1. Espmark Y, Amundsen T, Rosenqvist G. Trondheim: Tapir Forlag; 2000. Animal signals: signaling and signal design in animal communication. p. 496 p. [Google Scholar]
2. erhardt HC, Huber F. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2002. Acoustic communication in insects and anurans. p. 542 p. [Google Scholar]
3. Greenfield MD. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002. Signalers and receivers: mechanisms and evolution of arthropod communication. p. 432 p. [Google Scholar]
4. Jenssen TA. Evolution of Anoline lizard display behavior. Am Zool. 1977;17:203–215. [Google Scholar]
5. Ord TJ, Blumstein DT. Size constraints and the evolution of display complexity: why do large lizards have simple displays? Biol J Linn Soc. 2002;76:145–161. [Google Scholar]
6. Ord TJ, Blumstein DT, Evans CS. Ecology and signal evolution in lizards. Biol J Linn Soc. 2002;77:127–148. [Google Scholar]
7. Dawkins MS. Are there general principles of signal design? Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond B. 1993;340:251–255. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
8. Endler JA. Some general comments on the evolution and design of animal communication systems. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond B. 1993;340:215–225. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
9. Martins EP, Labra A, Hallloy M, Thompson JR. Large-scale patterns of signal evolution: an interspecific study of Liolaemus lizard headbob displays. An Behav. 2004;68:453–463. [Google Scholar]
10. Bels VL. The mechanism of dewlap extension in Anolis carolinensis (Reptilia: Iguanidae) with histological analysis of the hyoid apparatus. J Morph. 1990;206:225–244. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
11. Font E, Rome LC. Functional morphology of dewlap extension in the lizard Anolis equestris (Iguanidae). J Morph. 1990;206:245–258. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12. Schwartz A, Henderson RW. Gainesville: University of Florida Press; 1991. Amphibians and reptiles of the West Indies: descriptions, distributions, and natural history. p. 736 p. [Google Scholar]
13. Williams EE, Rand AS. Species recognition, dewlap function and faunal size. Am Zool. 1977;17:261–270. [Google Scholar]
14. Leal M, Rodríguez-Robles JA. Anti-predator responses of the Puerto Rican giant anole, Anolis cuvieri (Sauria: Polychrotidae). Biotrop. 1997;29:372–375. [Google Scholar]
15. Fitch HS, Hillis DM. The Anolis dewlap: interspecific variability and morphological associations with habitat. Copeia. 1984;1984:315–323. [Google Scholar]
16. Losos JB, Chu L. Examination of factors potentially affecting dewlap size in Caribbean anoles. Copeia. 1998;1998:430–438. [Google Scholar]
17. Rand AS, Williams EE. An estimation of redundancy and information content of anole dewlaps. Am Nat. 1970;104:99–103. [Google Scholar]
18. Harmon LJ, Kolbe JJ, Cheverud JM, Losos JB. Convergence and the multidimensional niche. Evol. 2005;59:409–421. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19. Losos JB, Jackman TR, Larson A, de Queiroz K, Rodriguez-Schettino L. Contingency and determinism in replicated adaptive radiations of island lizards. Science. 1998;279:2115–2118. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
20. Nicholson KE, Glor RE, Kolbe JJ, Larson A, Hedges SB, et al. Mainland colonization by island lizards. J Biogeo. 2005;32:929–938. [Google Scholar]
21. Beuttell K, Losos JB. Ecological morphology of Caribbean anoles. Herp Mono. 1999;13:1–28. [Google Scholar]
22. Butler MA, Schoener TW, Losos JB. The relationship between sexual size dimorphism and habitat use in Greater Antillean Anolis lizards. Evol. 2000;54:259–272. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
23. Butler MA, Losos JB. Multivariate sexual dimorphism, sexual selection, and adaptation in Greater Antillean Anolis lizards. Ecol Mono. 2002;72:541–559. [Google Scholar]
24. Fleishman LJ. The influence of the sensory system and the environment on motion patterns in the visual displays of Anoline lizards and other vertebrates. Am Nat (suppl.) 1992;139:S36–S61. [Google Scholar]
25. Fleishman LJ. Signal function, signal efficiency, and the evolution of Anoline lizard dewlap color. In: Espmark Y, Amundsen T, Rosenqvist G, editors. Animal Signals: Signaling and Signal Design in Animal Communication. Trondheim: Tapir Academic Press; 2000. pp. pp. 209–236. [Google Scholar]
26. Fleishman LJ, Persons J. The influence of stimulus and background colour on signal visibility in the lizard Anolis cristatellus. J Exp Biol. 2001;204:1559–1575. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
27. Leal M, Fleishman LJ. Evidence for habitat partitioning based on adaptation to environmental light in a pair of sympatric lizard species. Proc R Soc Lond B. 2002;269:351–359. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
28. Leal M, Fleishman LJ. Differences in visual signal design and detectability between allopatric populations of Anolis lizards. Am Nat. 2004;163:26–39. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
29. Losos JB. An experimental demonstration of the species-recognition role of Anolis dewlap color. Copeia. 1985;1985:905–910. [Google Scholar]
30. Persons MH, Fleishman LJ, Frye MA, Stimphil ME. Sensory response patterns and the evolution of visual signal design in Anoline lizards. J Comp Physiol A. 1999;184:585–607. [Google Scholar]
31. Jackman TR, Larson A, de Queiroz K, Losos JB. Phylogenetic relationships and tempo of early diversification in Anolis lizards. Syst Biol. 1999;48:254–285. [Google Scholar]
32. Nicholson KE. Phylogenetic analysis and a test of the current infrageneric classification of Norops (beta Anolis). Herp Mono. 2002;16:93–120. [Google Scholar]
33. Poe S. Phylogeny of anoles. Herp Mono. 2004;18:37–89. [Google Scholar]
34. Ashton RE, Ashton PS. Miami: Windward Publishing, Inc; 1991. Handbook of Reptiles and Amphibians of Florida: Part Two: Lizards, Turtles, and Crocodilians. p. 192 p. [Google Scholar]
35. Powell R, Henderson RW. Contributions to West Indian Herpetology: A tribute to Albert Schwartz. Ithaca: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles; 1996. p. 457 p. [Google Scholar]
36. Rivero JA. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Puerto Rico. San Juan: Editorial Universitaria, Universidad de Puerto Rico; 1978. p. 152 p. [Google Scholar]
37. Rodriguez-Schettino LR. The iguanid lizards of Cuba. Gainesville: University Press of Florida; 1999. p. 428 p. [Google Scholar]
38. Smithe FB. Naturalist's color guide. New York: American Museum of Natural History; 1981. [Google Scholar]
39. Sanderson MJ. r8s: inferring absolute rates of molecular evolution and divergence times in the absence of a molecular clock. Bioinformatics. 2003;19:301–302. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
40. Rambaut A, Charleston M. TreeEdit v. 1.08. Oxford University; 2001. [Google Scholar]
41. Böhning-Gaese KM, Schuda D, Helbig AJ. Weak phylogenetic effects on ecological niches of Sylvia warblers. J Evol Biol. 2003;16:956–965. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
42. Casgrain P. Montreal, Canada: University of Montreal; 2001. Permute! Vers. 3.4 alpha. [Google Scholar]
43. Williams EE. Origin of faunas: evolution of lizard congeners in a complex island fauna: a trial analysis. Evol Biol. 1972;6:47–89. [Google Scholar]
44. Smouse PE, Long JC, Sokal RR. Multiple regression and correlation extensions of the Mantel test of matrix correspondence. Syst Zool. 1986;35:627–632. [Google Scholar]
45. Kolbe JJ, Glor RE, Rodriguez-Schettino L, Lara AC, Larson A, et al. Genetic variation increases during biological invasion of a Cuban lizard. Nature. 2004;431:177–181. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
46. Fleishman LJ, Loew ER, Leal M. Ultraviolet vision in lizards. Nature. 1993;365:397. [Google Scholar]
47. Cooper WE, Greenberg N. Reptilian coloration and behavior. In: Gans C, Crews D, editors. Biology of the Reptilia: Hormones, Brain, and Behavior Series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1992. p. pp. 578. [Google Scholar]
48. Losos JB. Adaptation and speciation in Greater Antillean anoles. In: Dieckmann U, Doebeli M, Metz JAJ, Tautz D, editors. Adaptive Speciation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2004. pp. pp. 335–343. [Google Scholar]
49. Williams EE. Ecomorphs, faunas, island size, and diverse endpoints in island radiations of Anolis. In: Huey RB, Pianka ER, Schoener TW, editors. Lizard Ecology: studies of a model organism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1983. pp. pp. 326–370. [Google Scholar]
50. Macedonia JM, Stamps JA. Species recognition in the lizard, Anolis grahami (Reptilia, Iguanidae): Evidence from video playbacks of conspecific and heterospecific displays. Ethol. 1994;98:246–264. [Google Scholar]
51. Macedonia JM, Evans CS, Losos JB. Male Anolis lizards discriminate video-recorded conspecific and heterospecific displays. An Behav. 1994;47:1220–1223. [Google Scholar]
52. Moermond TC. Habitat constraints on the behavior, morphology, and community structure of Anolis lizards. Ecol. 1979;60:152–164. [Google Scholar]
53. Echelle AA, Echelle AF, Fitch HS. A comparative analysis of aggressive display in nine species of Costa Rican Anolis. Herp. 1971;27:271–288. [Google Scholar]
54. Fitch HS, Henderson RW. Ecological and ethological parameters in Anolis bahorucoensis, a species having rudimentary development of the dewlap. Amph-Rept. 1987;8:69–80. [Google Scholar]
55. Rodrigues MT, Xavier V, Skuk G, Pavan D. New specimens of Anolis phyllorhinus (Squamata, Polychrotidae): the first female of the species and of proboscid anoles. Pap Avul Zool, São Paulo. 2002;42:363–380. [Google Scholar]
56. Tokarz RR. An experimental test of the importance of the dewlap in male mating success in the lizard Anolis sagrei. Herp. 2002;58:87–94. [Google Scholar]
57. Tokarz RR, Paterson AV, McMann S. Laboratory and field test of the functional significance of the male's dewlap in the lizard Anolis sagrei. Copeia. 2003;2003:502–511. [Google Scholar]
58. Tokarz RR, Paterson AV, McMann S. Importance of dewlap display in male mating success in free-ranging brown anoles (Anolis sagrei). J Herp. 2005;39:174–177. [Google Scholar]
Page 2
List of species included in this study and source of dewlap information (authors indicated by initials, * = Richard E. Glor).
Species | Citation | Pers. Obs. | Species | Citation | Pers. Obs. |
C. barbatus | S&H 1991 | JBL | A. homolechis | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | JBL |
C. chamaeleonides | S&H 1991 | JBL | A. imias | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | |
C. porcus | S&H 1991 | JBL | A. inexpectatus | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | |
“C'norops” barbouri | S&H 1991; P&H 1996 | JBL | A. insolitus | S&H 1991 | JBL |
A. acutus | S&H 1991 | KEN | A. isolepis | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | JBL |
A. aeneus | S&H 1991 | A. juangundlachi | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | JBL | |
A. ahli | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | A. jubar | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | JBL | |
A. alayoni | LRS 1999 | A. koopmani | S&H 1991 | ||
A. alfaroi | LRS 1999 | A. krugi | S&H 1991; Rivero 1978 | JBL, * | |
A. aliniger | S&H 1991 | JBL | A. lineatopus | S&H 1991 | JBL |
A. allisoni | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | JBL | A. lividus | S&H 1991 | |
A. allogus | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | JBL | A. longiceps | S&H 1991 | |
A. altavelensis | S&H 1991 | A. longitibialis | S&H 1991 | JBL, * | |
A. alumina | S&H 1991 | JBL | A. loysiana | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | JBL |
A. alutaceus | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | JBL | A. luciae | S&H 1991 | |
A. anfilioquioi | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | A. lucius | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | ||
A. angusticeps | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | JBL | A. luteogularis | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | JBL |
A. argenteolis | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | JBL | A. macilentus | LRS 1999 | |
A. argillaceus | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | A. marcanoi | S&H 1991 | JBL | |
A. armouri | S&H 1991 | A. marmoratus | S&H 1991 | ||
A. bahorucoensis | S&H 1991 | JBL | A. marron | S&H 1991 | |
A. baleatus | S&H 1991 | JBL | A. maynardi | S&H 1991 | |
A. baracoe | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | A. mestrei | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | JBL | |
A. barahonae | S&H 1991; P&H 1996 | JBL | A. monensis | S&H 1991; Rivero 1978 | |
A. bartschi | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | JBL | A. monticola | S&H 1991 | |
A. bimaculatus | S&H 1991 | A. noblei | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | ||
A. bremeri | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | A. nubilis | S&H 1991 | ||
A. brevirostris | S&H 1991 | JBL, * | A. occultus | S&H 1991; Rivero 1978 | JBL |
A. brunneus | S&H 1991 | A. oculatus | S&H 1991 | ||
A. carolinensis | Ashton and Ashton 1991 | LJH, JBL, KEN, * | A. olssoni | S&H 1991 | JBL |
A. caudalis | S&H 1991 | A. opalinus | S&H 1991 | JBL | |
A. centralis | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | JBL | A. ophiolepis | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | |
A. chlorocyanus | S&H 1991 | JBL, KEN | A. paternus | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | |
A. christophei | S&H 1991 | JBL, * | A. pigmaequestris | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | |
A. clivicola | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | * | A. pinchoti | S&H 1991 | |
A. coelestinus | S&H 1991 | JBL, * | A. placidus | S&H 1991 | JBL |
A. concolor | S&H 1991 | A. poncensis | S&H 1991; Rivero 1978 | JBL | |
A. confusus | LRS 1999 | A. porcatus | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | KEN | |
A. conspersus | S&H 1991; P&H 1996 | A. pulchellus | S&H 1991; Rivero 1978 | JBL, * | |
A. cooki | S&H 1991; Rivero 1978 | JBL | A. pumilis | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | |
A. cristatellus | S&H 1991; Rivero 1978 | JBL, KEN | A. quadriocellifer | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | |
A. cupeyalensis | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | A. reconditus | S&H 1991 | ||
A. cuvieri | S&H 1991; Rivero 1978 | JBL | A. richardi | S&H 1991 | |
A. cyanopleurus | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | A. ricordii | S&H 1991 | JBL | |
A. cybotes | S&H 1991 | JBL, KEN | A. rimarum | S&H 1991 | |
A. darlingtoni | S&H 1991 | A. roosevelti | S&H 1991; Rivero 1978 | ||
A. delafuentei | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | A. roquet | S&H 1991 | ||
A. desachensis | S&H 1991 | A. rubribarbus | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | ||
A. distichus | S&H 1991 | JBL, KEN, * | A. rupinae | S&H 1991 | |
A. dolichocephalus | S&H 1991 | A. sabanus | S&H 1991 | ||
A. equestris | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | KEN | A. sagrei | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | LJH, JBL, KEN, * |
A. ernestwilliamsi | S&H 1991 | A. scriptus | S&H 1991 | ||
A. etheridgei | S&H 1991 | JBL | A. semilineatus | S&H 1991 | JBL |
A. eugenegrahami | S&H 1991 | A. sheplani | S&H 1991 | JBL | |
A. evermanni | S&H 1991; Rivero 1978 | JBL | A. shrevei | S&H 1991 | JBL |
A. extremus | S&H 1991 | A. singularis | S&H 1991 | JBL | |
A. fairchildi | S&H 1991 | A. smallwoodi | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | ||
A. ferreus | S&H 1991 | A. smaragdinus | S&H 1991 | ||
A. fowleri | S&H 1991 | JBL | A. spectrum | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | |
A. fugitivus | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | A. strahmi | S&H 1991 | JBL | |
A. garmani | S&H 1991 | JBL, KEN | A. stratulus | S&H 1991; Rivero 1978 | JBL |
A. garridoi | LRS 1999 | A. stratulus | S&H 1991; Rivero 1978 | ||
A. gingivinus | S&H 1991 | A. trinitatus | S&H 1991 | ||
A. grahami | S&H 1991 | JBL | A. valencienni | S&H 1991 | JBL |
A. griseus | S&H 1991 | A. vandicus | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | ||
A. guafe | LRS 1999 | A. vermiculatus | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | JBL | |
A. guazuma | S&H 1991; LRS 1999 | A. vescus | LRS 1999 | ||
A. gundlachi | S&H 1991; Rivero 1978 | A. wattsi | S&H 1991 | ||
A. haetianus | S&H 1991 | A. websteri | S&H 1991 | ||
A. hendersoni | S&H 1991 | A. whitemani | S&H 1991 | JBL |