ________.
The actions of founders and leaders often form the organization's culture during its early stages and the culture lasts for a long time because ________.
they are often visionaries who are powerful role models
The idea that the company you work for expects to make a profit is a(n) _________.
Which of the following are true concerning deculturation?
People who do not adjust to the changes lose their jobsArtifacts from the old organizational culture are removed It is hard to implement because of resistance from employees in the firm being acquired
Stories have the greatest ability to communicate corporate culture when they _______.
are about real people
When an organization's employees realize that the organization's survival requires constant monitoring of the external environment and serving stakeholders with the resources available it has a(n) _____________.
The most appropriate strategy for merging corporate cultures when the acquired company has a weak culture and the acquiring company is strong and aligned with the external environment is __________.
The strategy for merging organizational cultures in which the acquiring company demands conformity to its culture would be described as __________.
A major reason that as many as half of corporate mergers and acquisitions fail to add value is that ________.
corporate leaders fail to audit and integrate the companies' cultures
A manufacturer has a cellular layout with groupings of workers and several machines in each. This shapes a culture of collaborative and cross-training through ___________.
Countercultures are subcultures that have values and assumptions that ________.
directly oppose those of the dominant culture
Transactional psychological contracts are those that have _________.
Responsibilities that don't change during the contract
The accounting departments in most companies share the company's stated values and assumptions but operate with additional values and assumptions dictated by their professional standards. This is an example of an organization's ________.
A reason why founders and early leaders leave a strong imprint on an organization's culture is that ___________.
they are powerful role models and visionaries
The part of attraction-selection-attrition theory that states that job applicants are often chosen because they "fit in" is ________.
Organizational legends and stories are important to corporate culture because they ___________.
transmit and reinforce corporate values
An organization with an adaptive culture can also be said to _______.
have a learning orientation
A company with a very strong, cult-like culture can undermine company effectiveness because __________.
opposing subcultures may be ignored
A strong company culture will help a company succeed if it is ______ its external environment.
Organizations naturally tend to attract, select, and retain people with values and characteristics similar to those of the organization because it ______________.
creates a more homogeneous organization and stronger culture
The activities in the stage of the organizational socialization process known as role management include _____________.
practicing new role behaviorsstrengthening work relationships resolving work-nonwork conflicts
Many mergers or acquisitions fail because corporate leaders __________.
are overly focused on the financial and marketing logistics
An audit that diagnoses cultural relations between merging companies to determine the potential for conflict is known as a _______ audit.
Having a stable workforce with low turnover is important to maintaining a strong organizational culture because __________.
it takes a while for employees to completely comprehend the organization's culture and integrate it into their daily work lives
An organization's culture can best be understood by _________.
examining information from a variety of artifacts
When the merging companies are in unrelated industries or different countries, the strategy requiring a minimal exchange of culture or organizational practices is ______________.
When each of the merging companies has a relatively weak culture and they share several overlapping values, ________ preserves elements of both cultures in developing a new one.
Before Abels Enterprises acquired a new firm, it sent a team to the new firm for a period of several months to study the company's culture and management practices. This is an example of a(n) _________ audit.
According to Lewin's force field analysis model, ___________ forces attempt to maintain the status quo and block the change process.
Employees may resist change by engaging in behaviors that include ___________.
work stoppagesgriping to customers about the changes performing tasks the old way when unnoticed
When an organization chooses to fine-tune its systems and take small steps toward change, it is introducing _______ change.
Rank the steps in Lewins Force Field Analysis model for change. Place the first step in the process at the top and the final step at the bottom.
1. Unfreeze2. Change to desired condition 3. Refreeze
Match the stage in the Four-D model of appreciative inquiry on the left with the correct description on the right.
1. Discovery ---> identifying the best of "what os"2. Dreaming ---> envisioning "what might be"3. Designing ---> engaging in dialogue about "what should be" 4. Delivering ---> developing objectives about "what will be
According to Lewin's model, ________ forces must be reduced in order for change to occur.
Reasons that employees resist change include _______.
inability to change due to lack of skills and knowledgemisperceptions of their roles and the needed change lack of motivation to change
A major problem in managing change is that change agents fail to recognize that _________.
resistance to change is a natural human response
Put the steps in the action research approach to organizational change in order. Place the first step at the top and the last step at the bottom.
1. Form client-consultant relationship2. Diagnose the need for change3. Introduce the intervention4. Evaluate and stabilize change 5. Disengage consultant's services
A primary barrier to productivity in many cultures surveyed is _____.
List the steps of the Four-D model of appreciative inquiry in order, with the first step at the top and the last step at the bottom.
1. Discovery2. Dreaming3. Designing 4. Delivering
Transformational leadership _______.
links and individual's values and the change
Communication can reduce the restraining forces against change by _______.
informing employees of specific external threats
Match the principle on the left to the correct description on the right.
Positive principle ---> focusing on positive potential produces more effective and enduring change.Constructionist principle ---> our understanding of the change process depends on the questions we ask and language we use during the process. Simultaneous
Reasons why employees are willing to adopt changes more easily after observing a pilot project include that they __________.
see how the proposed changes could apply to themrecognize that change brought recognition and rewards to those in the pilot project understand that they learn the skills needed to make the change
The reason employees will resist change when their self-esteem and future are threatened is called ________.
Problems associated with the future search approach to organizational change include _______.
domination by a few members of the group
A reason that workers may resist change is that they prefer ________.
remaining in their comfort zones
The step in the action research process that gathers and analyzes data about the situation and identifies a direction for change is _________.
diagnosing the need for change
The organizational change process that combines changing attitudes and behavior with testing theory is the _________.
The greatest priority and primary strategy for any organizational change is to ___________.
communicate the reason for change
Guiding coalitions for organizational change __________.
involve people with the same level of commitment to enacting changeinvolve employees from a wide array of levels might be the greatest factor in the achievement of organizational change programs
Employees who participate in the decisions about change ___________.
will have reduced fear of the unknown
Teaching employees new knowledge and skills needed for the organization's proposed change __________.
increases readiness and commitment to change
The least desirable way to get employees to accept change is ________.
Refreezing new behaviors can be encouraged by ________.
providing feedback systemschanging physical structures to support them changing reward systems to support them
TRUE or FALSE: Organizations must adapt to environmental changes in order to survive.
The model of organizational change that helps change agents diagnose the forces that drive and restrain proposed change is _________.
Lewin's force field analysis model
The step in the action research approach to organizational change during which an outside change agent assesses the client's readiness, ability, and motivation to change is ________________.
forming a client-consultant relationship
A formal group of several people who are influence leaders with a similar level of commitment to the change is an example of ________.
Pilot projects make it easier to diffuse changes through the larger organization by _________.
having participants teach workers in other parts of the organization the needed skills and knowledge to change
A large group intervention to introduce change can be described as ________.
highly participative eventsgenerating a collective vision for the future future-oriented and positive
Leaders can create urgency for change by __________.
creating a better future vision of the organization
The appreciative inquiry approach emphasizes ____________.
building on strengths to increase organizational success and individual well-being
Some ethical concerns raised by the change models presented are that they __________.
violate privacy rights by collecting and revealing information and emotions
TRUE or FALSE: Dissatisfied customers create a powerful driving force for change because the organization can't survive without satisfied customers.
TSKCO has hired a consultant to select new software for the accounting department. The accounting department employees believe they had the information needed and should have chosen it themselves. They are resisting the change because they _________.
feel that their self-worth is threatened
Employees fear the unknown and resist change because all change includes some degree of ______ that creates risk.
A company has changed to a team-based structure and is now changing the reward system to one that rewards team members equally for reaching productivity goals. This is an example of ____________.
aligning the system to support desired behaviors
Employees determine whether a proposed change will make them personally better or worse off by __________.
applying a cost-benefit analysis
The employees in the new manufacturing teams all received productivity bonuses that showed that they were adjusting to the new systems very well. This is an example of __________.
refreezing an organizational change
The action research approach to organizational change ___________.
combines changing attitudes and behavior with testing theory.
Which stage in the action research process measures the effectiveness of the intervention against the standards established in the diagnostic stage?
To support the desired changes, an organization's systems and structures ____________.
must support the desired behaviors
The viral change process uses word-of-mouth and ______ to build support and opportunities for observing those adopting new behaviors.
The form client-consultant relationship stage of the action research approach to organizational change involves _________.
learning if people are motivated to participate in the change
Ted has been vocal in his objections to the current organizational change, and management has offered him an opportunity to transfer to another division where he will not be affected by the change. Which strategy for minimizing resistance to change does t
Hyacinth's work group was very focused on quality. The recently increased quotas required them to work so fast they couldn't properly inspect their work. Hyacinth's group is resisting the change because ________.
it is incongruent with her team's norms
What is a highly participative arrangement made up of people across all levels of an organization who apply the action research model to produce meaningful change?
Parallel learning structure
The reason employees resist change when it diminishes their self-worth is referred to as the _______ syndrome.
A cultural limitation of the theories used in Western cultures is that they ________. |
Leaders who are described as selfless, egalitarian, nurturing, and ethical are ______ leaders.
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