McDonald KM, Sundaram V, Bravata DM, Lewis R, Lin N, Kraft S, et al. Closing the quality gap: a critical analysis of quality improvement strategies. Rockville,MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2007.
PAHO. Renewing primary health care in the Americas. Concepts, policy options and a road map for implementation in the Americas. Washington DC: 2010.
Vázquez ML, Vargas I, Garcia-Subirats I, Unger JP, De Paepe P, Mogollón-Pérez AS, et al. Doctors' experience of coordination across care levels and associated factors. A cross-sectional study in public healthcare networks of six Latin American countries. Soc Sci Med. 2017;182:10–9.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Miranda-Mendizabal A, Vargas I, Mogollon-Perez AS, Eguiguren P, de Ferreira Medeiros Mendes M, Lopez J, et al. Knowledge and use of clinical coordination mechanisms in healthcare networks in Latin America. Gac Sanit. 2020;34(4):340–9.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Soh KL, Davidson PM, Leslie G, Bin Abdul Rahman A. Action research studies in the intensive care setting: a systematic review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2011;48(2):258–68.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Green LW, University of British Columbia. Institute of Health Promotion Research, Royal Society of Canada, research BCCfHP. Study of participatory research in health promotion : review and recommendations for the development of participatory research in health promotion in Canada. Ottawa: Royal Society of Canada; 1995.
Google Scholar
Cornwall A, Jewkes R. What is participatory research? Soc Sci Med. 1995;41(12):1667–76.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Grol R. Personal paper. Beliefs and evidence in changing clinical practice. BMJ. 1997;315(7105):418–21.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hampshire AJ. What is action research and can it promote change in primary care? J Eval Clin Pract. 2000;6(4):337–43.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rogers EM. Diffusion of innovations: Simon and Schuster; 2010.
Greenhalgh T, Robert G, Macfarlane F, Bate P, Kyriakidou O. Diffusion of innovations in service organizations: systematic review and recommendations. Milbank Q. 2004;82(4):581–629.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gustafson DH, Sainfort F, Eichler M, Adams L, Bisognano M, Steudel H. Developing and testing a model to predict outcomes of organizational change. Health Serv Res. 2003;38(2):751–76.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Durlak JA, DuPre EP. Implementation matters: a review of research on the influence of implementation on program outcomes and the factors affecting implementation. Am J Community Psychol. 2008;41(3–4):327–50.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Waterman H, Tillen D, Dickson R, De Koning K. Action research: a systematic review and guidance for assessment. Health Technol Assess. 2001;5(23):43–50.
Article Google Scholar
Blevins D, Farmer MS, Edlund C, Sullivan G, Kirchner JE. Collaborative research between clinicians and researchers: a multiple case study of implementation. Implement Sci. 2010;5(1):76.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Loewenson R, Laurell AC, Hogstedt C, D'Ambruoso L, Shroff Z. Participatory action research in health systems: a methods reader: TARSC, AHPSR, WHO, IDRC Canada, Equinet; 2014. 125p p.
Bush PL, Pluye P, Loignon C, Granikov V, Wright MT, Pelletier JF, et al. Organizational participatory research: a systematic mixed studies review exposing its extra benefits and the key factors associated with them. Implement Sci. 2017;12(1):119.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Munn-Giddings C, McVicar A, Smith L. [Systematic review of the uptake and design of action research in published nursing research. Rech. Soins Infirm. 2000-2005;2010(100):124–33.
Google Scholar
Tetui M, Coe AB, Hurtig AK, Bennett S, Kiwanuka SN, George A, et al. A participatory action research approach to strengthening health managers' capacity at district level in eastern Uganda. Health Res Policy Syst. 2017;15(Suppl 2):110.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Vazquez ML, Vargas I, Unger JP, De Paepe P, Mogollon-Perez AS, Samico I, et al. Evaluating the effectiveness of care integration strategies in different healthcare systems in Latin America: the EQUITY-LA II quasi-experimental study protocol. BMJ Open. 2015;5(7):e007037.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Longest BB, Young G. Coordination and communication. In: Shortell SM, A. K, editors. Health care management. 4th ed. New York: Delmar; 2000. p. 210–243.
Aller MB, Vargas I, Coderch J, Calero S, Cots F, Abizanda M, et al. Development and testing of indicators to measure coordination of clinical information and management across levels of care. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15:323.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Vargas I, Mogollon-Perez AS, De Paepe P, da Silva MR, Unger JP, Vazquez ML. Do existing mechanisms contribute to improvements in care coordination across levels of care in health services networks? Opinions of the health personnel in Columbia and Brazil. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15:213.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mintzberg H. "The structuring of organizations." Readings in strategic management. London: Palgrave; 1989. p. 322–52.
Lawrence PR, Lorsch JW. Organization and environment. Boston: Harvard Business Press; 1986.
Google Scholar
McGinn CA, Grenier S, Duplantie J, Shaw N, Sicotte C, Mathieu L, et al. Comparison of user groups' perspectives of barriers and facilitators to implementing electronic health records: a systematic review. BMC Med. 2011;9:46.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Vargas I, Garcia-Subirats I, Mogollón-Pérez A-S, de Ferreira Medeiros Mendes M, Eguiguren P, Cisneros A-I, et al. Understanding communication breakdown in the outpatient referral process in Latin America: a cross-sectional study on the use of clinical correspondence in public healthcare networks of six countries. Health Policy Plan. 2018;33(4):494–504.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Fussell SR, Krauss RM. Coordination of knowledge in communication: effects of speakers' assumptions about what others know. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1992;62(3):378–91.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gittell JH. New directions for relational coordination theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2011.
Google Scholar
Eyre L, Farrelly M, Marshall M. What can a participatory approach to evaluation contribute to the field of integrated care? BMJ Qual Saf. 2017;26(7):588–94.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Miranda-Mendizábal A, Vargas I, Mogollón-Pérez AS, Eguiguren P, López J, Bertolotto F, et al. Efectividad de las intervenciones participativas para mejorar la coordinación clínica en latinoamérica. Gaceta Sanitaria. 2019;33(SC).
Espinel-Flores V, Vargas I, Mogollón-Pérez AS, Eguiguren P, Samico I, López J, et al. Effectiveness of interventions related to continuity of health care in 5 Latin America countries. Gaceta Sanitaria. 2019;33(SC).
Vargas I, Eguiguren P, Mogollón-Pérez AS, Bertolotto F, Samico I, López J, et al. Understanding the factors influencing the implementation of participatory interventions to improve care coordination. An analytical framework based on an evaluation in Latin America. Health Policy and Planning 2020: czaa066. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa066.
Londoño JL, Frenk J. Structured pluralism: towards and innovative model for health system reform in Latin America. Health Policy. 1997;41:1–36.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Atun R, de Andrade LO, Almeida G, Cotlear D, Dmytraczenko T, Frenz P, et al. Health-system reform and universal health coverage in Latin America. Lancet. 2015;385(9974):1230–47.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Giovanella L, de Almeida PF, Romero RV, Oliveira S, Silva HT. Overview of primary health Care in South America: conceptions, components and challenges. Saude debate. 2015;39(105):301–22.
Google Scholar
Ollé-Espluga L, Vargas I, Mogollón-Pérez A, Freitas RP, Eguiguren P, Cisneros AI, et al. Care continuity across levels of care perceived by patients with chronic conditions in six Latin-American countries. Gac Sanit. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.02.013.
Vargas I, Eguiguren P, Mogollón A, López J, Samico I, Bertolotto F, et al. [Participatory design of interventions to improve clinical coordination in Latin America]. Gaceta Sanitaria. 2019;33(SC).
Miles MB, Huberman AM. Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks (California): SAGE Publications, Inc; 1994.
Google Scholar
Patton Q. Qualitative evaluation and research methods. London (United Kingdom): SAGE Publications Inc; 1990.
Google Scholar
De Andrés-Pizarro J. El análisis de estudios cualitativo. Atención Primaria. 2000;25(1):42–6.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Vazquez ML, Vargas I, Garcia-Subirats I, Unger JP, de Paepe P, Mogollón-Pérez AS, et al. Doctors’ experience of coordination across care levels and associated factors. A cross-sectional study in public healthcare networks of six Latin American countries. Soc Sci Med. 2017.
Powel Davies G, Willians AM, Larsen K, Perkins D, Roland M, Harris MF. Coordinating primary health care: an analysis of the outcomes of a systematic review. MJA. 2008;188(Suppl 8):S65–S8.
Google Scholar
Gilson L. Introduction to health policy and systems research. In: L G, editor. Health policy and systems research: A methodoly reader. Geneva: WHO document production services 2012. p. 472.
Lemieux-Charles L, McGuire WL. What do we know about health care team effectiveness? A review of the literature. Med Care Res Rev. 2006;63(3):263–300.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Forsetlund L, Bjørndal A, Rashidian A, Jamtvedt G, O'Brien M, Wolf FM, et al. Continuing education meetings and workshops: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;1.
Breimaier HE, Halfens RJ, Lohrmann C. Effectiveness of multifaceted and tailored strategies to implement a fall-prevention guideline into acute care nursing practice: a before-and-after, mixed-method study using a participatory action research approach. BMC Nurs. 2015;14(1):18.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Alvarez LSSJ, Swartzman D. The colombian health insurance system and its effect on access to health care. Int J Health Serv. 2011;41(2):355–70.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Ministerio de Salud de Chile. 2nd quarterly report on opportunity guarantees regarding delays in GES and non-GES waiting list. Santiago de Chile: Division of Management of the Healthcare Network; 2019. p. 50.
Google Scholar
Morales E, Ayala MI, Morales F, Astorga M, Castro G. Epidemiology of maternal death in Mexico and the achievement of goal 5 of the millennium development goals, towards the sustainable development goals. Rev Especial Méd Quirúrgicas. 2018;23:61–86.
Google Scholar
Viswanathan M, Ammerman A, Eng E, Garlehner G, Lohr KN, Griffith D, et al. Community-based participatory research: assessing the evidence. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ). 2004;(99):1–8.
Schulpen GJC, Vierhout WPM, van der Heijde DM, Landewé RB, Winkens RAG, van der Linden S. Joint consultation of general practitioner and rheumatologist: does it matter? Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62(2):159–61.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mitchell G, Zhang J, Burridge L, Senior H, Miller E, Young S, et al. Case conferences between general practitioners and specialist teams to plan end of life care of people with end stage heart failure and lung disease: an exploratory pilot study. BMC Palliat Care. 2014;13:24.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Vlek JF, Vierhout WP, Knottnerus JA, Schmitz JJ, Winter J, Wesselingh-Megens AM, et al. A randomised controlled trial of joint consultations with general practitioners and cardiologists in primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 2003;53(487):108–12.
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Galbraith J. Designing complex organization: Addison-Wesley; 1973.
Berendsen AJ, Benneker WHGM, Meyboom-de Jong B, Klazinga NS, Schuling J. Motives and preferences of general practitioners for new collaboration models with medical specialists: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2007;7(1):4.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Andrews S, Lea E, Haines T, Nitz J, Haralambous B, Moore K, et al. Reducing staff isolation and developing evidence-informed practice in the aged care environment through an action research approach to falls prevention. Adv Nurs Sci. 2012;35(1):3–13.
Article Google Scholar
Epstein RM. Communication between primary care physicians and consultants. Arch Fam Med. 1995;4(5):403–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Jagosh J, Macaulay AC, Pluye P, Salsberg J, Bush PL, Henderson J, et al. Uncovering the benefits of participatory research: implications of a realist review for Health Research and practice. Milbank Q. 2012;90(2):311–46.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kiessling A. Participatory learning: a Swedish perspective. Heart. 2004;90(1):113–6.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Moffatt J, Hossain D, Hansford G. Physician in practice clinic: educating GPs in endocrinology through specialist-outreach. Rural Remote Health. 2012;12(4):2265.
PubMed Google Scholar
Ruano AJ, FJ V. Social and working conditions of general practitioners in Pasto (Colombia): a descriptive and explanatory approach Semestre Económico. 2015;18(37):71–102.
Israel BA, Schulz AJ, Parker EA, Becker AB. Review of community-based research: assessing partnership approaches to improve public health. Annu Rev Public Health. 1998;19:173–202.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yapa HM, Bärnighausen T. Implementation science in resource-poor countries and communities. Implement Sci. 2018;13(1):154.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Page 2
Type of informant
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Mexico
Uruguay
FGN(n)
II(n)
Total
FGN(n)
II(n)
Total
FGN(n)
II(n)
Total
FGN(n)
II(n)
Total
FGN(n)
II(n)
Total
Local steering committee
10
10
1 (10)
–
10
–
3
3
1 (4)
–
4
3
3
Inter-level professional platform/working groups
–
–
3 (13)a,b,c
13
–
6a
6
1 (6)a,d
6
3 a,c
3
Middle managers/directors of network
–
1 (3)
5
8
1 (3) a,b,c
3
6
–
3
3
1
1
Health professionals (Level I/II/III)
1 (9)a
9
–
8 a,b,c
8
2 (24) a,b,c
24
–
1a
1
1 (3) a
8 a,b,c
11
Other professionals/ administrative personnel
–
–
2
2
1
1
–
2
2
Total
1 (9)
10
19
5 (26)
15
41
3 (27)
13
40
2 (10)
4
14
1 (3)
17
20
FG Focus group, II Individual interview, N number of FGs, n number of participants, Total total number of participants
adoctors; bnurses; cother health professionals. dFocus group made up of 4 LSC and 2 PP members