It applies chosen research to society or issues and seeks to find ways to make positive changes.

Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM, Gray JM, Haynes RB, Richardson WS. Evidence-based medicine. BMJ Brit Med J. 1996;313:170.
Article Google Scholar
Glasgow RE, Emmons KM. How can we increase translation of research into practice? Types of evidence needed. Annu Rev Public Health. 2007;28:413–33. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144145.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
McIntyre D. Bridging the gap between research and practice. Camb J Educ. 2005;35(3):357–82.
Article Google Scholar
Aita M, Richer MC, Héon M. Illuminating the processes of knowledge transfer in nursing. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2007;4:146–55.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Berwick DM. Disseminating innovations in health care. JAMA. 2003;289:1969–75.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Grol R, Grimshaw J. From best evidence to best practice: effective implementation of change in patients’ care. Lancet. 2003;362:1225–30.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Grol R. Successes and failures in the implementation of evidence-based guidelines for clinical practice. Med Care. 2001;39:8. Suppl. 2, II46–II54
Article Google Scholar
Grimshaw J, Eccles M, Tetroe J. Implementing clinical guidelines: current evidence and future implications. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2004;24:31–7.
Article Google Scholar
Cabana M, Rand C, Powe N, Wu M, Abbound P, Rubin H. Why don’t physicians follow clinical practice guidelines? A framework for improvement. JAMA. 1999;282:1458–65.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Richter-Sundberg L, Kardakis T, Garvare R, Weinehall L, Nyström ME. Addressing implementation challenges when developing evidence based guidelines for health promotion – A case study of the Swedish national guidelines for disease prevention. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15:19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-014-0672-4.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Uzochukwu BC, Onwujekwe OE, Mbachu CO, Okwuosa C, Etiaba E, Nyström ME, Gilson L. The challenge of bridging the gap between researchers and policy makers: Experiences of a Health Policy Research Group in engaging policy makers to support evidence informed policy making in Nigeria. Glob Health. 2016;12:67.
Article Google Scholar
Fixsen DL, Naoom SF, Blase KA, Friedman RM, Wallace F. Implementation Research: A Synthesis of the Literature, FMHI Publication. Tampa: Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, National Implementation Research Network, University of South Florida; 2005. p. 231.
Google Scholar
Greenhalgh T, Robert G, MacFarlane F, Bate P, Kyriakidou O. Diffusion of innovation in service organisations: systematic review and recommendations. Milbank Q. 2004;82:581–629.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rycroft-Malone J, Kitson A, Harvey G, McCormack B, Seers K, Titchen A. Ingredients for change: revisiting a conceptual framework. Qual Saf Health Care. 2002;11:174–80.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Van de Ven AH, Johnson PE. Knowledge for theory and practice. Acad Manag Rev. 2006;31:802–21.
Article Google Scholar
Golden-Biddle K, Reay T, Petz S. Toward a communicative perspective of collaborating in research: the case of the researcher-decision-maker partnership. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2003;8(Suppl 2):20–5.

Article PubMed Google Scholar
Straus SE, Tetroe JM, Graham ID. Knowledge translation is the use of knowledge in health care decision making. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:6–10.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Mitton C, Adair CE, McKenzie E, Patten SB, Perry BW. Knowledge transfer and exchange: review and synthesis of the literature. Milbank Q. 2007;85:729–68.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Thompson GN, Estabrooks CA, Degner LF. Clarifying the concepts in knowledge transfer: a literature review. J Adv Nurs. 2006;53:691–701.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Oborn E. Facilitating implementation of the translational research pipeline in neurological rehabilitation. Curr Opin Neurol. 2012;25:676–81.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Bowen S, Graham ID. Integrated knowledge translation. In: Straus SE, Tetroe J, Graham ID, editors. Knowledge Translation in Health Care: Moving from Evidence to Practice, 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley; 2013. p. 14–23.
Straus SE, Tetroe J, Graham ID. Knowledge translation in healthcare: moving from evidence to practice. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley; 2013.
Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Knowledge to Action: A Knowledge Translation Casebook. 2008. http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/documents/kt_casebook_e.pdf. Accessed 1 Sep 2015.
Google Scholar
Mitchell P, Pirkis J, Hall J, Haas M. Partnerships for knowledge exchange in health services research, policy and practice. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2009;14:104–11.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Boaz A, Fitzpatrick S, Shaw B. Assessing the impact of research on policy: a literature review. Sci Public Policy. 2009;36:255–70.
Article Google Scholar
Rycroft-Malone J, Wilkinson JE, Burton CR, Andrews G, Ariss S, Baker R, Dopson S, Graham I, Harvey G, Martin G, McCormack BG, Staniszewska S, Thompson C. Implementing health research through academic and clinical partnerships: a realistic evaluation of the Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC). Implement Sci. 2011;6:74. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-6-74.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
DeVoe JE, Likumahuwa S, Eiff MP, Nelson CA, Carroll JE, Hill CN, Gold R, Kullberg PA. Lessons learned and challenges ahead: report from the OCHIN Safety Net West practice-based research network (PBRN). J Am Board Fam Med. 2012;25:560–4.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Nagykaldi Z, Mold JW, Robinson A, Niebauer L, Ford A. Practice facilitators and practice-based research networks. J Am Board Fam Med. 2006;19:506–10.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Gold M, Taylor EF. Moving research into practice: lessons from the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's IDSRN program. Implement Sci. 2007;2:1–9.
Article Google Scholar
Smits PA, Denis JL. How research funding agencies support science integration into policy and practice: an international overview. Implement Sci. 2014;9:1.
Article Google Scholar
Lomas J. Using ‘linkage and exchange’ to move research into policy at a Canadian foundation. Health Aff. 2000;19:236–40.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Israel BA, Schulz AJ, Parker EA, Becker AB. Community-based participatory research: policy recommendations for promoting a partnership approach in health research. Educ Health. 2001;14:182–97.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Wallerstein N, Duran B. Community-based participatory research contributions to intervention research: the intersection of science and practice to improve health equity. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(Suppl. 1):40–6.
Article Google Scholar
Ross SE, Lavis JN, Rodriguez C, Woodside JM, Denis JL. Partnership experiences: involving decision-makers in the research process. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2003;8(Suppl 2):26–34.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Strehlenert H, Richter-Sundberg L, Nyström ME, Hasson H. Evidence-informed policy formulation and implementation: Comparative case study of two national policies for improving health and social care in Sweden. Implement Sci. 2015;10:169. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-015-0359-1.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Rycroft-Malone J, Burton CR, Wilkinson J, Harvey G, McCormack B, Baker R, Dopson S, Graham ID, Staniszewska S, Thompson C, Ariss S, Melville-Richards L, Williams L. Collective action for implementation: a realist evaluation of organisational collaboration in healthcare. Implement Sci. 2016;11:17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-016-0380-z.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cordero C, Delino R, Jeyaseelan L, Lansang MA, Lozano JM, Kumar S, Moreno S, Pietersen M, Quirino J, Thamlikitkul V, Welch VA, Tetroe J, ter Kuile A, Graham ID, Grimshaw J, Neufeld V, Wells G, Tugwell P. Funding agencies in low-and middle-income countries: support for knowledge translation. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86(7):524–34.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bowen S, Botting I, Graham ID, Huebner LA. Beyond “two cultures”: Guidance for establishing effective researcher/health system partnerships. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2017;6(1):27.
Article Google Scholar
Huberman M. Research utilization: the state of the art. Knowledge Policy. 1994;7:22–42.
Google Scholar
Lomas J. The in-between world of knowledge brokering. Br Med J. 2007;334:129–32.
Article Google Scholar
Knight C, Lyall C. Knowledge brokers: the role of intermediaries in producing research impact. Evid Policy. 2013;9:309–16.
Article Google Scholar
Nyström ME, Hansson J, Garvare R, Andersson Bäck M. Locally based research and development units as knowledge brokers and change facilitators in health and social care of older people in Sweden. Evid Policy. 2015;11:57–80.
Article Google Scholar
Michaels S. Matching knowledge brokering strategies to environmental policy problems and settings. Environ Sci Pol. 2009;12:994–1011.
Article Google Scholar
Martin S. Co-production of social research: strategies for engaged scholarship. Public Money Manag. 2010;30:211–8.
Article Google Scholar
King G, Currie M, Smith L, Servais M, McDougall J. A framework of operating models for interdisciplinary research programs in clinical service organisations. Eval Prog Plann. 2008;31:160–73.
Article Google Scholar
Øvretveit J, Hempel S, Magnabosco J, Mittman B, Rubenstein L, Ganz D. Guidance for Research-Practice Partnerships (R-PPs) and Collaborative Research. J Health Organ Manag. 2014;28:115–26.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Svensson L, Ellström PE, Brulin G. Introduction on interactive research. Int J Action Res. 2007;3:233–49.
Google Scholar
Nyström ME, Höög E, Garvare R, Weinehall L, Ivarsson A. Change and learning strategies in large scale change programs: describing the variation of strategies used in a health promotion program. J Organ Chang Manag. 2013;26:1020–44.

Article Google Scholar
Sibbald SL, Tetroe J, Graham ID. Research funder required partnerships: a qualitative inquiry. Implement Sci. 2014;9:176. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-014-0176-y.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Elden M, Chisholm RF. Emerging varieties of action research: introduction to the special issue. Hum Relat. 1993;46:121–42.
Article Google Scholar
Aagaard Nielsen K, Svensson L. Action and Interactive Research. Maastricht: Shaker Publishing BV; 2006.
Google Scholar
Westlander G. Researcher roles in action research. In: Aagaard Nielsen K, Svensson L, editors. Action and Interactive Research. Maastricht: Shaker Publishing BV; 2006.
Google Scholar
vom Brocke J, Lippe S. Managing collaborative research projects: A synthesis of project management literature and directives for future research. Int J Proj Manag. 2015;33:1022–39.
Article Google Scholar
Hsieh HF, Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res. 2005;15:1277–88.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Creswell J, Tashakkori A. Differing perspectives on mixed methods research. J Mixed Method Res. 2007;1:303–8.
Article Google Scholar
Richter-Sundberg L, Nyström ME, Krakau I, Sandahl C. Improving treatment of depression in primary health care: A case study of obstacles to perform a clinical trial designed to implement practice guidelines. Prim Health Care Res. 2014;16:188–200. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1463423614000243.
Article Google Scholar
Estabrooks CA. Research utilization and qualitative research. In: Morse J, Swanson J, Kuzel A, editors. The Nature of Qualitative Evidence. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2001. p. 275–98.
Google Scholar
Loomis M. Knowledge utilization and research utilization in nursing. J Nurs Scholarsh. 1985;17:35–9.
Article CAS Google Scholar
Scott-Findlay S, Golden-Biddle K. Understanding how organisational culture shapes research use. J Nurs Admin. 2005;35:359–65.
Article Google Scholar
Pawson R, Greenhalg J, Brennan C, Glidewell E. Do reviews of healthcare interventions teach us how to improve healthcare systems? Soc Sci Med. 2014;114:129–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.05.032.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Willis CD, Best A, Riley B, Herbert CP, Millar J, Howland D. Systems thinking for transformational change in health. Evid Policy. 2014;10:113–26.
Article Google Scholar
Hofmeyer A, Scott C, Lagendyk L. Researcher-decision-maker partnerships in health services research: Practical challenges, guiding principles. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12:280. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-12-280.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gibbons M, Limoges C, Nowotny H, Schwartzman S, Scott P. The New Production of Knowledge. London: Sage; 1994.
Google Scholar
Estabrooks CA, Norton P, Birdsell JM, Newton MS, Adewale AJ, Thornley R. Knowledge translation and research careers: Mode I and Mode II activity among health researchers. Res Policy. 2008;37:1066–78.
Article Google Scholar
Brewer GD. The challenges of interdisciplinarity. Policy Sci. 1999;32:327–37.
Article Google Scholar
Bromme R. Beyond one’s own perspective: the psychology of cognitive interdisciplinarity. In: Weingart P, Stehr N, editors. Practising Interdisciplinarity. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 2000. p. 115–33.
Google Scholar
Giacomini M. Interdisciplinarity in health services research: dreams and nightmares, maladies and remedies. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2004;9:177–83.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Meyer M. The rise of the knowledge broker. Sci Commun. 2010;32:118–27.
Article Google Scholar
Van Rijnsoever FJ, Hessels LK, Vandeberg RLJ. A resource-based view on the interactions of university researchers. Res Policy. 2008;37:1255–66.
Article Google Scholar
Van Rijnsoever FJ, Hessels LK. Factors associated with disciplinary and interdisciplinary research collaboration. Res Policy. 2011;40:463–72.
Article Google Scholar
Rhoten D, Pfirman S. Women in interdisciplinary science: exploring preferences and consequences. Res Policy. 2007;36:56–75.
Article Google Scholar
Gorard S. Current contexts for research in educational leadership and management. Educ Manag Adm Lead. 2005;33:155–64.
Article Google Scholar
Symonds JE, Gorard S. Death of mixed methods? Or the rebirth of research as a craft. Eval Res Educ. 2010;23:121–36.
Article Google Scholar

Page 2

	Project	Levels where research was performed	Levels where support was established	Summary of levels
	2008–2011
1	ACTION – partnership for increased care and quality	Homebased health and social care Meetings with patients and next-of-kin National networks for IT support	Municipality officers Municipality collaboration	Reg., Org, Unit, Care recipient
2	Bridging the gaps	Micro system (i.e. patient-care provider interaction), Clinical Dep., Diagnosis cohorts, Patient - web support	Micro system, Clinical Dep., Region, National level IT (quality reg.), Municipality IT network (quality reg.)	Nat., Reg., Org, Unit, Care recipient
3	Chronical health	Diagnosis cohort Specialist (MD) cohort	Multiple clinical dep. (several regions) National level IT (quality reg.)	Nat., Unit, Care recipient
4	Innovation systems for better health	Clinical Dep. Hospital or organisation, Region	Clinical Dep. Hospital or organisation, Region	Reg., Org., Unit
5	Sustainability in innovation and organisation learning in healthcare	Patient cohort, Clinical Dep. Hospital or organisation, Region, County	Hospital or organisation Region County	Reg., Org., Unit
6	NDR – Better use of the national diabetes registry (a national quality registry)	Diagnosis cohort, Specialist (Medical Doctor) cohort, Clinical Dep. Hospital or organisation, National level IT	National level information technology (quality reg.)	Nat., Org, Unit
7	Knowledge, management and value creation in geriatric care	Clinical Dep. County	Clinical Dep. County County top management	Reg., Org
8	Increased participation/access to society for people with psychiatric conditions	Meetings with patients and next-of-kin, Diagnosis cohort, Region, National	Municipality Region, National, Non-governmental organisation	Reg., Unit, Care recipient
9	QIHREA - Quality improvement in healthcare, a research and education agenda	Patient, Clinical Dep., Hospital, Region, Region based management network	Micro system Clinical Dep. Hospital, Region	Internat., Nat., Reg., Org.
	2009–2013
10	Bridging the gaps 2 – Patients as active co-creators in care processes	Micro system National level IT (quality reg.)	Micro system National level IT (quality reg.) Region-based management network	Reg., Org, Unit, Care recipient
11	Care chain – From emergency care to home	Meetings with patients and next-of-kin, Clinical Dep., Hospital management, Municipality management	Clinical Dep. Hospital (management) Municipality (management), Region	Reg., Unit
12	Learning on patient safety	Clinical Dep.	Clinical Dep.	Nat., Reg., Unit
13	FLIP – Atrial fibrillation in primary care	Diagnosis cohort Specialist (MD) cohort	–	Reg., Unit,
14	Nat. guidelines for health promotion – from evidence to clinical practice	Clinical Dep. Professional cohorts in care County, National, Government body	Clinical Dep., Professional cohorts in care, County, National Government body	Nat., Reg., Unit
15	Lean and agile	Hospital County	National research cohort	Org., Unit
16	INTEGRAL	Hospital management	Hospital management University management	Reg., Unit
17	P-Inn – The patient’s innovation system	Patient cohorts National level IT (quality reg.)	National level IT (quality reg.)	Nat., Unit, Care recipient
18	Patient choice system in primary care	Regional	Regional National	Nat., Reg.
19	InOut	Clinical Dep., Hospital National, International	Clinical Dep., Hospital, National level IT, National patient organisation, European Stroke Organisation	Internat., Nat., Reg., Unit,
20	FELLOW – Fellowship program	Clinical Dep.	Clinical Dep. University management	Reg., Unit

dep. Department, Internat. international organisation, Nat. national organisation, Reg. regional organisation, Org. local organisation, Unit clinical department or other organisational unit, Care recipient individual patient (incl. next-of-kin)