Ignore? The four operations (data input, data storage, data processing, and information output) performed on data to generate meaningful and relevant information Used to capture transaction data at its source and when the transaction takes place (Time cards) Records of company data sent to an external party and then returned to the system as input (Utility bill) The collection of transaction data in machine-readable form at the time and place of origin (POS terminals and ATMs) A ledger that contains summary-level data for every asset, liability, equity, revenue, and expense account of the organization A ledger used to record detailed data for a general ledger account with many individual sub accounts such as AR, AP, and inventory A title given to a general ledger account that summarizes the total amounts recorded in a subsidiary ledger The systematic assignment of numbers or letters to items to classify and organize them Items are numbered consecutively so that gaps indicate missing items that should be investigated Blocks of numbers that are reserved for specific categories of data, thereby helping to organize the data Two or more subgroups of digits that are used to code an item (Often used in conjunction with a block code) Letters and numbers that are interspersed to identify an item (Is derived from the description of the item and is usually easy to memorize) A listing of all the numbers assigned to balance sheet and income statement accounts. The account numbers allow transaction data to be coded, classified, and entered into the proper accounts. They also facilitate financial statement and report preparation. A journal used to record infrequent or non routine transactions, such as loan payments and end-of-period adjusting and closing entries A journal used to record a large number of repetitive transactions such as credit sales, cash receipts, purchases, and cash disbursements A path that allows a transaction to be traced through a data processing system from the point of origin to output or backwards from output to point of origin. It is used to check… A person, place, thing, concept, or event for which data can be stored. Component of an Entity Relationship Diagram. A collection of fields that appear as a row in a database or table. The actual value stored in a field. It describes a particular attribute of an entity. (Ex. the customer name field would contain "ZYX Company" if that company was a customer.) A collection of related data stored on a lasting A permanent file of records that stores cumulative data about an organization. As transactions take place, individual records within a master file are updated to keep them current. A file that contains the individual business transactions that occur during a specific fiscal period. A transaction file is conceptually similar to a journal in a manual AIS. A collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of that data. Accumulating transaction records into groups or batches for processing at a regular interval such as daily or weekly. The records are usually sorted into some sequence (such as numerically or alphabetically) before processing. ONLINE, REAL-TIME PROCESSING The computer system processes data immediately after capture and provides updated information to users on a timely basis. A record of a transaction or other company data. (Ex. checks, invoices, receiving reports, and purchase requisitions.) allows users to design a report on the screen, retrieve data into the report design, and then display or print the report a method of viewing, changing, combining, or analyzing data. ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP) SYSTEM A system that integrates all aspects of an organization's activities- such as accounting, finance, marketing, human resources, manufacturing, inventory management- in one system. An ERP system is modularized; companies can purchase the individual modules … Introduction Data procesing refers to the transformating raw data into meaningful output. Data can be done manually using a pen and paper, mechanically using simple devices eg typewritter or electronically using modern dat processing toolseg computers Data collection involves getting the data/facts needed for processing from the point of its origin to the computer Data Input- the collected data is converted into machine-readable form by an input device, and send into the machine. Processing is the transformation of the input data to a more meaningful form (information) in the CPU Output is the production of the required information, which may be input in future.  The difference between data collection and data capture. Data capture is the process of obtaining data in a computer-sensible form for at the point of origin (the source document itself is prepared in a machine-sensible form for input) Data collection involves getting the original data to the ‘processing centre’, transcribing it, converting it from one medium to another, and finally getting it into the computer. Relevance of the term garbage in garbage out (GIGO) in reference to errors in data processing. The accuracy of the data entered in the computer directly determines the accuracy of the information given out. Give and explain two transcription and two computational errors committed during data processing. Misreading errors: -they occur when the user reads source document incorrectly, thus entering wrong values, e.g. a user may confuse 5 in the number 586 with S, and type S86 instead. Transposition errors: - they result from incorrect arrangement of characters (i.e., putting characters in the wrong order especially when keying data onto a diskette), e.g. the user may enter 396 instead of 369 computational errors Overflow errors: -An overflow occurs if the result from a calculation is too large to fit in the allocated memory space, e.g., if the allocated memory space is able to store an 8-bit character, then an overflow will occur if the result of the calculation gives a 9-bit number.
Data integrity. Data integrity refers to the dependability, timeliness, availability, relevance, accuracy & completeness of data/information Threats to data integrity Data integrity may be compromised through:
Ways of minimizing threats to data integrity.
Data processing methods 1. Manual Data Processing In manual data processing, data is processed manually without using any machine or tool to get required results. In manual data processing, all the calculations and logical operations are performed manually on the data. Similarly, data is transferred manually from one place to another. This method of data processing is very slow and errors may occur in the output. Mostly, is processed manually in many small business firms as well as government offices & institutions. In an educational institute, for example, marks sheets, fee receipts, and other financial calculations (or transactions) are performed by hand. This method is avoided as far as possible because of the very high probability of error, labor intensive and very time consuming. This type of data processing forms the very primitive stage when technology was not available or it was not affordable. With the advancement in technology the dependency on manual methods has drastically decreased. 2. Mechanical Data Processing In mechanical data processing method, data is processed by using different devices like typewriters, mechanical printers or other mechanical devices. This method of data processing is faster and more accurate than manual data processing. These are faster than the manual mode but still forms the early stages of data processing. With invention and evolution of more complex machines with better computing power this type of processing also started fading away. Examination boards and printing press use mechanical data processing devices frequently. 3. Electronic Data Processing Electronic data processing or EDP is the modern technique to process data. The data is processed through computer; Data and set of instructions are given to the computer as input and the computer automatically processes the data according to the given set of instructions. The computer is also known as electronic data processing machine. This method of processing data is very fast and accurate. For example, in a computerized education environment results of students are prepared through computer; in banks, accounts of customers are maintained (or processed) through computers etc. a. Batch Processing Batch Processing is a method where the information to be organized is sorted into groups to allow for efficient and sequential processing. Online Processing is a method that utilizes Internet connections and equipment directly attached to a computer. It is used mainly for information recording and research. Real-Time Processing is a technique that has the ability to respond almost immediately to various signals in order to acquire and process information. Distributed Processing is commonly utilized by remote workstations connected to one big central workstation or server. ATMs are good examples of this data processing method. b. Online Processing This is a method that utilizes Internet connections and equipment directly attached to a computer. This allows for the data stored in one place and being used at altogether different place. Cloud computing can be considered as a example which uses this type of processing. It is used mainly for information recording and research. c. Real-Time Processing This technique has the ability to respond almost immediately to various signals in order to acquire and process information. These involve high maintainance andupfront cost attributed to very advanced technology and computing power. Time saved is maximum in this case as the output is seen in real time. For example in banking transactions
Example of real time processing
Disadvantages
d. Distributed Processing This method is commonly utilized by remote workstations connected to one big central workstation or server. ATMs are good examples of this data processing method. All the end machines run on a fixed software located at a particular place and makes use of exactly same information and sets of instruction. The Differentiate between CPU bound jobs and I/O bound jobs.CPU bound jobs require more of the CPU time to process these jobs. Most of the work the I/O devices perform is on the Input; and Output; hence, they require very little CPU time. Most companies are now shifting from the use of geographically distributed personal computers. This method of data processing is known as Distributed Data Processing (DDP) Three computing resources that can be distributed. -CPU (Processors) time -Files -Application software -Data/information/messages -Computer processing power -Memory (computer storage) - Input/Output devices, e.g. printers -communication devices/communication port Examples of industries and business organizations that extensively use distributed processing systems.
Benefits and three risks that might be associated with the distributed data Processing system. The load on the host computer is greatly reduced
Risks
The concept of multi-programming A Multi-programming system allows the user to run 2 or more programs, all of which are in the computer’s main memory, at the same time. Benefits that are derived from multi-programming
Advantages of storing data in computer files over the manual filing system
The difference between logical and physical computer files. A logical file is viewed in terms of what data items it contains and what processing operations may be performed on the data A physical file is viewed in terms of how the data items found in a file are arranged on the storage media and how they can be processed. Arrange the following components of the information system data hierarchy in ascending order of complexity: Field, Database, Byte, Record, Bit, and file Bit Byte Field Record File Database TYPES OF COMPUTER FILES i) Report file- It contains a set of relatively permanent records extracted from the data in a master file. They are used to prepare reports, which can ve printed at a later date, e.g. report on student’s class performance in the term, extract of students who have not cleared their school fees, report on absentees iii) Reference file - Used for reference purposes. It contains records that are fairly permanent or semi-permanent, e.g. Deductions in caution money, wage rates, tax deductions, employees address, price lists etc. iv) Sort file – used to sort/rank data according to a given order, e.g. ranking position in a class of students.v) Transaction file - Is used to hold input data during transaction processing. It is later used to update master files and audits daily, weekly or monthly transaction. FILE ORGANISATION METHODS What is file organization?
Methods of file organization i) Sequential and serial In sequential file organization, records are stored in a sorted order using a key field, while in serial; the records are stored in the order they come into the file, and are not sorted in any way. ii) Random and indexed-sequential In random file organization, records are stored in the file randomly and accessed directly, while in indexed –sequential, the records are stored sequentially but accessed directly using an index. iii) serial file organization Records are in a file are stored and accessed one after another on a storage medium iv) Indexed sequencial file organization method Similar to sequential method, only that an index is used to enable the computer to locate individual records on the storage media. ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING MODES This is the ways in which a computer under the influence of an operating system is designed to process data eg a) Batch processing is the execution of a series of jobs in a program on a computer without manual intervention (non-interactive). Strictly speaking, it is a processing mode: the execution of a series of programs each on a set or "batch" of inputs, rather than a single input (which would instead be a custom job). However, this distinction has largely been lost, and the series of steps in a batch process are often called a "job" or "batch job". Batch processing has these benefits:=
Disadvantages - Users are unable to terminate a process during execution, and have to wait until execution completes. b) |
Is a processing method in which the IT system processes data immediately after it is captured and provide information to the uses on a timely basis?
Pos Terkait
Copyright © 2024 ketiadaan Inc.
