All drugs can be considered medicines. please select the best answer from the choices provided. t f

1. Gallagher PF, Barry PJ, Ryan C, Hartigan I, O’Mahony D. Inappropriate prescribing in an acutely ill population of elderly patients as determined by Beers’ Criteria. Age Ageing. 2008;37:96–101. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Fialova D, Topinkova E, Gambassi G, et al. Potentially inappropriate medication use among elderly home care patients in Europe. JAMA. 2005;293:1348–1358. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Thomsen LA, Winterstein AG, Sondergaard B, Haugbolle LS, Melander A. Systematic review of the incidence and characteristics of preventable adverse drug events in ambulatory care. Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41:1411–1426. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Schuler J, Duckelmann C, Beindl W, Prinz E, Michalski T, Pichler M. Polypharmacy and inappropriate prescribing in elderly internal-medicine patients in Austria. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2008;120:733–741. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Holt S, Schmiedl S, Thurmann PA. Potentially inappropriate medications in the elderly: the PRISCUS list. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010;107(31-32):543–551. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Davies EC, Green CF, Taylor S, Williamson PR, Mottram DR, Pirmohamed M. Adverse drug reactions in hospital in-patients: a prospective analysis of 3695 patient-episodes. PLoS One. 2009;4 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Hartmann B, Czock D, Keller F. Drug therapy in patients with chronic renal failure. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010;107(37):647–656. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Catella-Lawson F, Reilly MP, Kapoor SC, et al. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the antiplatelet effects of aspirin. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1809–1817. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Schalekamp T, Klungel OH, Souverein PC, de Boer A. Increased bleeding risk with concurrent use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and coumarins. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:180–185. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Fournier JP, Sommet A, Bourrel R, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and hypertension treatment intensification: a population-based cohort study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Lee DS, et al. Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:543–551. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Li L, Yu M, Chin R, Lucksiri A, Flockhart DA, Hall SD. Drug-drug interaction prediction: a Bayesian meta-analysis approach. Stat Med. 2007;26:3700–3721. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Abrahamsen B, Eiken P, Eastell R. Proton pump inhibitor use and the antifracture efficacy of alendronate. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171:998–1004. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Greiner B, Eichelbaum M, Fritz P, et al. The role of intestinal P-glycoprotein in the interaction of digoxin and rifampin. J Clin Invest. 1999;104:147–153. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Ruschitzka F, Meier PJ, Turina M, Luscher TF, Noll G. Acute heart transplant rejection due to Saint John’s wort. Lancet. 2000;355:548–549. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Bertz RJ, Granneman GR. Use of in vitro and in vivo data to estimate the likelihood of metabolic pharmacokinetic interactions. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1997;32:210–258. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Penning-van Beest FJ, Koerselman J, Herings RM. Risk of major bleeding during concomitant use of antibiotic drugs and coumarin anticoagulants. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6:284–290. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Kelly CM, Juurlink DN, Gomes T, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breast cancer mortality in women receiving tamoxifen: a population based cohort study. BMJ. 2010;340 c693. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Shakeri-Nejad K, Stahlmann R. Drug interactions during therapy with three major groups of antimicrobial agents. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2006;7:639–651. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Ho PM, Maddox TM, Wang L, et al. Risk of adverse outcomes associated with concomitant use of clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors following acute coronary syndrome. JAMA. 2009;301:937–944. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Mega JL, Close SL, Wiviott SD, et al. Cytochrome p-450 polymorphisms and response to clopidogrel. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:354–362. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Holmes MV, Perel P, Shah T, Hingorani AD, Casas JP. CYP2C19 genotype, clopidogrel metabolism, platelet function, and cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;306:2704–2714. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Dilger K, Zheng Z, Klotz U. Lack of drug interaction between omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole and theophylline. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;48:438–444. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Meyer UA. Metabolic interactions of the proton-pump inhibitors lansoprazole, omeprazole and pantoprazole with other drugs. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996;8(Suppl 1):21–25. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Cascorbi I. Arzneimittelinteraktionen: Grundsätze und intensivmedizinische Aspekte. Anästh Intensivmed. 2011;9:694–707. [Google Scholar]

e1. Lazarou J, Pomeranz BH, Corey PN. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA. 1998;279:1200–1205. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e2. Smith FA, Wittmann CW, Stern TA. Medical complications of psychiatric treatment. Crit Care Clin. 2008;24:635. 56, vii. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e3. Wester K, Jonsson AK, Spigset O, Druid H, Hagg S. Incidence of fatal adverse drug reactions: a population based study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;65:573–579. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e4. Bertsche T, Pfaff J, Schiller P, et al. Prevention of adverse drug reactions in intensive care patients by personal intervention based on an electronic clinical decision support system. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:665–672. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e5. Hudson M, Baron M, Rahme E, Pilote L. Ibuprofen may abrogate the benefits of aspirin when used for secondary prevention of myocardial infarction. J Rheumatol. 2005;32:1589–1593. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e6. Anzellotti P, Capone ML, Jeyam A, et al. Low-dose naproxen interferes with the antiplatelet effects of aspirin in healthy subjects: recommendations to minimize the functional consequences. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:850–859. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e7. Andrade C, Sandarsh S, Chethan KB, Nagesh KS. Serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and abnormal bleeding: a review for clinicians and a reconsideration of mechanisms. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71:1565–1575. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e8. Hauta-Aho M, Tirkkonen T, Vahlberg T, Laine K. The effect of drug interactions on bleeding risk associated with warfarin therapy in hospitalized patients. Ann Med. 2009;41:619–628. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e9. Pavlicevic I, Kuzmanic M, Rumboldt M, Rumboldt Z. Interaction between antihypertensives and NSAIDs in primary care: a controlled trial. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;15:e372–e382. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e10. Zanchetti A, Hansson L, Leonetti G, Rahn KH, Ruilope L, Warnold I, et al. Low-dose aspirin does not interfere with the blood pressure-lowering effects of antihypertensive therapy. J Hypertens. 2002;20:1015–1022. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e11. Edwards NC, Steeds RP, Chue CD, Stewart PM, Ferro CJ, Townend JN. The safety and tolerability of spironolactone in patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;73:447–454. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e12. Wei L, Struthers AD, Fahey T, Watson AD, MacDonald TM. Spironolactone use and renal toxicity: population based longitudinal analysis. BMJ. 2010;340 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e13. Geick A, Eichelbaum M, Burk O. Nuclear receptor response elements mediate induction of intestinal MDR1 by rifampin. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:14581–14587. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e14. Bachmakov I, Glaeser H, Fromm MF, Konig J. Interaction of oral antidiabetic drugs with hepatic uptake transporters: focus on organic anion transporting polypeptides and organic cation transporter 1. Diabetes. 2008;57:1463–1469. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e15. Liu YT, Hao HP, Liu CX, Wang GJ, Xie HG. Drugs as CYP3A probes, inducers, and inhibitors. Drug Metab Rev. 2007;39:699–721. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e16. Schelleman H, Bilker WB, Brensinger CM, Han X, Kimmel SE, Hennessy S. Warfarin with fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, or azole antifungals: interactions and the risk of hospitalization for gastrointestinal bleeding. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008;84:581–588. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e17. Greenblatt DJ, von Moltke LL, Harmatz JS, et al. Time course of recovery of cytochrome p450 3A function after single doses of grapefruit juice. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003;74:121–129. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e18. Lane RM. Pharmacokinetic drug interaction potential of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;11(Suppl 5):31–61. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e19. Ferslew KE, Hagardorn AN, Harlan GC, McCormick WF. A fatal drug interaction between clozapine and fluoxetine. J Forensic Sci. 1998;43:1082–1085. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e20. Simon T, Verstuyft C, Mary-Krause M, et al. Genetic determinants of response to clopidogrel and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:363–375. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e21. Rocha A, Coelho EB, Sampaio SA, Lanchote VL. Omeprazole preferentially inhibits the metabolism of (+)-(S)-citalopram in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;70:43–51. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e22. Steinijans VW, Huber R, Hartmann M, et al. Lack of pantoprazole drug interactions in man. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1994;32:385–399. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e23. Rost KL, Brosicke H, Brockmoller J, Scheffler M, Helge H, Roots I. Increase of cytochrome P450IA2 activity by omeprazole: evidence by the 13C-[N-3-methyl]-caffeine breath test in poor and extensive metabolizers of S-mephenytoin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1992;52:170–180. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

e24. Klein CE, Chiu YL, Cai Y, Beck K, King KR, Causemaker SJ, et al. Effects of acid-reducing agents on the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir and ritonavir-boosted atazanavir. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;48:553–562. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]


Page 2

Examples of typical additive and antagonistic pharmacodynamic interactions

Substance ISubstance IIPossible effect
Additive interactions
NSAIDsSSRI, phenprocoumonIncreased risk of bleeding
NSAIDsGlucocorticoidsIncreased risk of gastric bleeding
ACE inhibitorsSpironolactone, amilorideHyperkalemia
SSRIsTriptansSerotonin syndrome
Tricyclic antidepressantsLow-potency neurolepticsIncreased anticholinergic effects
QuinolonesMacrolides, citalopramQT-interval prolongation, torsade de pointes
Antagonistic interactions
Acetylsalicylic acidIbuprofenReduced effects
ACE inhibitorsNSAIDsReduced effects
LevodopaClassical neurolepticsReduced effects
PhenprocoumonVitamin KReduced effects